Morgan Library & Museum
The library's main building
Interactive fullscreen map
Former name
Pierpont Morgan Library
Established1906 (1906) (private library)
March 28, 1924 (1924-03-28) (public institution)
Location225 Madison Avenue (at East 36th Street), Manhattan, New York City
Coordinates40°44′57″N 73°58′53″W / 40.74917°N 73.98139°W / 40.74917; -73.98139
Typemuseum and library
Collection size350,000
Visitors274,000 (fiscal year 2019)[1]
FounderJ. P. Morgan
DirectorColin B. Bailey
ArchitectCharles Follen McKim (main building)
Benjamin Wistar Morris (main building annex)
Isaac Newton Phelps (231 Madison Avenue)
Renzo Piano and Beyer Blinder Belle (expansion)
Public transit accessSubway: "4" train​"5" train​"6" train"6" express train​"7" train"7" express train​​42nd Street Shuttle at Grand Central–42nd Street
"6" train"6" express train​ at 33rd Street
Bus: M1, M2, M3, M4, M34 SBS, M34A SBS, M42, Q32
Websitethemorgan.org
J. Pierpont Morgan Library
New York City Landmark No. 0239, 1119, 2114
Location225 Madison Avenue
at East 36th Street
Manhattan, New York City
Built1900–06[2]
ArchitectCharles Follen McKim[3]
Architectural stylePalladian
NRHP reference No.66000544[2]
NYSRHP No.06101.000434
NYCL No.0239, 1119, 2114
Significant dates
Added to NRHPNovember 13, 1966[2]
Designated NHLNovember 13, 1966[4]
Designated NYSRHPJune 23, 1980
Designated NYCLMay 17, 1966 (exterior)
March 23, 1982 (interior)
February 26, 2002 (Phelps Stokes–J. P. Morgan Jr. House)

The Morgan Library & Museum, formerly the Pierpont Morgan Library, is a museum and research library in the Murray Hill neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. It is situated at 225 Madison Avenue, between 36th Street to the south and 37th Street to the north. The Morgan Library & Museum is composed of several structures. The main building was designed by Charles McKim of the firm of McKim, Mead and White, with an annex designed by Benjamin Wistar Morris. A 19th-century Italianate brownstone house at 231 Madison Avenue, built by Isaac Newton Phelps, is also part of the grounds. The museum and library also contains a glass entrance building designed by Renzo Piano and Beyer Blinder Belle. The main building and its interior is a New York City designated landmark and a National Historic Landmark, while the house at 231 Madison Avenue is a New York City landmark.

The site was formerly occupied by residences of the Phelps family, one of which banker J. P. Morgan had purchased in 1880. The Morgan Library was founded in 1906 to house Morgan's private library, which included manuscripts and printed books, as well as his collection of prints and drawings. The main building was constructed between 1902 and 1906 for $1.2 million. The library was made a public institution in 1924 by J. P. Morgan's son John Pierpont Morgan Jr., in accordance with his father's will, and the annex was constructed in 1928. The glass entrance building was added when Morgan Library & Museum was renovated in 2006.

The Morgan Library and Museum contains a collection of illuminated manuscripts, including those of the Morgan Bible, Morgan Beatus, Hours of Catherine of Cleves, Farnese Hours, Morgan Black Hours, and Codex Glazier. The manuscript collection also contains authors' original manuscripts, as well as a musical manuscript collection that is second in size only behind the Library of Congress. The Morgan contains a large collection of incunabula, prints, and drawings of European artists, as well as many examples of fine bookbinding. The collection still includes some Old Master paintings collected by Morgan, although these have never been the collection's focus.

History

Phelps Stokes/Dodge houses

In the second half of the 19th century, the Morgan Library & Museum's site was occupied by four brownstone houses on the east side of Madison Avenue, between 36th Street to the south and 37th Street to the north. The houses were all built in 1852 or 1853 by members of the Phelps Stokes/Dodge family.[5][6] Three houses were built along Madison Avenue on lots measuring 65 feet (20 m) wide by 157 feet (48 m) deep, while a fourth house to the east measured 18 feet (5.5 m) wide and stretched 197.5 feet (60.2 m) between 37th and 36th Streets. All the houses were designed in an Italianate style with pink brownstone.[6] The Madison Avenue houses, from north to south, were owned by Isaac Newton Phelps, William E. Dodge, and John Jay Phelps, while the 37th Street house was owned by George D. Phelps.[5][6] Each house had[7] The surrounding neighborhood of Murray Hill was not yet developed at the time, but began to grow after the American Civil War.[8][9]

Isaac Newton Phelps's daughter Helen married Anson Phelps Stokes in 1865. Their son, architect Isaac Newton Phelps Stokes, was born in the Isaac Newton Phelps house at 231 Madison Avenue two years later. Helen Phelps inherited the house following her father's death. In 1888, she doubled the size of her house and added an attic to plans by architect R. H. Robertson.[6]

Morgan estate

Hartford, Connecticut-born banker John Pierpont Morgan was looking to buy his own house by 1880. He wished to live in Murray Hill, where many of his and his wife's friends and business contacts lived.[10] Morgan sought to buy John Jay Phelps's house at 219 Madison Avenue, at the corner with 36th Street, which was offered for $225,000.[11][10] He acquired the house in 1881 and renovated it over the following two years.[10] The exterior was largely retained to harmonize with the other houses, owned by the Phelpses and Dodge, but the interior was extensively renovated by the Herter Brothers.[10][12] During this time, Morgan began to amass a large collection of fine art, inspired by that of his father Junius Spencer Morgan. The art was stored in his house in England to avoid import taxes. J. P. Morgan also began collecting rare books and other bindings upon his nephew Junius's suggestion; since books were not subject to import taxes, they were stored in the basement of his New York residence.[13][14][15]

