A mug of tea

A mug is a type of cup typically used for drinking hot drinks, such as coffee, hot chocolate, or tea. Mugs usually have handles[1] and hold a larger amount of fluid than other types of cups. Typically, a mug holds approximately 240–350 ml (8–12 US fl oz; 8.3–12.5 imp fl oz) of liquid.[2] A mug is a less formal style of drink container and is not usually used in formal place settings, where a teacup or coffee cup is preferred. Shaving mugs are used to assist in wet shaving.

Ancient mugs were usually carved in wood or bone, made of ceramic, or shaped of clay, while most modern ones are made of ceramic materials such as bone china, earthenware, porcelain, or stoneware. Some are made from strengthened glass, such as Pyrex. Other materials, including enameled metal, plastic, or steel are preferred, when reduced weight or resistance to breakage is at a premium, such as for camping. A travel mug is insulated and has a cover with a small sipping opening to prevent spills. Techniques such as silk screen printing or decals are used to apply decorations such as logos or images and fan art, which are fired onto the mug to ensure permanence.

History

Early mugs

A mug made on a potter wheel in the Late Neolithic Period (c. 2500–2000 BCE) in Zhengzhou, China

Wooden mugs were produced probably from the earliest days of woodworking, but most of them have not survived intact.[3][4]

The first pottery was shaped by hand and was later facilitated by the invention of the potter's wheel (date unknown, between 6,500 and 3000 BCE). It was relatively easy to add a handle to a cup in the process thus producing a mug. For example, a rather advanced, decorated clay mug from 4000 to 5000 BCE was found in Greece.[5]

Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) mugs from SW Colorado, made between 1000 and 1280 CE. The meaning of the carving in the handles is as yet unknown, but it is probably not functional.

The biggest disadvantage of those clay mugs was thick walls unfit for the mouth. The walls were thinned with development of metalworking techniques. Metal mugs were produced from bronze,[6] silver, gold,[7] and even lead,[8] starting from roughly 2000 BCE, but were hard to use with hot drinks.

The invention of porcelain around 600 CE in China brought a new era of thin-walled mugs suitable both for cold and hot liquids, which are enjoyed today.[3][9]

Shaving mugs and scuttles

Shaving mug

A shaving scuttle and shaving mug were developed around the 19th century; the first patent for a shaving mug is dated 1867.[10] As hot water was not common in many households, one way to provide hot lather was to use a scuttle or mug. A traditional scuttle resembles a teapot with a wide spout where hot water is poured in; this is where it differs from a shaving mug, which has no spout. Both shaving scuttles and mugs usually have a handle, but some have none. Shaving mugs often look like a standard mug, however, some also have a built in brush rest, so the brush does not sit in lather. Modern versions of the scuttle are in limited production, usually by independent potters working in small volumes.[11]

Shaving scuttle, 1867 patent.[10]

At the top of the scuttle or mug is a soap holder. Traditionally, it was used with a hard block of shaving soap (rather than soft soap or cream) and therefore had drain holes at the bottom. Later scuttles and mugs do not include the holes, and thus can be used with creams and soft soaps. Some scuttles and mugs have concentric circles on the bottom, which retain some water thus helping to build lather.[11]

In use, the shaving brush is dunked into the wide spout, allowing it to soak into the water and heat up. The soap is placed in the soap holder. When needed, one can take the brush and brush it against the soap, bringing up a layer of lather; excess water is drained back. This allows conservation of water and soap, whilst retaining enough heat to ensure a long shave.

Tiki mugs

Tiki mugs

Tiki mugs, drinking vessels usually made of ceramics, originated in mid-20th century tropical themed restaurants and tiki bars. The term "Tiki mugs" is a generic, blanket term for sculptural drink ware that depict imagery from Melanesia, Micronesia, or Polynesia, and more recently anything tropical or related to surfing. Often sold as souvenirs, tiki mugs are highly collectable. Modern manufacturers include Muntiki and Tiki Farm. Individual artists, such as Van Tiki, also produced limited one-of-a-kind hand sculpted mugs.[12]

Travel mugs

Travel mug

Travel mugs (introduced in the 1980s) generally employ thermal insulation properties for transporting hot or cold liquids. Similar to a vacuum flask, a travel mug is usually well-insulated and completely enclosed to prevent spillage[13] or leaking, but will generally have an opening in the cover through which the contents can be consumed during transportation without spillage. As the primary mechanism by which hot (not warm) beverages lose heat is evaporation, a lid serves a vital role in keeping the drink hot; even a thin plastic one which conducts heat quite quickly.

