Mount Wilson Observatory
Looking down on the top of Mount Wilson, including the historic 100" Hooker telescope (center), the 60" telescope (center left), and the CHARA array
Alternative names672 MW
Organization
Observatory code 672 Edit this on Wikidata
LocationMount Wilson, California, US
Coordinates34°13′30″N 118°03′26″W / 34.22503°N 118.05719°W / 34.22503; -118.05719
Altitude1,742 m (5,715 ft)
Websitewww.mtwilson.edu
Telescopes
60-inch telescope1.5 meter reflector
Hooker telescope2.5 meter reflector
Infrared Spatial Interferometer3 65-inch (~1.65 meter) reflectors
CHARA array6 40-inch (~1.02 meter) reflectors
Mount Wilson Observatory is located in the United States
Mount Wilson Observatory
Location of Mount Wilson Observatory
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The Mount Wilson Observatory (MWO) is an astronomical observatory in Los Angeles County, California, United States. The MWO is located on Mount Wilson, a 5,710-foot (1,740-meter) peak in the San Gabriel Mountains near Pasadena, northeast of Los Angeles.

The observatory contains two historically important telescopes: the 100-inch (2.5 m) Hooker telescope, which was the largest aperture telescope in the world from its completion in 1917 to 1949, and the 60-inch telescope which was the largest operational telescope in the world when it was completed in 1908. It also contains the Snow solar telescope completed in 1905, the 60 foot (18 m) solar tower completed in 1908, the 150 foot (46 m) solar tower completed in 1912, and the CHARA array, built by Georgia State University, which became fully operational in 2004 and was the largest optical interferometer in the world at its completion.

Due to the inversion layer that traps warm air and smog over Los Angeles, Mount Wilson has steadier air than any other location in North America, making it ideal for astronomy and in particular for interferometry.[1] The increasing light pollution due to the growth of greater Los Angeles has limited the ability of the observatory to engage in deep space astronomy, but it remains a productive center, with the CHARA array continuing important stellar research.

The initial efforts to mount a telescope to Mount Wilson occurred in the 1880s by one of the founders of University of Southern California, Edward Falles Spence, but he died without finishing the funding effort.[2] The observatory was conceived and founded by George Ellery Hale, who had previously built the 1 meter telescope at the Yerkes Observatory, then the world's largest telescope. The Mount Wilson Solar Observatory was first funded by the Carnegie Institution of Washington in 1904, leasing the land from the owners of the Mount Wilson Hotel in 1904. Among the conditions of the lease was that it allow public access.[3]

Solar telescopes

At the base of the 150-foot Solar Tower.

There are three solar telescopes at Mount Wilson Observatory. Just one of these telescopes, the 60 foot Solar Tower, is still used for solar research.

Snow Solar Telescope

The Snow Solar Telescope was the first telescope installed at the fledgling Mount Wilson Solar Observatory. It was the world's first permanently mounted solar telescope. Solar telescopes had previously been portable so they could be taken to solar eclipses around the world. The telescope was donated to Yerkes Observatory by Helen Snow of Chicago. George Ellery Hale, then director of Yerkes, had the telescope brought to Mount Wilson to put it into service as a proper scientific instrument. Its 24-inch (61 cm) primary mirror with a 60-foot (18 m) focal length, coupled with a spectrograph, did groundbreaking work on the spectra of sunspots, doppler shift of the rotating solar disc and daily solar images in several wavelengths. Stellar research soon followed as the brightest stars could have their spectra recorded with very long exposures on glass plates.[4] The Snow solar telescope is mostly used by undergraduate students who get hands-on training in solar physics and spectroscopy.[5] It was also used publicly for the May 9, 2016 transit of Mercury across the face of the sun.

Top of the Solar tower containing the mirrors

60 foot Solar Tower

The 60-foot (18 m) Solar Tower soon built on the work started at the Snow telescope. At its completion in 1908, the vertical tower design of the 60 foot focal length solar telescope allowed much higher resolution of the solar image and spectrum than the Snow telescope could achieve. The higher resolution came from situating the optics higher above the ground, thereby avoiding the distortion caused by the heating of the ground by the sun. On June 25, 1908, Hale would record Zeeman splitting in the spectrum of a sunspot, showing for the first time that magnetic fields existed somewhere besides the earth. A later discovery was of the reversed polarity in sunspots of the new solar cycle of 1912. The success of the 60 foot Tower prompted Hale to pursue yet another, taller tower telescope. In the 1960s, Robert Leighton discovered the sun had a 5-minute oscillation and the field of helioseismology was born.[4][6] The 60 foot Tower is operated by the Department of Physics and Astronomy at University of Southern California.