In subsequent years, Morgan became one of the most influential financiers in the United States.[15][16][17] J. P. Morgan's collection began to grow quickly after his father died in 1890.[18][19] While part of Morgan's collection was stored in the basement of his house, other items were loaned or placed in storage.[20] By 1900, the plots north and east of J. P. Morgan's house became available for sale after the death of Melissa Stokes Dodge, who lived in the Dodge mansion just north of Morgan's house.[21] Morgan bought a 75-foot-wide (23 m) plot east of his residence in 1900,[22][23] and, two years later, acquired two adjacent lots with a total frontage of 50 feet (15 m).[22] On the far eastern side of that plot, McKim, Mead & White designed a six-story house at 33 East 36th Street for Morgan's daughter Louisa and her husband Herbert Satterlee.[24][25][26][27] The Satterlees' house was made of limestone, as contrasted with the brownstones on Madison Avenue, and was connected to Morgan's own home by tunnels.[28]

Morgan acquired William E. Dodge's home in April 1903.[29][30] While the Satterlee house was under construction, the couple moved into the Dodge mansion.[21] By late 1904, Morgan had also purchased the old Isaac Newton Stokes house at 229 Madison Avenue for his son J. P. Morgan Jr., who was known as "Jack".[31][32][33] When Jack Morgan and his wife Jane Norton Grew moved into 229 Madison Avenue in 1905, he commissioned a major renovation of the interior and renumbered it as 231 Madison Avenue. Jack Morgan also performed $1,900 in changes to the house's exterior.[21][34] J. P. Morgan came to own two-thirds of the city block;[35] his holdings by 1907 included the whole 197.5-foot (60.2 m) frontage on Madison Avenue, stretching 300 feet (91 m) on 36th Street and 167 feet (51 m) on 37th Street.[22]

Founding of library

Construction

The library c. 1910, shortly after its completion

Morgan's book collection took up more space than could fit in his residence by 1900,[36] and he was unable to expand the house at 219 Madison Avenue due to the presence of an 18-foot-wide (5.5 m) driveway east of it.[22][37] That January, he bought a 75-by-100-foot (23 by 30 m) plot of land on 36th Street, between his own house and the Satterlee home, for a library.[37] The site had been occupied by two brownstone homes at 35 and 37 East 36th Street, which Morgan promptly razed.[22][38] He then hired Warren and Wetmore to design a Baroque-style library.[15][39][40] After rejecting Warren and Wetmore's plans, Morgan hired Charles McKim of McKim, Mead & White to design the library in 1902.[21][41][40] C. T. Wills was hired as the builder.[42] The library was to be a classical marble structure with a simple design; Morgan had told McKim that "I want a gem".[27] Whitney Warren of Warren and Wetmore had then just completed the elaborately decorated New York Yacht Club Building,[28][43] and Warren had wanted to design a domed structure.[43] Morgan's preference for an austere structure may have led him to reject Warren and Wetmore.[28]

Morgan and McKim planned the library's design over the next two years; while McKim was responsible for the overall design, Morgan had final say over the aspects of the plan. An initial proposal for the design entailed building a projecting central mass with recessed wings on either side, which Morgan deemed to be unwieldy. The second version of the plan reduced the size of the central mass and added a recessed entrance. The final designs called for the front facades of either wing to be flush with the central mass.[27] Morgan was insistent that the library be made of marble, even though everyone in his family except for his daughter Louisa lived in a brownstone house.[28] By early 1903, workers were laying the foundation for the library.[44] Construction began that April,[45] and the library was being dubbed as "Mr. Morgan's jewel case" by the next year.[42] Few details of the library were given out during construction, as Morgan prohibited the workers from talking to the press.[46]

The Wall Street Journal reported in June 1906, when the library was near completion, that Morgan had "wanted the most perfect structure that human hands could erect and was willing to pay whatever it cost".[47] For example, the usage of dry masonry marble blocks, an uncommon construction method in which masonry blocks were shaved precisely to remove the need for joints made of mortar, added $50,000 to the cost of construction.[39][40][45][48] McKim had suggested the dry masonry blocks to Morgan after having unsuccessfully tried to place a knife blade in the joints of Athens's Erechtheion, and he ordered a plaster cast from his former employee Gorham Stevens, who worked in Athens.[35][45][49] Morgan was impressed with the quality of the work, as McKim recalled in a February 1906 letter to his colleague, Stanford White.[50][51] Even so, Morgan often upheld the library as an accomplishment of McKim's.[50][52] The final design was more representative of the work of William M. Kendall from McKim, Mead & White.[53] Morgan acquired two hundred cases of books, which were temporarily stored in the Lenox Library and moved to Morgan's personal library starting in December 1905.[54] Around the same time, Morgan hired Belle da Costa Greene as his personal librarian.[55][56]

Opening and early years

Morgan first used his office in November 1906 with a reception for the Metropolitan Museum of Art's purchasing committee. The details were not completed until January 1907, and the Morgan collection was relocated into the library later that year.[45] Morgan's library had cost $1.2 million (equivalent to $29.439 million in 2022[lower-alpha 1]).[21][24][53][57] Several publications praised the completed library.[58] In 1906, the Real Estate Record and Guide wrote of McKim, Mead & White: "the new Morgan Library, in Thirty-sixth street, is among their most carefully studied designs."[59] The library building was described in another publication as "one of the Seven Wonders of the Edwardian World",[60][61] while Architectural Review called it "icy and exquisite".[35] A correspondent for the London Times, in 1908, characterized John Pierpont Morgan as "probably the greatest collector of things splendid and beautiful and rare who has ever lived".[62] During the Panic of 1907, Morgan used his library to convene the city's bank presidents and trust company presidents, locking his guests in the library overnight until they came to an agreement.[63] To allow pedestrians to see his new library from Madison Avenue, Morgan demolished the Dodge house in 1907–1908[7][64] and replaced it with a garden designed by Beatrix Farrand.[65]

As the librarian, Greene was tasked with expanding the collection,[66][67] as well as cataloging and researching the history of each item.[68] She frequently searched for rare volumes in back alleys, but she initially tended to avoid auctions and rarely spent more than $10,000 a book without the Morgans' permission.[66] Greene tended to acquire items created before the 16th century, since Morgan believed that other libraries were able to adequately care for newer items.[67] Morgan also decided to import the rest of his collection and display it at his library. To avoid paying import taxes, he was required to open the library to the public on certain days of the week.[69] In the library's private office, Morgan frequently met with British and French bankers.[70] Among Morgan's larger acquisitions in the late 1900s and early 1910s was a collection of rare American authors' manuscripts from merchant S. H. Wakeman in 1909.[71] The Wall Street Journal wrote in 1911 that "Mr. Morgan buys books as some financiers buy a thousand shares of stock";[72] in some years, he spent half his income on the collection.[73] Acquisitions continued until his death in March 1913.[55][74]