Mugs with inner and outer walls, but not vacuum treated, are generally called double wall mugs. Usually stainless steel will be used for the inner wall while outer wall can be stainless steel, plastic, or even embedded with other materials.

Travel mug[13]

Mugs designed for use when driving are called auto mugs or commuter mugs. Travel mugs have a spill-proof lid with a sipping opening[14] and in many cases, a narrower base, so that they will fit into the cup-holders that are built into many vehicles. Additional criteria for evaluating auto mugs include: they must be easy to open single-handedly (to prevent distractions while driving), include a fill line (to prevent over-filling, which contributes to leaking), preferably have no handles (no-handled mugs are easier to grab while driving), should not obstruct a driver's view of the road when he or she is drinking, and - with regard to cup-holders be able to fit, stably, into a wide range of mug holders.[15][16][17]

Other types

Amusement mugs

The whistle mug or hubblebubble is an amusement mug. It has a hollow handle which can be blown through the mug like a whistle. With an empty mug, only one note is emitted, whereas a filled mug produces melodious trills and warblings.[18]

Puzzle mugs

A Pythagorean cup
Fuddling cups. The cups have hollow interconnections that allow the contents to be drunk without spilling.

A puzzle mug is a mug which has some trick preventing normal operation. One example is a mug with multiple holes in the rim, making it impossible to drink from it in the normal way. Although it is tempting to grasp the body of the mug covering the visible holes and drink the liquid in the usual manner, this would pour the liquid through hidden perforations near the mug's top. The solution is to cover the holes in the rim with hands, but to drink not through the top, but through a "secret" hole in the hollow handle.[18]

A puzzle mug called fuddling cups consists of three mugs connected through their walls and handles. The inner holes in the mugs walls are designed in such a way that the mugs must be emptied in a unique sequence, or they will drain.[18]

The Pythagorean cup (see picture) contains a small siphon hidden in a rod placed in the mug center. The cup holds liquid if filled below the height of the rod, but once filled above that level, it drains all liquid through the siphon to a hole in its base.

Heat changing mugs

Heat changing, heat sensitive, or magic mugs make use of thermochromism to change appearance when a hot beverage is poured into them.

General design and functions

Much of the mug design aims at thermal insulation: the thick walls of a mug, as compared to the thinner walls of teacups, insulate the beverage to prevent it from cooling or warming quickly. The mug bottom is often not flat, but either concave or has an extra rim, to reduce the thermal contact with the surface on which a mug is placed. These features often leave a characteristic circular stain on the surface. Finally, the handle of a mug keeps the hand away from the hot sides of a mug. The small cross section of the handle reduces heat flow between the liquid and the hand. For the same reason of thermal insulation, mugs are usually made of materials with low thermal conductivity, such as earthenware, bone china, porcelain, or glass.[19][20]

Decoration

Smashed mug

As a ubiquitous desktop item, the mug is often used as an object of art or advertisement; some mugs are rather decorations than drinking vessels. Carving had been traditionally applied to mugs in the ancient times. Deforming a mug into an unusual shape is sometimes used. However, the most popular decoration technique nowadays is printing on mugs, which is usually performed as follows: Ceramic powder is mixed with dyes of chosen color and a plasticizer. Then it is printed on a gelatin-coated paper using a traditional screen-printing technique, which applies the mixture through a fine woven mesh, which is stretched on a frame and has a mask of desired shape. This technique produces a thin homogeneous coating; however, if smoothness is not required, the ceramic mixture is painted directly with a brush. Another, more complex alternative is to coat the paper with a photographic emulsion, photoprint the image and then cure the emulsion with ultraviolet light.[21]

After drying, the printed paper, called a litho, can be stored indefinitely. When a litho is applied to the mug, it is first softened in warm water. This detaches the gelatin cover, with the printed image, from the paper; this cover is then transferred to the mug. The mug is then fired around 700–750 °C (1,290–1,380 °F; 970–1,020 K), which softens the top surface of the glaze, thereby embedding the image into it.[21]

Storage

Mug rack on a ship
Mug tree

A popular way to store mugs is on a 'mug tree', a wooden or metal pole mounted on a round base and fitted with pegs to hang mugs by their handles.[22] There are also racks designed for hanging mugs so that they are ready to hand. Those are especially useful on ships in high waves.