150 foot Solar Tower

The 150-foot (46 m) focal length solar tower expanded on the solar tower design with its tower-in-a-tower design. (The tower is actually 176 feet (54 m) tall.) An inner tower supports the optics above, while an outer tower, which completely surrounds the inner tower, supports the dome and floors around the optics. This design allowed complete isolation of the optics from the effect of wind swaying the tower. Two mirrors feed sunlight to a 12-inch (30 cm) lens which focuses light down at the ground floor. It was first completed in 1910, but unsatisfactory optics caused a two-year delay before a suitable doublet lens was installed. Research included solar rotation, sunspot polarities, daily sunspot drawings, and many magnetic field studies. The solar telescope would be the world's largest for 50 years until the McMath-Pierce Solar telescope was completed at Kitt Peak in Arizona in 1962. In 1985, UCLA took over operation of the solar tower from the Carnegie Observatories after they decided to stop funding the observatory.[7]

60-inch telescope

The 60-inch (1.5 m) telescope at Mt. Wilson

For the 60-inch telescope, George Ellery Hale received the 60-inch (1.5 m) mirror blank, cast by Saint-Gobain in France, in 1896 as a gift from his father, William Hale. It was a glass disk 19 cm thick and weighing 860 kg. However it was not until 1904 that Hale received funding from the Carnegie Institution to build an observatory. Grinding began in 1905 and took two years. The mounting and structure for the telescope was built in San Francisco and barely survived the 1906 earthquake. Transporting the pieces to the top of Mount Wilson was an enormous task. First light was December 8, 1908. It was, at the time, the largest operational telescope in the world.[1] Lord Rosse's Leviathan of Parsonstown, a 72-inch (1.8-meter) telescope built in 1845, was, by the 1890s, out of commission.

Although slightly smaller than the Leviathan, the 60-inch had many advantages including a far better site, a glass mirror instead of speculum metal, and a precision mount which could accurately track any direction in the sky, so the 60-inch was a major advance.

Five foot telescope climbs the mountain
Steel dome of the 60-inch telescope in 1909

The 60-inch telescope is a reflector telescope built for Newtonian, Cassegrain and coudé configurations. It is currently used in the bent Cassegrain configuration. It became one of the most productive and successful telescopes in astronomical history. Its design and light-gathering power allowed the pioneering of spectroscopic analysis, parallax measurements, nebula photography, and photometric photography.[8] Though surpassed in size by the § 100-inch Hooker telescope nine years later, the 60-inch telescope remained one of the largest in use for decades.

In 1992, the 60-inch telescope was fitted with an early adaptive optics system, the Atmospheric Compensation Experiment (ACE). The 69-channel system improved the potential resolving power of the telescope from 0.5 to 1.0 arc sec to 0.07 arc sec. ACE was developed by DARPA for the Strategic Defense Initiative system, and the National Science Foundation funded the civilian conversion.

The telescope is used for public outreach as the second largest telescope in the world devoted to the general public. Custom made 10 cm eyepieces are fitted to its focus using the bent cassegrain configuration to provide views of the Moon, planetary, and deep-sky objects. Groups may book the telescope for an evening of observing.[9]

100-inch Hooker telescope

The 100-inch Hooker telescope at Mt Wilson fundamentally changed the scientific view of the Universe
Hooker Telescope enclosure

The 100-inch (2.5 m) Hooker telescope located at Mount Wilson Observatory, California, was completed in 1917, and was the world's largest telescope until 1949. It is one of the most famous telescopes in observational astronomy of the 20th century. It was used by Edwin Hubble to make observations with which he produced two fundamental results which changed the scientific view of the Universe. Using observations he made in 1922–1923, Hubble was able to prove that the Universe extends beyond the Milky Way galaxy, and that several nebulae were millions of light-years away. He then showed that the universe was expanding.[10]

