Unity of the Brethren
Latin: Unitas Fratrum
A stained glass emblem of Agnus Dei at Trinity Moravian Church in Winston-Salem, North Carolina
ClassificationProto-Protestant
OrientationHussite (Bohemian) with Pietist Lutheran influences
FounderFollowers of Jan Hus and Petr Chelčický; later renewed by Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf, Christian David and David Nitschmann
Origin1457 / 1722
Bohemia / Herrnhut, Saxony
Congregations1,000+[1]
Number of followers1,112,120 (2016)[2]
Official websiteunitasfratrum.org

The Moravian Church, or the Moravian Brethren (Czech: Moravská církev or Moravští bratři), formally the Unitas Fratrum (Latin: "Unity of the Brethren"),[3][4][5] is one of the oldest Protestant denominations in Christianity, dating back to the Bohemian Reformation of the 15th century and the Unity of the Brethren (Czech: Jednota bratrská) founded in the Kingdom of Bohemia, sixty years before Luther's Reformation.

The church's heritage can be traced to 1457 and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, which included Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, and previously the Hussite movement against several practices and doctrines of the Catholic Church. Its name is derived from exiles who fled from Moravia to Saxony in 1722 to escape the Counter-Reformation, establishing the Christian community of Herrnhut; hence it is also known in German as the [Herrnhuter] Brüdergemeine [sic][6] ("Unity of Brethren [of Herrnhut]").[7]

The modern Unitas Fratrum has about one million members worldwide,[1] continuing their tradition of missionary work, such as in the Americas and Africa, that is reflected in their broad global distribution.[8] Moravians continue many of the same practices established in the 18th century, including placing a high value on a personal conversion to Christ, called the New Birth, and piety, good works, evangelism, including the establishment of missions, Christian pacifism, ecumenism, and music.[8][9]

The Moravian Church's emblem is the Lamb of God (Agnus Dei) with the flag of victory, surrounded by the Latin inscription "Vicit agnus noster, eum sequamur" ('Our Lamb has conquered; let us follow Him').

History

Jan Hus and the Bohemian Reformation

Jan Hus
Jan Hus Preaching at Bethlehem Chapel in Prague, a 1916 portrait by Alfons Mucha
Jan Hus at the Council of Constance, a portrait by Václav Brožík

The Hussite movement that was to become the Moravian Church was started by Jan Hus (English: John Huss) in early 15th-century Bohemia, in what is today the Czech Republic.[3] Hus objected to some of the practices and doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church; specifically, he wanted the liturgy to be celebrated in Czech, married priests, and eliminating indulgences and the idea of Purgatory. Since these actions predate the Protestant Reformation by a century, some historians claim the Moravian Church was the first Protestant church.[10][11]

The movement gained support from the Crown of Bohemia. However, Hus was summoned to attend the Council of Constance, which decided that he was a heretic and released him to the secular authority, which sentenced him to be burned at the stake on 6 July 1415. From 1419 to 1437 were a series of Hussite Wars initially between various Roman Catholic rulers and the Hussites, and then the political situation continued into a Hussite civil war between the more compromising Utraquists and the radical Taborites. In 1434, an army of Utraquists and Roman Catholics defeated the Taborites at the Battle of Lipany. The Utraquists signed the Compacts of Basel on 5 July 1436.

Within 50 years of Hus's death, a contingent of his followers had become independently organised as the "Bohemian Brethren" (Čeští bratři) or Unity of the Brethren (Jednota bratrská), which was founded in Kunvald, Bohemia, in 1457. A brother known as Gregory the Patriarch was very influential in forming the group, as well as the teachings of Peter Chelcicky. This group held to a strict obedience to the Sermon on the Mount, which included non-swearing of oaths, non-resistance, and not accumulating wealth. Because of this, they considered themselves separate from the majority Hussites that did not hold those teachings. They received episcopal ordination through the Waldensians in 1467.[10]: 36 ff [11]: 107 ff  These were some of the earliest Protestants, rebelling against Rome some fifty years before Martin Luther.[10][11] By the middle of the 16th century as many as 90 percent of the subjects of the Bohemian Crown were Protestant.[12] The majority of the nobility was Protestant, and the schools and printing-shops established by the Moravian Church were flourishing.