After Morgan's death

J. P. Morgan's body being brought to his home and library after his death in Rome

When Morgan died, his estate was valued at $128 million (about $2.802 billion in 2022[lower-alpha 1]), over half of which lay in the worth of his collection.[75] J. P. Morgan bequeathed the art collection to Jack, with the request that Jack make the collection "permanently available for the instruction and pleasure of the American people".[55][76][77] The month after J. P. Morgan's death, the New York state legislature granted a two-year exemption enabling Jack to import his father's overseas collection without having to pay import duties.[78] Jack did not publicly show interest in his father's art collection and reportedly did not expand it in the year after his father died.[79] Jack sold off much of the overseas collection rather than importing it, but he decided to keep the items that were already in his father's library.[80][81] During 1914, the collection was displayed in full at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the only time the whole collection was displayed.[55][82]

The import duty exemption expired in April 1915,[83] and Jack sold various items in the collection to pay the inheritance taxes and to raise money for the cash bequests in his father's will.[55][73] The next year, the collection was valued at $7.5 million for taxation purposes.[84][85] Jack and Jane Morgan continued to employ Greene as the librarian, expanding the collection with items in which they were personally interested.[55][86][87] Frances Morgan, Jack's mother and John Pierpont's widow, lived at J. P. Morgan's old residence until her death in November 1924.[55] By then, despite Jack's opposition, the surrounding stretch of Madison Avenue was being redeveloped as a business street.[88][89] Although Jane Morgan died in 1925, Jack continued to live at 231 Madison Avenue until his death in 1943,[90] and the Satterlee home remained in the Morgan family until 1944.[91][92] The United Lutheran Church in America bought 231 Madison Avenue for its headquarters in 1943[93] and built a five-story annex there in 1957.[55][94]

Public institution and expansion

Incorporation and mid-20th century

The Pierpont Morgan Library was incorporated as a public institution in March 1924,[95][96] a month after Jack Morgan announced that he would transfer the collection to a board of trustees and provide a $1.5 million endowment for the library.[97][98] The Morgans transferred the library building, and the land under 219 Madison Avenue, to the Pierpont Morgan Library.[55] Greene was retained as the librarian.[98] The Morgan Library was not a public library and initially only allowed researchers into the space;[99][100] as Jack Morgan said, "one soiled thumb could undo the work of 900 years".[100] Only ten scholars could initially enter the building at once.[101] The library's collection continued to grow, with emphasis placed on rare items; for example, though only four items were acquired in 1926, all of these were unique manuscripts.[73] To accommodate additional scholars, the Morgan Library announced plans for an annex in January 1927,[102][103] which required the demolition of the house at 219 Madison Avenue.[104][105] The annex was completed in 1928.[63][106][107]

Interior of the library

The Morgan Library continued to expand its collections;[108] for instance, between 1936 and 1940, it acquired twelve manuscripts and dozens of drawings.[109] In the 25 years after it became a public institution, the Morgan Library acquired 200 total manuscripts, 83 books, and hundreds of autograph letters and papers.[110] Through the early 1940s, the Morgan Library continued to limit access only to researchers,[111] prompting city officials to request that the library's tax-exempt status be removed because it was not a public library.[112] In December 1942, Morgan Library officials agreed to open the library to the general public, and city officials agreed not to fight the library's tax-exempt status.[111][113] Many of the library's most valuable artifacts were transported to other locations in the U.S. in 1942 to protect them from possible World War II airstrikes; the objects were returned to the library in December 1944.[114][115] The Fellows of The Pierpont Morgan Library was formed in 1949 to raise funds for the collections and distribute funds to scholars and publications.[116]

The Pierpont Morgan Library started to host concerts and tours during the 1950s,[87] Officials began raising $3 million for an expansion of the library in 1959; the money was to fund modifications to the annex and a new lecture hall, as well as artifact purchases and new programs.[117] In 1960, the main library and its annex were connected by a cloister structure. The renovation, designed by J. P. Morgan's nephew Alexander P. Morgan,[63] was completed in 1962 and included office space, a gallery, and meeting space.[60][108][116]

The Phelps Stokes/Morgan house was designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) in 1965 as one of the first structures to be protected under New York City's Landmarks Law.[55] Next door, the LPC designated the exterior of the library's main building as a city landmark in 1966,[24] and that structure was declared a National Historic Landmark the same year.[4][118][119] However, the Lutheran Church had hoped to erect an office structure on the site of the Phelps Stokes/Morgan house[120] and heavily opposed the house's designation. As a result, in 1974, the landmark status was removed from that house following a New York Court of Appeals ruling.[55][121] The Pierpont Morgan Library constructed a five-story, 26-by-30-foot (7.9 by 9.1 m) addition to the annex in 1975 to plans by Platt, Wyckoff & Coles; the addition was intended to house storage vaults and offices.[122] In 1982, the main library building's interior was designated a city landmark.[123]

Late 20th century to present

In 1988, the Pierpont Morgan Library bought 231 Madison Avenue from the Lutheran Church.[124] The garden between the house and the main building's annex was redeveloped with a glass conservatory designed by Voorsanger and Mills. The conservatory, the first major expansion to the Pierpont Morgan Library since the completion of Morris's annex, was finished in 1991 and connected the two structures.[55][125][126] The house became the Pierpont Morgan Library's bookstore.[5] In 1999, the Morgan opened a drawing center on the second floor of the annex, designed by Beyer Blinder Belle.[108][127] The same year, the Morgan received $10 million from Eugene V. Thaw and Clare E. Thaw;[128] these funds were used to establish the Thaw Conservation Center in 2002.[129][130]