Discoveries made with the Hooker 100-inch telescope:
YearDescription
1923Edwin Hubble conclusively proves the Andromeda nebula to be external to the Milky Way galaxy
1929Hubble and Milton Humason confirm that the Universe is expanding, measure its expansion rate, and measure the size of the known Universe
1930sFritz Zwicky finds evidence for dark matter
1938Seth Nickolson finds two satellites of Jupiter, referred to as #10 and #11.[11]
1940sWalter Baade's observations lead to the distinction of stellar populations and to the discovery of two different types of Cepheid variable stars, which double the size of the known universe previously calculated by Hubble

Construction

The mirror of the Hooker telescope on its way up the Mount Wilson Toll Road on a Mack Truck in 1917

Once the sixty-inch telescope project was well underway, Hale immediately set about creating a larger telescope. John D. Hooker provided crucial funding of $45,000[12] for the purchase and grinding of the mirror, while Andrew Carnegie[13] provided funds to complete the telescope and dome. The Saint-Gobain factory was again chosen to cast a blank in 1906, which it completed in 1908. After considerable trouble over the blank (and potential replacements), the Hooker telescope was completed and saw "first light" on November 2, 1917. As with the sixty-inch telescope, the bearings are assisted by the use of mercury floats to support the 100 ton weight of the telescope.

In 1919 the Hooker telescope was equipped with a special attachment, a 6-meter optical astronomical interferometer developed by Albert A. Michelson, much larger than the one he had used to measure Jupiter's satellites. Michelson was able to use the equipment to determine the precise diameter of stars, such as Betelgeuse, the first time the size of a star had ever been measured. Henry Norris Russell developed his star classification system based on observations using the Hooker.

In 1935 the silver coating used since 1917 on the Hooker mirror was replaced with a more modern and longer lasting aluminum coating that reflected 50% more light than the older silver coating. The newer method of coating for the telescope mirrors was first tested on the older 1.5 meter mirror.[14]

Workmen assembling the polar axis of the Hooker telescope

Edwin Hubble performed many critical calculations from work on the Hooker telescope. In 1923, Hubble discovered the first Cepheid variable in the spiral nebula of Andromeda using the 2.5-meter telescope. This discovery allowed him to calculate the distance to the spiral nebula of Andromeda and show that it was actually a galaxy outside our own Milky Way. Hubble, assisted by Milton L. Humason, observed the magnitude of the redshift in many galaxies and published a paper in 1929 that showed the universe is expanding.

The Hooker's reign of three decades as the largest telescope came to an end when the Caltech-Carnegie consortium completed its 200-inch (5.1 m) Hale telescope at Palomar Observatory, 144 km south, in San Diego County, California. The Hale telescope saw first light in January 1949.[15]

By the 1980s, the focus of astronomy research had turned to deep space observation, which required darker skies than what could be found in the Los Angeles area, due to the ever-increasing problem of light pollution. In 1989, the Carnegie Institution, which ran the observatory, handed it over to the non-profit Mount Wilson Institute. At that time, the 2.5-meter telescope was deactivated, but it was restarted in 1992 and in 1995 it was outfitted with a visible light adaptive optics system and later in 1997, it hosted the UnISIS, laser guide star adaptive optics system.[16][17]

As the use of the telescope for scientific work diminished again, a decision was made to convert it to use for visual observing. Because of the high position of the Cassegrain focus above the observing floor, a system of mirrors and lenses was developed to allow viewing from a position at the bottom of the telescope tube. With the conversion completed in 2014, the 2.5 meter telescope began its new life as the world's largest telescope dedicated to public use. Regularly scheduled observing began with the 2015 observing season.[18]

The telescope has a resolving power of 0.05 arcsecond.

Interferometry

Astronomical interferometry has a rich history at Mount Wilson. No fewer than seven interferometers have been located here. The reason for this is the extremely steady air over Mount Wilson is well suited to interferometry, the use of multiple viewing points to increase resolution enough to allow for the direct measurement of details such as star diameters.