Protestantism had a strong influence in the education of the population. Even in the middle of the 16th century there was not a single town without a Protestant school in the Bohemian Crown Lands, and many had more than one, mostly with two to six teachers each. In Jihlava, a principal Protestant centre in Moravia, there were five major schools: two German, one Czech, one for girls and one teaching in Latin, which was at the level of a high/grammar school, lecturing on Latin, Greek and Hebrew, Rhetorics, Dialectics, fundamentals of Philosophy and fine arts, as well as religion according to the Lutheran Augustana.[13]

Counter-Reformation

With the University of Prague also firmly in hands of Protestants, the local Roman Catholic Church was unable to compete in the field of education. The Jesuits were invited, with the backing of the Catholic Habsburg rulers, to come to the Lands of the Bohemian Crown and establish a number of Roman Catholic educational institutions. One of these was the university in the Moravian capital of Olomouc. In 1582, they forced closure of local Protestant schools.

In 1617, Emperor Matthias had his fiercely Roman Catholic brother Ferdinand of Styria elected King of Bohemia. In the year that followed, Protestant Bohemian noblemen, in fear of losing their religious freedom,[14] instigated a revolt with the unplanned Defenestrations of Prague. The Protestants were defeated in 1620 in the Battle of White Mountain near Prague, known as the first battle in the Thirty Years' War.[15] As a consequence, the local Protestant noblemen were either executed or expelled from the country while the Habsburgs placed Roman Catholic (and mostly German-speaking) nobility in their place. The war, plague, and subsequent disruption led to a decline in the population from over 3 million to some 800,000 people. By 1622, the entire education system was in the hands of Jesuits and all Protestant schools were closed.

The Brethren were forced to go underground and eventually dispersed across Northern Europe as far as the Low Countries, where their bishop, John Amos Comenius, attempted to direct a resurgence. The largest remaining communities of the Brethren were located in Leszno (German: Lissa) in Poland, which had historically strong ties with the Czechs, and small, isolated groups in Moravia. The latter are referred to as "the Hidden Seed" which John Amos Comenius had prayed would preserve the evangelical faith in the land of the fathers.

In addition to the Renewed Unitas Fratrum or Moravian Church, which preserves the Unitas Fratrum's three orders of episcopal ordination, The Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren and the Czechoslovak Hussite Church also continue the Hussite tradition in the Czech Republic and Slovakia today, although they only account for 0.8% of the Czech population (which is 79.4% non-religious, and 10.4% Catholic).

Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine, 18th-century renewal

Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf preaching to people from many nations
Vogtshof in Herrnhut, the administrative centre of the worldwide Moravian Church

In 1722, a small group of the Bohemian Brethren (the "Hidden Seed") who had been living in northern Moravia as an illegal underground remnant surviving in the Catholic setting of the Habsburg Empire for nearly 100 years, arrived at the Berthelsdorf estate of Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf in present-day Saxony in the eastern part of modern-day Germany. Out of a personal commitment to helping the poor and needy, von Zinzendorf, a nobleman who had been brought up in the traditions of Pietistic Lutheranism, agreed to a request from their leader (Christian David, an itinerant carpenter) that they be allowed to settle on his lands in Upper Lusatia in Saxony. The Margraviates of Upper and Lower Lusatia were governed in personal union by the Saxon rulers and enjoyed great autonomy, especially in religious questions.

The refugees established a new village called Herrnhut, about 2 miles (3 km) from Berthelsdorf. The town initially grew steadily, but major religious disagreements emerged and by 1727 the community was divided into factions. Count Zinzendorf worked to bring about unity in the town, and the Brotherly Agreement was adopted by the community on 12 May 1727. This is considered the beginning of the renewal. Then, on 13 August 1727, the community underwent a dramatic transformation when the inhabitants of Herrnhut "learned to love one another", following an experience that they attributed to a visitation of the Holy Spirit, similar to that recorded in the Bible on the day of Pentecost.