By 2001, there were plans to expand the Pierpont Morgan Library.[5] The library presented preliminary plans to the LPC in 2002, in which it would build a new structure between 231 Madison Avenue and the original library's annex, to be designed by Italian architect Renzo Piano and Beyer Blinder Belle. The commission also sought to restore landmark status to 231 Madison Avenue, a move the library did not oppose.[131] In 2003, the Pierpont Morgan Library's buildings were closed for construction and expansion.[132][133] The library's director Charles Pierce said at the time: "We had a lecture hall, not a concert hall; a reading room that owed more to 1928 instead of 2006."[134] In the interim, it sponsored numerous traveling exhibitions around the country.[135] The library reopened on April 29, 2006, as the Morgan Library & Museum. With the completion of the renovation, the private office and vault of J. P. Morgan was also opened to the public.[135] A restoration of the main building's interior spaces was completed in 2010.[136][137][138]

The Morgan Library & Museum announced a four-year restoration of the main building's facade in February 2019, the first in the building's history.[139][140] As part of the project, the landscape designer Todd Longstaffe-Gowan designed a garden surrounding the original library building.[141][142] The LPC had initially expressed opposition to the construction of the garden, as there had not been a garden around the original Morgan Library. The agency approved the project after reviewing letters and other correspondences from J. P. Morgan, who had indicated that he had indeed wanted a garden around the library.[143] In addition, Integrated Conservation Resources restored the main building.[141] The museum was temporarily closed from March to September 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[144] The renovation cost $13 million in total[141] and was completed in 2022.[141][142][143]

Collection

The collection of the Morgan Library & Museum contained more than 350,000 objects by the early 21st century.[145][134]

Manuscripts

One of the illuminated manuscripts

The Morgan Library and Museum's collection contains a collection of illuminated manuscripts,[146] which date from the sixth to sixteenth centuries.[100] As early as 1923, the Morgan Library counted 560 illuminated manuscripts in its collection,[147] a number that had grown to over 1,100 by the 21st century.[146] Among the more famous manuscripts are the Morgan Bible, Morgan Beatus, Hours of Catherine of Cleves, Farnese Hours, Morgan Black Hours, and Codex Glazier.[100][148] The Morgan holds a copy of the letter written by Andrea Corsali from India in 1516; this letter, one of five in existence, contains the first description of the Southern Cross.[149]

The manuscript collection also contains authors' original manuscripts, including some by Sir Walter Scott[150] and Honoré de Balzac.[95] The library's early acquisitions included a Percy Bysshe Shelley notebook;[35][151] a Charles Dickens manuscript of A Christmas Carol;[87][152] original letters by Napoleon and Horace Walpole; and original drawings for The Pickwick Papers and the Book of Job.[151] The collection also includes originals of poems by Robert Burns;[95] the notebooks of Nathaniel Hawthorne;[153] a final draft of Edgar Allan Poe's "A Tale of the Ragged Mountains";[134] a copy of "Three Stories and Ten Poems", one of Ernest Hemingway's first-ever short stories;[154] and a journal by Henry David Thoreau.[155][156] There are also writings from Émile Zola, Victor Hugo, Marie Antoinette, George Sand, Alexandre Dumas, and Thomas Moore,[147] as well as manuscripts of nine of Sir Walter Scott's novels, including Ivanhoe.[95] Other documents in the Morgan's collection are one of about two dozen original prints of the United States Declaration of Independence,[157] as well as letters dating as far back as ancient Babylonian times.[158]

The Morgan's musical manuscript collection is second in size only behind the Library of Congress.[87] These include autographed and annotated libretti and scores from Beethoven, Brahms, Chopin, Mahler and Verdi, and Mozart's Haffner Symphony in D Major.[95] The collection also contains the scraps of paper on which Bob Dylan jotted down "Blowin' in the Wind" and "It Ain't Me Babe".[159][160] It also contains a considerable collection of Victoriana, including one of the most important collections of Gilbert and Sullivan manuscripts and related artifacts.[161]

Books and prints

The Morgan contains a large collection of incunabula, prints, and drawings of European artists, namely Leonardo, Michelangelo, Raphael, Rembrandt, Rubens, Gainsborough, Dürer, and Picasso. The collection includes early printed Bibles and other religious works, among them three Gutenberg Bibles,[87] one of six original copies of the first Italian Bible,[100][162] a rare copy of the Mainz Psalter,[100][163] and the Golden Gospels of Henry III.[151] There are also many examples of fine bookbinding in the collection,[164] including copies of books by William Caxton, believed to be the first printer in Britain.[110]

A glass case holds an open book in a library
A Gutenberg Bible on display at the Morgan Library

The Morgan also contains material from ancient Egypt and medieval liturgical objects (including Coptic literature examples);[165] William Blake's original drawings for his edition of the Book of Job; and concept drawings for The Little Prince by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.[95] The Morgan has one of the world's greatest collections of ancient Near Eastern cylinder seals, small stone cylinders finely engraved with images for transfer to clay by rolling.[166]

Artwork

The collection still includes some Old Master paintings collected by Morgan, although artworks have never been the collection's focus.[167] The Old Master paintings include works by Hans Memling,[168][169] Perugino,[170] and Cima da Conegliano.[169] Some Old Master works have been sold off over the years. For example, the Morgan sold Domenico Ghirlandaio's masterpiece Portrait of Giovanna Tornabuoni to Heinrich Thyssen in 1938.[171][172] Other notable artists of the Morgan Library and Museum include Jean de Brunhoff, Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh, John Leech, Gaston Phoebus, Rembrandt van Rijn, and John Ruskin.[173]

In addition to paintings, the Morgan's collection includes drawings, including eight Rembrandt etchings and 54 pencil, watercolor, and brush drawings by Eugène Delacroix.[112] The Morgan also holds medieval artworks such as the Stavelot Triptych[174][175][176] and the metalwork covers of the Lindau Gospels.[177][178] In 2018, the Morgan acquired the drawing Bathers by Renoir, a previously unexhibited work.[179] Historically, the Morgan has also displayed items on loan, including a bronze angel that was sold to the Frick Collection after Jack Morgan died in 1945.[180]