In mathematics

A continuous deformation between a coffee mug and a donut illustrating that they are homeomorphic (topologically equivalent)

The mug serves as one of the most popular examples of homeomorphism in topology. Two objects are homeomorphic if one can be deformed into the other without cutting or gluing. Thus in topology, a mug is equivalent (homeomorphic) to a doughnut (torus) as it can be reshaped into a doughnut by a continuous deformation, without cutting, breaking, punching holes or gluing.[23] Another topological example is a mug with two handles, which is equivalent to a double torus – an object resembling number 8.[24] A mug without a handle, i.e., a bowl or a beaker, is topologically equivalent to a saucer, which is quite evident when a raw clay bowl is flattened on a potter's wheel.[25]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "mug, n.1". OED Online. Oxford University Press. December 2014. A drinking vessel, freq. cylindrical (and now usually with a handle), generally used without a saucer.
  2. ↑ Shearlock, Carolyn; Irons, Jan (2012-09-14). The Boat Galley Cookbook: 800 Everyday Recipes and Essential Tips for Cooking Aboard : 800 Everyday Recipes and Essential Tips for Cooking Aboard: 800 Everyday Recipes and Essential Tips for Cooking Aboard. McGraw Hill Professional. ISBN 9780071782364.
  3. 1 2 "Porcelain". Columbia Encyclopedia Sixth Edition. 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
  4. ↑ G. J. Monson-Fitzjohn, B.Sc., F.R.Hist.S. Drinking Vessels of Bygone Days. Archived from the original on 2010-07-19.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ↑ "Ceramic Web Page Tutorials". Ceramicstudies.me.uk. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  6. ↑ "The Collection – Archaeology". Thomaslayton.org.uk. Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  7. ↑ "Mycenean Art". Visual-arts-cork.com. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  8. ↑ "Lead drinking cup". Nicks.com.au. Archived from the original on September 27, 2012. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  9. ↑ G. J. Monson-Fitzjohn, B.Sc., F.R.Hist.S. Drinking Vessels of Bygone Days. Archived from the original on 2010-07-19.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. 1 2 J. P. Brooks and J. McGrady "Improvement in shaving-cups" U.S. Patent 66,788 Issue date: July 1867
  11. 1 2 "Moss Scuttle". Sarabonnymanpottery.com. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved November 16, 2012.
  12. ↑ Strongman, Jay; Westland, Holden (2008). Tiki Mugs: Cult Artifacts of Polynesian Pop. Korero Books. ISBN 978-0-9553398-1-3.
  13. 1 2 Morry Karp "Travel mug" U.S. Patent 5,249,703 Issue date: October 5, 1993
  14. ↑ Jackson, Joe (December 22, 2014). "Q: What's the Best Insulated Travel Mug? We tested five of the best. Here's how they stacked up". Outside.
  15. ↑ "Travel Mugs". Cook's Country. October 2011.
  16. ↑ Jackson, Joe (December 22, 2014). "Q: What's the Best Insulated Travel Mug? We tested five of the best. Here's how they stacked up". Outside.
  17. ↑ "Coffeehouse Treats: Equipment Corner/Gadget Guru: Commuter Coffee Mugs". America's Test Kitchen (Season 8, episode 22). 2008.
  18. 1 2 3 Delia Robinson. "In Their Cups – The Story of the English Puzzle Mug". Ceramics Today. Archived from the original on January 3, 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  19. ↑ Steve Farrow (1999). The really useful science book: a framework of knowledge for primary teachers. Routledge. p. 98. ISBN 0-7507-0983-9.
  20. ↑ David M. Buss (2005). The handbook of evolutionary psychology. John Wiley and Sons. p. 27. ISBN 0-471-26403-2.
  21. 1 2 "Printing Ceramics". Ceramics Today. Archived from the original on 2009-06-01. Retrieved 2009-08-30.
  22. ↑ Jane Ancona, Bruce Ancona "Mug tree" U.S. Patent D312556 Issue date: December 4, 1990
  23. ↑ Howie M. Choset (2005). Principles of robot motion: theory, algorithms, and implementation. MIT Press. p. 51. ISBN 0-262-03327-5.
  24. ↑ Janna Levin (January 1, 2000). "In space, do all roads lead to home?".
  25. ↑ Birendra Sahay (2005). Computer aided engineering design. Springer. p. 250. ISBN 1-4020-2555-6.
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