20 foot Stellar Interferometer

The first of these interferometers was the 20 foot Stellar Interferometer. In 1919 the 100 inch Hooker telescope was equipped with a special attachment, a 20-foot optical astronomical interferometer developed by Albert A. Michelson and Francis G. Pease. It was attached to the end of the 100 inch telescope and used the telescope as a guiding platform to maintain alignment with the stars being studied. By December 1920, Michelson and Pease were able to use the equipment to determine the precise diameter of a star, the red giant Betelgeuse, the first time the angular size of a star had ever been measured. In the next year, Michelson and Pease measured the diameters of 6 more red giants before reaching the resolution limit of the 20 foot beam interferometer.[19]

50 foot Stellar Interferometer

To expand on the work of the 20 foot interferometer, Pease, Michelson and George E. Hale designed a 50-foot interferometer which was installed at Mount Wilson Observatory in 1929. It successfully measured the diameter of Betelgeuse, but, other than beta Andromedae, could not measure any stars not already measured by the 20 foot interferometer.[20]

Optical interferometry reached the limit of the available technology and it took about thirty years for faster computing, electronic detectors and lasers to make larger interferometers possible again.

Infrared Spatial Interferometer

The Infrared Spatial Interferometer (ISI), run by an arm of the University of California, Berkeley, is an array of three 1.65 meter telescopes operating in the mid-infrared. The telescopes are fully mobile and their current site on Mount Wilson allows for placements as far as 70 meters apart, giving the resolution of a telescope of that diameter. The signals are converted to radio frequencies through heterodyne circuits and then combined electronically using techniques copied from radio astronomy.[21] The longest, 70-meter baseline provides a resolution of 0.003 arcsec at a wavelength of 11 micrometers. On July 9, 2003, ISI recorded the first closure phase aperture synthesis measurements in the mid infrared.[22]

One of six telescopes of the CHARA array

CHARA array

The Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy (CHARA), built and operated by Georgia State University, is an interferometer formed from six 1 meter telescopes arranged along three axes with a maximum separation of 330 m. The light beams travel through vacuum pipes and are delayed and combined optically, requiring a building 100 meters long with movable mirrors on carts to keep the light in phase as the earth rotates. CHARA began scientific use in 2002 and "routine operations" in early 2004. In the infrared, the integrated image can resolve down to 0.0005 arcseconds. Six telescopes are in regular use for scientific observations and as of late 2005 imaging results are routinely acquired. The array captured the first image of the surface of a main sequence star other than the Sun published in early 2007.[23]

Other telescopes

Caltech Infrared Telescope in the museum

A 61 cm telescope fitted with an infrared detector purchased from a military contractor was used by Eric Becklin in 1966 to determine the center of the Milky Way for the first time.[24]

In 1968, the first large-area near-IR (2.2 µm) survey of the sky was conducted by Gerry Neugebauer and Robert B. Leighton using a 157 cm reflecting dish they had built in the early 1960s.[25] Known as the Caltech Infrared Telescope, it operated in an unguided drift scanning mode using a lead(II) sulfide (PbS) photomultiplier read out on paper charts.[26] The telescope is now on display at the Udvar-Hazy Center, part of the Smithsonian Air and Space Museum.[26]

Events

The Snow solar telescope (1906)
  • Letters to the Mount Wilson Observatory are the subject of a permanent exhibition at the Museum of Jurassic Technology in Los Angeles, California. A small room is dedicated to a collection of unusual letters and theories received by the observatory circa 1915–1935. These letters were also collected in the book No One May Ever Have the Same Knowledge Again: Letters to Mt. Wilson Observatory 1915–1935 (ISBN 0-9647215-0-3).
  • The historic monument came under threat during the August 2009 California wildfires.[27]
  • The English poet Alfred Noyes was present for the "first light" of the Hooker telescope on November 2, 1917. Noyes used this night as the setting in the opening of Watchers of the Sky, the first volume in his trilogy The Torchbearers, an epic poem about the history of science. According to his account of the night, the first object viewed in the telescope was Jupiter, and Noyes himself was the first to see one of the planet's moons through the telescope.[28]
  • In September 2020, the observatory was evacuated due to the Bobcat Fire.[29][30] Flames approached within 500 feet (150 m) of the observatory on September 15,[31][32] but the observatory was declared safe on September 19.[33]

The observatory was the primary setting of “Nothing Behind the Door,” the first episode of the radio series Quiet, Please which originally aired June 8, 1947.