Other objects

Before J. P. Morgan died, he had acquired a variety of non-literary objects for the library, such as a Persian carpet, Genoese and Chinese vases, and an Egyptian carved-stone group.[181] The Washington Post reported in 1914 that the collections included "tapestries, bronzes and silver, Greek antiques, jeweled miniatures, porcelains, ancient jewelry, and wonderful books and manuscripts".[79] Among these were royal jewels, 70 pieces of old German silver, 64 miniatures, a set of 15th-century marble and bronze object, Chinese porcelain, and watches.[79][182] The library has sold off other parts of its collection, including Renaissance-era bronze medals in 1950.[183]

The Morgan has also acquired parts of other collections throughout its history. For example, the Morgan received 75 rare manuscripts from the William S. Glazier Collection in 1984,[184] and it acquired Carter Burden's collection of over 30,000 volumes of American literature in 1998.[185]

Architecture

Main building

The main building (also known as the McKim Building), constructed between 1902 and 1906 as the original structure in the complex, was designed in the Classical Revival style by Charles Follen McKim of McKim, Mead & White.[24][3][26] The original building occupies a lot of 117 by 50 feet (36 by 15 m)[46][47] and was intended to be similarly scaled to New York Public Library branches of the era.[26] The center of the original structure contained an extension measuring 73.5 feet (22.4 m) long, which gave the structure a "T" shape;[46] this small wing was intended to connect to a similar structure along 37th Street.[22] The original library building is placed behind a solid-bronze fence with hand-twisted bars.[46] The library building was acclaimed for its design; in a 1932 survey of 50 American architects, eleven ranked the Morgan Library as the United States' best building, more than all except three other structures.[186][187]

Facade

Edward Clark Potter's lionesses flank the main entrance

The building has a facade of Tennessee marble,[141] behind which is an air gap and an interior brick wall.[46] McKim took his inspiration from the Villa Giulia, particularly the attic of its Nymphaeum.[27][39][40][188] Further inspiration came from the Villa Medici in Rome, constructed in the 16th century by Annibale Lippi.[26][40][188][189] The exterior walls are made of dry masonry, which allowed the marble blocks to be set evenly, thus requiring a minimal amount of mortar.[47][3][190][188] Tinfoil sheeting was placed between the blocks to prevent moisture buildup.[45][47] The tinfoil sheeting measures 1⁄64 inch (0.40 mm) thick and is laid between the horizontal joints.[45] Charles T. Wills was responsible for the dry masonry construction.[63] The Wall Street Journal reported upon the library's completion, "No other building in Europe or America was ever erected with this care."[47]

The main entrance is a Palladian arch at the center of the 36th Street facade. It is composed of an arched opening 14 feet (4.3 m) wide, flanked by two openings under flat lintels, each of which is 9 feet (2.7 m) wide.[191] There are two recessed niches on that facade, one on each side of the entrance.[39] Surrounding the library is a garden, which covers 5,000 square feet (460 m2) and contains artifacts from J. P. Morgan's collection.[141][143] The garden also contains pathways embedded with pebbles, which Sicilian craftsman Orazio Porto laid manually.[142]

The central archway contains a portico with a groin vaulted ceiling,[190] supported by four Ionic columns, two on each side.[188] A flight of steps, leading to the main entrance, is flanked by two lionesses sculpted by Edward Clark Potter, who would later create the two lions that guard the New York Public Library Main Branch.[24][57][60][192][58] Above the entranceway are allegorical roundels and panels, which was originally given to Andrew O'Connor[58][193] and then reassigned to Adolph Weinman after O'Connor could not complete his contract.[24][192] These panels depict tragic and lyric poetry.[193] The portico has a geometric mosaic tile floor with marble.[58] Inside the portico is a 16th-century pair of bronze doors,[194] imported from Florence and made in the style of Lorenzo Ghiberti's doors at the Florence Baptistery.[60][190][195] Each door contains five carved bronze panels, which depict allegorical scenes.[195] The 36th Street facade contains six Doric style pilasters flanking the main entrance.[60][188][190]

Interior

The interior of the main library building is richly decorated, with a polychrome rotunda. It leads to three public rooms: Morgan's private study to the west, the librarian's office to the north, and the original library to the east.[26][57] Each of the three rooms had dozens of bookcase doors. As a fireproofing measure, almost nothing in the library was made of wood, except for the bookcases' frames and a few doors. The bookcases had glass shelves and were covered with steel grilles.[194] Morgan also had a steel vault where he kept his most valuable manuscripts,[46][72] as well as asbestos shutters that could seal off the building's windows if it was necessary.[46]

The rotunda has a ceiling with murals and plasterwork inspired by Raphael, created by H. Siddons Mowbray.[60][193][194] On the north side of the ceiling is a half-dome with ten relief panels in a blue-and-white color scheme.[196][197] The lunette panels on the west, east, and south sides of the ceiling, measuring 23 feet (7.0 m) high,[196] allude to material in Morgan's collection.[198][199] There is also a central dome, which contains roundels and rectangular panels with various figures or motifs,[197][200] as well as an octagonal central skylight.[201] The rotunda floor is clad with multicolored marble, patterned after the floor of the Villa Pia in Vatican City,[193][202] and features a porphyry centerpiece.[196] The walls contain mosaic baseboards and are separated into panels with vertical pilasters, topped by Composite style pilasters.[202] When the library first opened, the rotunda was furnished with two 15th-century chairs and a bronze bust by Benvenuto Cellini.[73][194] The doorways to the rooms on the east and west are made of white marble, topped by marble entablatures and flanked by green marble columns.[202] To the north or rear was a librarian's room.[194]

There are two exhibition rooms.[47] The East Library features triple-tiered bookcases, the upper tiers of which could only be accessed by balconies.[24][60][197] On the east wall of the East Library is a fireplace with a tapestry showing the "Triumph of Avarice".[45][197][203] The fireplace itself dates from the 15th century[194] and was imported from Italy.[204] Mowbray designed eighteen lunettes and spandrels atop each wall, modeled after the work of Pinturicchio.[201][204] The figures in the lunettes alternate between allegorical female muses and notable artists, explorers, or teachers.[60][197][205] Zodiac symbols are placed on the spandrels, as the signs of the zodiac were particularly important to J. P. Morgan.[36][201][205][206] Particularly prominent are the zodiac signs over the entrance: Aries corresponds to J. P. Morgan's birth on April 17, 1837, and Gemini corresponds to his marriage to Frances Louisa Tracy on May 31, 1865. Two additional spandrels contain allegorical motifs that depict changing seasons.[205][206] The East Library had three levels of shelves and is the largest room in the main library wing.[45]