Herrnhut grew rapidly following this transforming revival and became the centre of a major movement for Christian renewal and mission during the 18th century. The episcopal ordination of the Ancient Unitas Fratrum was transferred in 1735 to the Renewed Unitas Fratrum by the Unity's two surviving bishops, Daniel Ernst Jablonski and Christian Sitkovius. The carpenter David Nitschmann and, later, Count von Zinzendorf, were the first two bishops of the Renewed Unity. In 1756, Zinzendorf founded a Brüdergemeine that still exists today in Neuwied on the Rhine. Moravian historians identify the main achievements of this period as:

  1. Setting up a watch of continuous prayer that ran uninterrupted, 24 hours a day, for 100 years.
  2. Originating the Daily Watchwords.
  3. Establishing more than 30 settlements internationally on the Herrnhut model, which emphasized prayer and worship, and a form of communal living in which simplicity of lifestyle and generosity with wealth were held to be important spiritual attributes. The purpose of these communities was to assist the members resident there in the sanctification of their lives, to provide a meeting place for Christians from different confessional backgrounds, to provide Christian training for their own children and the children of their friends and supporters and to provide support for the Moravian Mission work throughout the world. As a result, although personal property was held, divisions between social groups and extremes of wealth and poverty were largely eliminated.
  4. Being the first Protestant church body to begin missionary work; and
  5. Forming many hundreds of small renewal groups operating within the existing churches of Europe, known as "diaspora societies". These groups encouraged personal prayer and worship, Bible study, confession of sins and mutual accountability.

Missions

A group of Moravian Church members with George II, depicted in a portrait by Johann Valentin Haidt, c. 1752–1754
In 1772, John Ettwein[16] and his group of some 200 Lenape and Mohican Christians traveled west along The Great Shamokin Path from their village of Friedenshütten (Cabins of Peace) near modern Wyalusing on the North Branch Susquehanna River to their new village of Friedensstadt (City of Peace)] on the Beaver River in southwestern Pennsylvania.

Along with the Royal Danish Mission College, the Moravian missionaries were the first large-scale Protestant missionary movement. They sent out the first missionaries when there were only 300 inhabitants in Herrnhut. Within 30 years, the church sent hundreds of Christian missionaries to many parts of the world, including the Caribbean, North and South America, the Arctic, Africa, and the Far East. They were the first to send lay people as missionaries, the first Protestant denomination to minister to slaves (though some communities also owned slaves), and the first Protestant presence in many countries.

Owing to Zinzendorf's personal contacts with their royalty, the first Moravian missions were directed to the Dano-Norwegian Empire. While attending the coronation of Christian VI of Denmark-Norway in 1730, Zinzendorf was profoundly struck by two Inuit converts of Hans Egede's mission in Greenland and also by an African from the West Indies.[17] The first Moravian mission was established on the Caribbean island of St Thomas in 1732 by a potter named Johann Leonhard Dober and a carpenter named David Nitschmann,[18]: 7  who later became the first bishop of the Renewed Unity in 1735. Matthaeus Stach and two others founded the first Moravian mission in Greenland in 1733 at Neu-Herrnhut on Baal's River, which became the nucleus of the modern capital Nuuk.

Moravians also founded missions with the Mohicans, an Algonquian-speaking tribe in the colony of New York in the Thirteen Colonies. In one instance, they founded a mission in 1740 at the Mohican village of Shekomeko in present-day Dutchess County, New York. The converted Mohican people formed the first native Christian congregation in the present-day United States of America. Because of local hostility from New Yorkers to the Mohicans, the Moravian support of the Mohicans led to rumors of them being secret Jesuits, trying to ally the Mohicans with France in the ongoing French and Indian Wars.

Although supporters defended their work, at the end of 1744, the colonial government based in Poughkeepsie, New York, expelled the Moravians from the Province of New York.[19]

In 1741, David Nitschmann and Count Zinzendorf led a small community to found a mission in the colony of Pennsylvania. The mission was established on Christmas Eve, and was named Bethlehem, after the Biblical town in Judea. There, they ministered to the Algonquian-speaking Lenape. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, is today the seventh-largest city in Pennsylvania, having developed as a major industrial city in the 19th and 20th centuries. In 1772, the first European-Native American settlement of what later became Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, occurred when Reverend John Ettwein, a Moravian missionary, arrived there with a band of 241 Christianized Lenape.[20]