The observatory was a filming location in a space-themed episode of Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Hansen, Wendy (July 6, 2008). "Mount Wilson Observatory an astronomical gem". Los Angeles Times.
  2. ↑ Harris Newmark, Sixty Years in Southern California (1916).
  3. ↑ Window to other worlds - SGVTribune.com
  4. 1 2 "Mount Wilson Observatory". Archived from the original on July 12, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  5. ↑ Turner, Paula C. "The CUREA Program at Mount Wilson" (PDF). Kenyon College. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
  6. ↑ Pinkerton, Stephen; Chen, Casey. "History of the 60 Foot Solar Tower". University of Southern California. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
  7. ↑ Gilman, Pam (2003). "The 150-Foot Solar Tower: History". University of California, Los Angeles. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
  8. ↑ "Mount Wilson Observatory". Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  9. ↑ "Astronomical Observing through the Mount Wilson 60-inch Telescope" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 28, 2013.
  10. ↑ Purtill, Corinne (October 3, 2023). "The battle to save Mt. Wilson Observatory, where we found our place in the universe". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 3, 2023.
  11. ↑ Chicago Tribune archives- Retrieved 2017-05-16
  12. ↑ Serviss, Garrett P. (January 27, 1907), "The Greatest Telescope in the World; Monster Instrument Ordered by Carnegie Institution Will Far Exceed in Power All Other Watchers of the Skies" (PDF), New York Times
  13. ↑ History of Mount Wilson Observatory - Building the 2.5 meter Telescope Archived 2015-09-05 at the Wayback Machine. Article written by Mike Simmons in 1984 for the Mount Wilson Observatory Association (MWOA).
  14. ↑ Bonnier Corporation (July 1935). "Aluminum-Coated Mirrors Boost Power of Giant Telescope". Popular Science. Bonnier Corporation. p. 17.
  15. ↑ "Engineering and Science monthly May 1949" (PDF).
  16. ↑ "Mount Wilson Observatory". Archived from the original on May 29, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  17. ↑ Thompson, Laird A. (September 2, 2013). "Laird A. Thompson: Professor of Astronomy". jc-t.com. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
  18. ↑ "Mount Wilson Observatory". Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved August 11, 2015.
  19. ↑ "Mount Wilson Observatory". Archived from the original on July 12, 2015. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
  20. ↑ Vaughan, Arthur H. Jr. (August 1967). "Interferometer Measurement of Star Diameters". Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 10 (458): 57. Bibcode:1967ASPL...10...57V. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
  21. ↑ "Infrared Spatial Interferometer Array – System Overview". University of California at Berkeley. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
  22. ↑ A. A. Chandler; K. Tatebe; D. D. S. Hale; C. H. Townes (March 10, 2007). "The Radiative Pattern and Asymmetry of IRC +10216 at 11 μm Measured with Interferometry and Closure Phase" (PDF). Space Sciences Laboratory and Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
  23. ↑ U-M astronomers capture the first image of surface features on a sun-like star, University of Michigan, 2007-05-31
  24. ↑ "Monster of the Milky Way". NOVA. PBS. October 31, 2006. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
  25. ↑ "1968: Two Micron Sky Survey" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 28, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2020 – via Pennsylvania State University.
  26. 1 2 "Reflecting Telescope, Infrared, Caltech". National Air and Space Museum. March 20, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2018.
  27. ↑ Mozingo, Joe (August 30, 2009). Station fire likely to hit historic Mt. Wilson observatory, fire officials say. Los Angeles Times
  28. ↑ Noyes, Alfred (1922). Watchers of the Sky. New York, Frederick A. Stokes.
  29. ↑ Staff, -LAist. "Bobcat Fire: Blaze Grows To Over 38K Acres; Serious Threat To Mt. Wilson". LAist. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  30. ↑ "Bobcat Fire grows to nearly 38,300 acres, jumping contingency line; Sierra Madre residents urged to prepare to flee". KTLA. September 14, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
  31. ↑ "Bobcat fire threatens multiple fronts, from Mt. Wilson to foothill neighborhoods". Los Angeles Times. September 16, 2020. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  32. ↑ Smith, Hayley (September 17, 2020). "Evacuations ordered in parts of Antelope Valley as Bobcat fire moves within 1 mile of Juniper Hills". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  33. ↑ Overbye, Dennis (September 19, 2020). "Mount Wilson Observatory Survives a Trial by Fire". The New York Times. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
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