Morgan's study, now the West Library,[194] was described by historian Wayne Andrews as "one of the greatest achievements of American interior decoration".[50][203] The design of the study reflected Morgan's tastes; as his son-in-law Herbert Satterlee said, "No one could really know Mr. Morgan at all unless he had seen him in the West Room."[75][207] The West Library contains low wooden bookshelves as well as a fireplace with a marble mantelpiece.[50][207][208] The decorative elements include stained glass panels in the study's windows, as well as a wall covering of red damask.[45][50][207][209] The current damask covering, a replica by Scalamandré, is a copy of a pattern that was displayed at Rome's Chigi Palace.[50][207] The coffered ceiling was reportedly purchased in Italian cardinal's palace.[45][107] The artist James Wall Finn painted coats-of-arms onto the ceiling based on Italian bookplates from Morgan's collection.[50][207][107] Finn's work was designed in such an authentic manner that it was frequently mistaken as part of the ceiling's original design.[107]

Madison Avenue and 36th Street annex

The corner of Madison Avenue and 36th Street contains a two-story Italianate style structure designed by Benjamin Wistar Morris, with space for offices, exhibitions, and a research library.[89][210] The annex, made of the same Tennessee marble as the original, was completed in 1928.[63][106][107] It measures 90.67 by 60.5 feet (28 by 18 m),[105] with a later 26-by-30-foot (7.9 by 9.1 m) addition.[122] The annex has some architectural details differing from that of the original structure.[24][89][3] While architectural historian Robert A. M. Stern said the addition "did not frame McKim's jewel box so much as sidle up to it like an unattractive sibling",[89] Norval White and Elliot Willensky thought the annex "modestly defers to its master".[3]

231 Madison Avenue

231 Madison Avenue

Also part of the library grounds is 231 Madison Avenue, an Italianate brownstone house on the southeast corner of Madison Avenue and East 37th Street, which was the home of Isaac Newton Phelps and later J. P. "Jack" Morgan Jr.[5] The house contains the Morgan Shop on its northern side, facing 37th Street, and the Morgan Dining Room on its southern side.[211] The house is set behind a barricade composed of a wrought-iron fence atop a brownstone ledge. The house was originally three stories tall and faced with pink stone, but after R. H. Robertson's renovation of 1888, became four stories tall with a raised basement. An office annex to the east, built in 1957, was originally faced with brick.[212] Before the Morgan acquired it in 1988, it was a headquarters of the Lutheran Church.[94]

The Madison Avenue facade consists of three vertical bays. An entrance stoop with a balustrade is on the Madison Avenue side of the structure, extending to a portico in the central bay, which is supported by a pair of Corinthian columns. On either side of the entrance doorway are rectangular sash windows, containing large sills with wrought-iron balustrades. The second and third stories each have three rectangular, multi-pane windows with sills atop console brackets. A cornice runs above the third story. The attic contains small Ionic colonettes, as well as rounded pediments atop two of the bays.[212]

Along 37th Street, the water table containing the raised basement is topped by a molding. The original 1853 house to the west and the 1888 extension to the east are divided by a pier about halfway through the length of the facade, which spans the first through third stories. The original section of the house is three bays wide and contains window articulation similar to that of the Madison Avenue facade. On the first floor, the second opening from west has a balcony with an iron balustrade and a pediment supported by Corinthian columns. On the original second floor, the second bay from west is flanked by oval windows on either side, while the third bay from west is an oriel window. Within the 1888 extension, the first floor contains a projecting three-sided bay supported by pilasters and flanked by carved panels, as well as a blind arch opening to the east. The second floor of the extension contains paired window openings flanking a smaller triple window, while the third floor contains paired windows on either side of an oval window. The cornice above the third floor, as well as the attic, in both the original house and its extension is similar to that on Madison Avenue.[212] Inside the residence's attic is the 5,600-square-foot (520 m2) Thaw Conservation Center.[213]

The southern facade of the house faces the rest of the library and is mostly obscured behind the 2006 addition. The westernmost portion of that facade, near Madison Avenue, contains rounded first- and second-story windows. There are also three-sided angled windows at the center of that facade.[214]

Entrance building

The interior of the Renzo Piano addition

The most recent addition to the library, completed in 2006, is a four-story, steel-and-glass entrance building designed by Renzo Piano and Beyer Blinder Belle.[24] The entrance building expanded the Morgan Library's area by 75,000 square feet (7,000 m2).[215][135][216] The structure links McKim's library building, the annex, and the Phelps Stokes/Morgan house.[135][216] There are four galleries in this section of the museum: the Clare Eddy Thaw Gallery, the Morgan Stanley Galleries West and East, and the Engelhard Gallery.[211] The steel structural members are covered in rose-tinted paint as an allusion to the designs of main library and Phelps Stokes/Morgan house.[216] Although externally "bland", the building helps to organize the interior spaces of the complex.[3]

The entrance building contains the JPMorgan Chase Lobby just inside the main entrance. On the lobby's north wall, stairs lead up to the Morgan Shop and Morgan Dining Room, and there is an admission counter and coat room. The south wall has a corridor to the Marble Hall and the Morgan Stanley Galleries West and East, as well as stairs to the Engelhard Gallery on the second floor. The east wall of the lobby has a stair to the lower level as well as elevators to both the Engelhard Gallery and the second level.[211]

Gilbert Court, a covered courtyard at the center of the complex,[217][218] surrounds the entrance building on the north, east, and south.[211] On the south wall of the court is the Clare Eddy Thaw Gallery,[211] a 20-by-20-by-20-foot (6.1 m × 6.1 m × 6.1 m) space inspired by Renaissance chambers that Piano observed in Italy.[134][216][215] The facades of the new above-ground buildings contain pinkish steel-and-glass curtain walls, which were intended to recall the design of the earlier buildings.[215] At the court's southeast corner, stairs lead up to the original Morgan Library building, connecting to a vestibule between Morgan's study (the West Library) and the rotunda.[211] Within the entrance building is Gilder Lehrman Hall, an auditorium about 65 feet (20 m) below street level, with 260[215] or 280 seats.[219][220] New storage rooms were also created by drilling into Manhattan's bedrock schist.[215][219] The underground rooms extend to a depth of 55 feet (17 m) and contain much of the Morgan Library's collection.[134]