In 1771, Moravians established a settlement at Nain, Labrador, which became a permanent settlement and the Moravian headquarters in Labrador.[21] The mission stations expanded to Okak (1776), Hopedale (1782), Hebron at Kauerdluksoak Bay (1830–1959), serving also Napartok Bay and Saeglek Bay, Zoar (1864–1889), Ramah (1871–1908), Makkovik (1896), and Killiniq on Cape Chidley island (1905–1925).[21][22] Two further stations were added after this period at Happy Valley near Goose Bay (1957) and North West River (1960).[21]

Colonies were also founded in North Carolina, where Moravians led by Bishop August Gottlieb Spangenberg purchased 98,985 acres (40,058 ha) from John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville. This large tract of land was named die Wachau, or Wachovia, after one of Zinzendorf's ancestral estates on the Danube River in Lower Austria. Other early settlements included Bethabara (1753), Bethania (1759), and Salem (now referred to as Old Salem (1766) in Winston-Salem, North Carolina).

In 1801, the Moravians established Springplace mission to the Cherokee Nation in what is now Murray County, Georgia. Coinciding with the forced removal of the Cherokees to Oklahoma, this mission was replaced in 1842 by New Springplace in Oaks, Oklahoma. Due to Civil War-related violence, New Springplace closed in 1862 and resumed during the 1870s. Finally, in 1898, the Moravian Church discontinued their missionary engagement with the Cherokees and New Springplace, now the Oaks Indian Mission, was transferred to the Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church.[23]

The start of far-flung missionary work necessitated the establishment of independently administered provinces. So, from about 1732,[18]: 7  the history of the church becomes the history of its provinces.

Eventually, the Moravian missions in Australia and Greenland were transferred to the local Presbyterian and Lutheran Churches, respectively.

The first mission station in present-day South Africa was established by the Moravian Georg Schmidt at Genadendal in 1738. The mission at Wupperthal, established by the Rhenish Missionary Society, was eventually transferred to the Moravian Church.

The Moravians sought to unify the converts into "one people" living together with the same religious beliefs. Zeisberger, a significant Moravian missionary, implored the converts to remember that they were "one people not two."[24]

Present

Mary Greenwoord was buried in Gracehill in County Antrim in 1752. Her gravestone is identical in style to hundreds of others irrespective of their gender or former status
Friedensthal Moravian Church in Christiansted in the United States Virgin Islands, founded in 1755

The modern Moravian Church, with about 750,000 members worldwide,[1] continues to draw on traditions established during the 18th-century renewal. In many places it observes the convention of the lovefeast, originally started in 1727. It uses older and traditional music in worship. Brass music, congregational singing and choral music continue to be very important in Moravian congregations. In addition, in some older congregations, Moravians are buried in a traditional God's Acre, a graveyard with only flat gravestones, signifying the equality of the dead before God and organized by sex, age and marital status rather than family.

The Moravians continue their long tradition of missionary work, for example in the Caribbean, where the Jamaican Moravian Church has begun work in Cuba and in Africa where the Moravian Church in Tanzania has missions in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda. This is reflected in their broad global distribution. The Moravians in Germany, whose central settlement remains at Herrnhut, are highly active in education and social work. The American Moravian Church sponsors the Moravian University and Seminary. The largest concentration of Moravians today is in Tanzania.

The motto of the Moravian Church is: "In essentials, unity; in nonessentials, liberty; and in all things, love".[25]

Some Moravian scholars point to a different formula as a guide to constructive debate about faith. This formula was first advanced by Luke of Prague (1460–1528), one of the bishops of the ancient Unitas Fratrum. Luke taught that one must distinguish between things that are essential, ministerial or incidental to salvation. The essentials are God's work of creation, redemption and sanctification, as well as the response of the believer through faith, hope and love. Things ministerial are such items as the Bible, church, sacraments, doctrine and priesthood. These mediate the sacred and should thus be treated with respect, but they are not considered essential. Finally, incidentals include things such as vestments or names of services that may reasonably vary from place to place.

Organization

Provinces

For its global work, the Church is organised into Unity Provinces, Mission Provinces and Mission Areas and four regions of Africa, Caribbean and Latin America, Northern America, and Europe. The categorisation is based on the level of independence of the province. Unity Province implies a total level of independence, Mission Province implies a partial level of supervision from a Unity Province, and Mission Area implies full supervision by a Unity Province. (The links below connect to articles about the history of the church in specific provinces after 1732, where written.)