Management

The scope of the collection was initially curated by Belle da Costa Greene, who had been J. P. Morgan's personal librarian when the private library had been founded in 1905. When the Pierpont Morgan Library became a public institution, she served as the library's first director until her retirement in 1948.[221][222] The library's second director, Frederick Baldwin Adams Jr.,[223] served until 1969, when he was succeeded by Charles Ryskamp.[224] Ryskamp, the third director, resigned in 1987 and was replaced by Charles Eliot Pierce Jr.[225] Pierce served as the fourth director of the Pierpont Morgan Library until 2008, when he announced his intention to retire.[226] The library's fifth director, William M. Griswold, served between 2008 and 2015, during which he oversaw the growth of its collections, exhibition programs, and curatorial departments.[227] In 2015, the Morgan named Colin Bailey as its sixth director.[228]

Felice Stampfle was appointed the first Curator of Drawings and Prints at the Morgan Library in 1945.[229][230]

See also

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.

Citations

  1. ↑ "Pierpont Morgan Library". GuideStar. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 White, Norval; Willensky, Elliot; Leadon, Fran (2010). AIA Guide to New York City (5th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 281. ISBN 978-0-19538-386-7.
  4. 1 2 "J. Pierpont Morgan Library". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 18, 2007. Archived from the original on October 10, 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "Streetscapes/Morgan Library's Bookstore at 37th Street and Madison Avenue; A Brownstone Holdout Among the Skyscrapers". The New York Times. August 26, 2001. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, p. 2.
  7. 1 2 "A Stonishing Extravagances of the Hopelessly Rich: How J. Pierpont Morgan Tore Down a Half Million Dollar Mansion to Make a Garden Palaces of Other Multi-millionaires". Detroit Free Press. March 15, 1908. p. D4. ProQuest 564128665.
  8. ↑ Strouse 1999, p. 74.
  9. ↑ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, pp. 2–3.
  10. 1 2 3 4 Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, p. 3.
  11. ↑ Strouse 1999, p. 195.
  12. ↑ Strouse 1999, pp. 226–229.
  13. ↑ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, pp. 3–4.
  14. ↑ Strouse 1999, pp. 11–21.
  15. 1 2 3 Roth 1983, p. 288.
  16. ↑ National Park Service 1966, p. 5.
  17. ↑ Wilson 1983, pp. 218–219.
  18. ↑ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1982, p. 2.
  19. ↑ Adams 1974, p. 7
  20. ↑ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1982, pp. 2–3.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, p. 4.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "J. P. Morgan's Plans for Beautified Home; Private Park Will Take the Place of the Old Buildings Adjoining financier's Residence and Art Museum. Preservation of Murray Hill Section of Madison Avenue Assured by Elaborate Scheme Proposed". The New York Times. June 16, 1907. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on April 29, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  23. ↑ "Clubs on Upper 5th Avenue—Historical Interest of A Coming Sale". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. 65 (1661): 45. January 13, 1900. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2021 – via columbia.edu.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission; Dolkart, Andrew S.; Postal, Matthew A. (2009). Postal, Matthew A. (ed.). Guide to New York City Landmarks (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-470-28963-1.
  25. ↑ "Status of New Work". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. 74 (1908): 725. October 8, 1904. Archived from the original on March 24, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2021 – via columbia.edu.
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Gregory; Massengale, John Montague (1983). New York 1900: Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism, 1890–1915. New York: Rizzoli. pp. 102–103. ISBN 0-8478-0511-5. OCLC 9829395.
  27. 1 2 3 4 Roth 1983, p. 289.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Roth 1983, p. 409.
  29. ↑ "Mr. Morgan's Purchase of Dodge House". The New York Times. April 29, 1903. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 11, 2022. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
  30. ↑ "The Real Estate World; Gossip, News and Personals". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. 71 (1830): 704. April 11, 1903. Archived from the original on April 17, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2021 – via columbia.edu.
  31. ↑ Strouse 1999, p. 493.
  32. ↑ Forbes, John (1981). J. P. Morgan Jr., 1867-1943. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. pp. 30–31, 54–55. ISBN 978-0-8139-0889-2. OCLC 7274491.
  33. ↑ "Morgan Has Block Front: Buys From Mrs. Stokes She Repurchases Old Home Across Madison-ave". New-York Tribune. November 23, 1904. p. 4. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571472649.
  34. ↑ "The Real Estate World; Gossip, News and Personals". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. 75 (1939): 1104. May 13, 1905. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved January 2, 2021 – via columbia.edu.
  35. 1 2 3 4 Gray, Christopher (February 12, 2006). "A Private Library That Became a Public Treasure". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 4, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  36. 1 2 Goldberger, Paul (December 30, 1981). "Morgan Library Show Traces 75-year History". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  37. 1 2 "Fireproof Home: for His Valuable Manuscripts Will Be Built by Pierpont Morgan". Cincinnati Enquirer. February 24, 1900. p. 4. ProQuest 882375742.
  38. ↑ "The Gorgeous Homes of New York Millionaires: Pierpont Morgan Tore Down Two $150,000 Houses to Make Room for His Art Gallery". The Sun. March 15, 1908. p. 14. ProQuest 537521315.
  39. 1 2 3 4 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1982, p. 3.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 Wilson 1983, p. 219.
  41. ↑ Roth 1983, pp. 288–289.
  42. 1 2 "Of Interest to the Building Trades". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. 74 (1908): 729. October 8, 1904. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021 – via columbia.edu.
  43. 1 2 Lewis, Michael J. (July 27, 2022). "'J. Pierpont Morgan's Library: Building the Bookman's Paradise' Review: Speaking Volumes". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on March 21, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  44. ↑ "Palace for Morgan's Books". The Atlanta Constitution. March 1, 1903. p. A9. ProQuest 495815718.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Roth 1983, p. 291.