In the Czech Republic and Honduras splits occurred within the churches after charismatic revivals; non-charismatic minorities formed their own bodies, but both sides remained connected to the international church. The minority communities are listed as "mission provinces".[26]

Membership

Provinces (year of foundation) or mission area Congregations Membership[2]
Africa 907,830
Burundi (mission province) 40,000
Tanzania, North (2007) 25 3,910
Tanzania, East (2007) 56 28,510
Tanzania, Rukwa (1986) 60 66,410
Tanzania, South (1891) 170 203,000
Tanzania, South West (1978) 211 300,000
Tanzania, Lake Tanganyika (2005) 30 32,100
Tanzania, West (1897) 61 104,000
Zambia (1989) 17 5,210
South Africa (1792/1737) 87 98,000
Congo/DR Congo (2005) 80 21,500
Malawi (2007) 10 5,190
Caribbean & Latin America 204,980
Costa Rica (1980/1941) 3 1,900
Guyana (1878/1835) 960
Honduras (1930) 85 34,450
Jamaica (1754) 65 8,100
Nicaragua (1849) 226 97,000
Surinam (1735) 67 30,000
Eastern West Indies (1732)
Trinidad, Tobago, Barbados, Antigua, St. Kitts, and the Virgin Islands including St. Croix, St. John, St. Thomas, Tortola and Grenada		 52 15,100
Honduras (Mission Province) 16,870
Cuba (1997) (Mission Province) 600
North America 39,150
Alaska -1885 22 1,690
America (North) (1741/1735)
Greenland, Canada and the Northern States of the USA		 89 20,530
America (South) (1753)
Southern States of the USA		 55 15,030
Labrador (1771/1752) (mission province) 1,900
Europe 20,180
European Continental (1727)
Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Albania, Estonia, Latvia 		24 14,530
British (1742)
Great Britain and Ireland		 30 1,200
Czech Republic (1862/1457) 29 3,800
Czech Republic/Herrnhut Seniority (mission province) 650
Missions Areas
Belize, French Guiana, Garifuna, Haiti, Kenya, Northern India & Nepal, Rwanda, Zanzibar, Sierra Leone, Tanzania Kiwele Region, Kivu and Katanga in DR Congo, Tanzania Iringa Region; Tanzania Ruvuma/Njombe Region, Uganda, Peru		 25,000
Total 1,112,120

Other areas with missions but that are not yet established as Provinces are:

  • Star Mountain Rehabilitation Centre, Ramallah, Palestine – under the care of the European Continental Province. Work began among people with leprosy in 1867 at the Jesus Hilfe (Jesus help) home in Jerusalem, responsibility for which was taken over by the Israeli state. In 1980, the former leper home on Star Mountain was converted for use as a home for handicapped children of the Arab population.[27]
  • South Asia [North India (Ladakh, Dehradun, Delhi), Nepal, Assam, Manipur] – under the care of the British Province. Formerly the West Himalayan Province (1853) and designated a Unity Undertaking in 1967.

Tanzania is divided into seven provinces because of the size of country and the numbers of people in the church. The "Moravian Church in Tanzania" co-ordinates the work in the nation.

The lists above, except for some details given under 'Other areas', can be found in The Moravian Almanac.[27]

Each province is governed by a synod, made up of representatives from each congregation plus ex officio members.

The Synod elects the Provincial Board (aka Provincial Elders' Conference or PEC[28]) to be responsible for the work of the province and its international links between synods.

Districts

Many, but not all, of the provinces are divided into districts.

Congregations

A Moravian church in Neudietendorf in Thuringia in Germany

Each congregation belongs to a district and has spiritual and financial responsibilities for work in its own area as well as provincially. The Congregation Council (all the members of a congregation) usually meets twice a year and annually elects the Joint Board of Elders and Trustees that acts as an executive.

In some provinces two or more congregations may be grouped into circuits, under the care of one minister.

Unity Synod

The Unity Synod meets every seven years and is attended by delegates from the different Unity Provinces and affiliated Provinces.

Unity Board

The Unity Board is made up of one member from each Provincial Board, and acts as an executive committee between Unity Synods. It meets three times between Synods but much of its work is done by correspondence and postal voting.

The President of the Unity Board (who is elected by the Board for two years and not allowed to serve for more than two terms) works from his/her own Provincial office. The Unity Business Administrator is an officer appointed by the Unity Board to administer the day-to-day affairs of the Unity through the office of the Unity.

Orders of ministry

Ordained ministry in the Moravian Church emphasizes the pastoral role. A candidate for ministry who has been approved by their home province and has completed the prescribed course of study (usually a Master of Divinity degree in the US and Europe) may be ordained a Deacon upon acceptance of a call. Deacons may serve in a pastoral office and administer sacraments. A deacon is normally supervised by a presbyter who serves as mentor. After several years of satisfactory service, the Deacon may be consecrated as a Presbyter. Presbyters function in the local congregation in the same manner as deacons, but may also serve to mentor deacons and may be assigned to other leadership roles in a particular province.

An acolyte is a layperson who has received approval to assist the pastor in a specific local congregation. The acolyte may assist in the serving of Holy Communion but may not consecrate the elements.

The highest order of ministry is that of a bishop. Bishops are elected by Provincial Synods usually through ecclesiastical ballot without nomination. In the Moravian Church, bishops do not have an administrative role but rather serve as spiritual leaders and pastors to the pastors. Bishops serve the worldwide Unity.[29] The Moravian Church teaches that it has preserved apostolic succession.[30] The Church claims apostolic succession as a legacy of the Unity of the Brethren.

In order to preserve the succession, three Bohemian Brethren were consecrated bishops by Bishop Stephen of Austria, a Waldensian bishop who had been ordained by a Roman Catholic bishop in 1434.[31][32] These three consecrated bishops returned to Litice in Bohemia and then ordained other brothers, thereby preserving the historic episcopate.[31] In Berlin, 1735, the Renewed Unity, i.e. the Moravian Brethren in Herrnhut, received the historic episcopal ordination from the two surviving bishops of the Ancient Unity: Bishop John Amos Comenius' grandson Daniel Ernst Jablonski and Christian Sitkovius. This bishop's consecration continues today.

Beliefs

The Moravian Church teaches the necessity of the New Birth, piety, evangelism (especially missionary work), and doing good works. As such, the Moravian Brethren hold strongly that Christianity is a religion of the heart.[9] It emphasizes the "greatness of Christ" and holds the Bible to be the "source of all religious truths".[9] With regard to the New Birth, the Moravian Church holds that a personal conversion to Christianity is a joyful experience, in which the individual "accepts Christ as Lord" after which faith "daily grows inside the person."[9] For Moravians, "Christ lived as a man because he wanted to provide a blueprint for future generations" and "a converted person could attempt to live in his image and daily become more like Jesus."[9] The Moravian Church historically adheres to the position of Christian pacifism, evidenced in atrocities such as the Gnadenhutten massacre, where the Moravian Christian Indian Martyrs practiced nonresistance, singing hymns and praying to God until their execution.[33][34][35][36]

In the Book of Order[37][38] the several provinces of the Moravian Unity accept:

Moravian missions in which missionaries and the believers they ministered to lived together and adhered to Moravian practices, such as the following taught by David Zeisberger, John Heckewelder and John Ettwein:[39]

I. We will know no other God, but the one only true God, who made us and all creatures, and came into this world in order to save sinners; to Him alone we will pray.