  46. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "J. P. Morgan's Library: Massive New Structure for Literary and Artistic Treasures". New-York Tribune. June 10, 1906. p. A2. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571839633.
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "J. Pierpont Morgan's New Library". Wall Street Journal. June 23, 1906. p. 6. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2021 – via newspapers.com Open access icon.
  48. ↑ Andrews 1957, pp. 4–5.
  49. ↑ Wilson 1983, pp. 219–221.
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Landmarks Preservation Commission 1982, p. 6.
  51. ↑ Andrews 1957, p. 1.
  52. ↑ Andrews 1957, p. 12.
  53. 1 2 Wilson 1983, p. 218.
  54. ↑ "Assembling Morgan's Books; Volumes in Big Private Library to Be Together by Jan. 1" (PDF). The New York Times. December 21, 1905. p. 9. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 1, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Landmarks Preservation Commission 2002, p. 5.
  56. ↑ Ardizzone 2007, p. 76.
  57. 1 2 3 Nevius, Michelle & Nevius, James (2009), Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City, New York: Free Press, pp. 197–198, ISBN 141658997X
  58. 1 2 3 4 Roth 1983, p. 292.
  59. ↑ "Mr. Stanford White". The Real Estate Record: Real Estate Record and Builders' Guide. 77 (1998): 1234. June 30, 1906. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021 – via columbia.edu.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 National Park Service 1966, p. 2.
  61. ↑ Taylor, Francis Henry (1957). Pierpont Morgan as collector and patron, 1837-1913. New York: Pierpont Morgan Library. p. 37. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
  62. ↑ "Mr. Morgan's Great Library; First Authorized Description of One of the Chief Treasure Houses of the World" (PDF). The New York Times. December 4, 1908. pp. 1, 2. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  63. 1 2 3 4 5 Roth 1983, p. 410.
  64. ↑ "Morgan Overbid Kaiser; News of the Sale of the Van Dycks Arouses Anger in Italy". The New York Times. February 28, 1907. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  65. ↑ Brown, Jane (1995). Beatrix : the gardening life of Beatrix Jones Farrand, 1872-1959 (1st ed.). New York, NY: Viking. pp. 204–216. ISBN 0-670-83217-0.
  66. 1 2 "Young Woman Librarian Continues Work of Great Morgan Collection". The Buffalo News. August 3, 1913. p. 46. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
  67. 1 2 "Spending J.P. Morgan's Money for Rare Books; That Is One of the Pleasant Duties of the Librarian of the Financier, Miss Belle Green, Who at 26 Has Won Fame by Her Intimate Knowledge of Valuable Tomes". The New York Times. April 7, 1912. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 6, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  68. ↑ Johnson, Ralph (October 2, 1910). "Great Fortunes Are Exaggerated: Immense Fortunes Have Way of Dwindling. Men Reputed to Be Worth $50,000,000 Generally Leave Estates Valued at Around $10,000,000---a Remarkable New York Woman". The Atlanta Constitution. p. c7. ProQuest 496345927.
  69. ↑ "The Great Morgan Museum: Financier Plans a Wonderful Storehouse for His More Wonderful Treasures of Art". The Sun. March 8, 1903. p. 12. ProQuest 536637416.
  70. ↑ "Room: in Morgan Library Destined to Live Long in Financial History". Cincinnati Enquirer. September 16, 1915. p. 4. ProQuest 870100335.
  71. ↑ "J.P. Morgan Buys Rare Manuscripts; Gets Wakeman Collection of Poe, Thoreau, Lowell, Longfellow, Whittier, and Bryant". The New York Times. October 27, 1909. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  72. 1 2 "Hobbies of Several Millionaires.: While Morgan Turns to Art and Books Hill's Delight is in Holstein Cattle". The Wall Street Journal. December 23, 1911. p. 6. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 129266279.
  73. 1 2 3 4 Irwin, Will (April 10, 1927). "Morgan Island: On the Crest of Murray Hill Stands the One Perfect Great Thing on Manhattan Island-- the Morgan Library-- Whose Marble Walls Inclose Treasure More Valuable Than the Vault Contents of Most New York Banks". New York Herald Tribune. p. SM14. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1132967715.
  74. ↑ Strouse 1999, p. 26.
  75. 1 2 "Object Lessons: A Stroll Through House of Morgan". Wall Street Journal. March 5, 1999. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
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  77. ↑ "$3,000,000 to Each Child and $1,000,000 To Mrs. Morgan" (PDF). The New York Times. April 20, 1913. pp. 1–3. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  78. ↑ "Carries Out Wishes of the Elder Morgan; His Will Suggested a Public Gift—No Advantage Taken of the Tax Exemption Law. Grew Impatient at Delay. Breaks in the Collection" (PDF). The New York Times. December 18, 1917. p. 14. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
  79. 1 2 3 "Great Morgan Art Collection May Prove White Elephant to New Head of House: Son Said to Lack the Father's Artistic Appreciation of Rare Treasures Costing Millions, and Even Proposes to Sell Some of Them -will He, in Time, Make Gift to the People as Father Planned?". The Washington Post. February 8, 1914. p. 6. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 145355573.
  80. ↑ "Morgan Will Keep His Library Intact; Appraisal of 30,000 Volumes Is Now Being Made for the Inheritance Tax" (PDF). The New York Times. April 2, 1915. p. 1. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 30, 2021. Retrieved January 2, 2021.
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  91. ↑ Cooper, Lee E. (December 10, 1944). "Brown Assembles Murray Hill Land for Housing Site: Realty Man Gets Four Parcels at Park Avenue Corner in the Morgan Block". The New York Times. p. R1. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 106902315.
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  98. 1 2 "Puts Its Value at $8,500,000; Scholars Call Gift Most Splendid of the Kind Ever Made". The New York Times. February 17, 1924. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on August 6, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
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  101. ↑ "Seekers for Admission Swamp Morgan Library: Consideration of Applications Halted Until Late Summer". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. April 16, 1924. p. 15. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113092372.
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  106. 1 2 Strouse 1999, p. 689.
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