II. We will rest from work on the Lord's Day, and attend public service.
III. We will honor father and mother, and when they grow old and needy we will do for them what we can.
IV. No person shall get leave to dwell with us until our teachers have given their consent, and the helpers (native assistants) have examined him.
V. We will have nothing to do with thieves, murderers, whoremongers, adulterers, or drunkards.
VI. We will not take part in dances, sacrifices, heathenish festivals, or games.
VII. We will use no Tschappish or witchcraft when hunting.
VIII. We renounce and abhor all tricks, lies and deceits of Satan.
IX. We will be obedient to our teachers and to the helpers who are appointed to order our meetings in the town and fields.
X. We will not be idle nor scold, nor beat one another, nor tell lies.
XI. Whoever injures the property of his neighbor shall make restitution.
XII. A man shall have but one wife—shall love her and provide her and his children. A woman shall have but one husband, be obedient to him, care for her children, and be cleanly in all things.
XIII. We shall not admit rum, or any other intoxicating liquor into our towns. If strangers or traders bring intoxicating liquors, the helpers shall take it from them and not restore it until the owners are ready to leave the place.
XIV. No one shall contract debts with traders, or receive to sell for traders, unless the helpers give their consent.
XV. Whoever goes hunting, or on a journey, shall inform the minister or stewards.
XVI. Young persons shall not marry without the consent of their parents, and minister.
XVII. Whenever the stewards or helpers appoint a time to make fences or perform other work for the public good, we will assist and do as we are bid.
XVIII. Whenever corn is needed to entertain strangers, or sugar for love-feasts, we will freely contribute from our stores.

XIX. We will not go to war, and will not buy anything of warriors taken in war.[39]

According to the Ground of the Unity[37][38] of 1957, fundamental beliefs include but are not limited to:

  • The Holy Trinity: the Father, the Son or Logos/Word, and the Holy Spirit.
  • The Fatherhood of God
  • God's Love for fallen humanity
  • The Incarnation of God in the God/Man Jesus Christ
  • Jesus' sacrificial death for the sinful rebellion of humanity
  • Jesus' Resurrection, Ascension and Exaltation to the Right Hand of the Father
  • Jesus' sending of the Holy Spirit to strengthen, sustain and empower believers
  • Jesus' eventual return, in majesty, to judge the living and the dead
  • The Kingdom of Christ shall never end
  • There is one Baptism for the forgiveness of sins. Rebaptism is not allowed.
  • Infants are baptized most commonly, but all forms of baptism are accepted (infant or adult; pouring, sprinkling or immersion).
  • Moravian doctrine teaches that the Body and Blood of Christ are present in Holy Communion. Without seeking to explain the "Mode" or the "How" of the Presence of Jesus' Body and Blood in the Eucharist, they teach a sacramental union whereby with the Bread and the Wine the Body and Blood are also received. Individual believers are allowed to believe in other interpretations, however. Cf. the "Easter Morning Litany" of the Moravian Church, a statement of faith, in the Moravian Book of Worship, p. 85.

These tenets of classical Christianity are not unique to the Moravian Church. The emphasis in both the Ancient Unity and the Renewed Unity is on Christian living and the fellowship of believers as a true witness to a vibrant Christian Faith.

Spirit of the Moravian Church

An account of the ethos of the Moravian Church is given by one of its British bishops, Clarence H. Shawe.[40] In a lecture series delivered at the Moravian Theological Seminary in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Shawe described the Spirit of the Moravian Church as having five characteristics: simplicity, happiness, unintrusiveness, fellowship, and the ideal of service.

Simplicity is a focus on the essentials of faith and a lack of interest in the niceties of doctrinal definition. Shawe quotes Zinzendorf's remark that "The Apostles say: 'We believe we have salvation through the grace of Jesus Christ....' If I can only teach a person that catechism I have made him a divinity scholar for all time" (Shawe, 1977, p. 9). From this simplicity flow secondary qualities of genuineness and practicality.

Happiness is the natural and spontaneous response to God's free and gracious gift of salvation. Again Shawe quotes Zinzendorf: "There is a difference between a genuine Pietist and a genuine Moravian. The Pietist has his sin in the foreground and looks at the wounds of Jesus; the Moravian has the wounds in the forefront and looks from them upon his sin. The Pietist in his timidity is comforted by the wounds; the Moravian in his happiness is shamed by his sin" (p. 13).

Unintrusiveness is based on the Moravian belief that God positively wills the existence of a variety of churches to cater for different spiritual needs. There is no need to win converts from other churches. The source of Christian unity is not legal form but everyone's heart-relationship with the Saviour.

Fellowship is based on this heart-relationship. Shawe says: "The Moravian ideal has been to gather together kindred hearts.... Where there are 'Christian hearts in love united', there fellowship is possible in spite of differences of intellect and intelligence, of thought, opinion, taste and outlook. ... Fellowship [in Zinzendorf's time] meant not only a bridging of theological differences but also of social differences; the artisan and aristocrat were brought together as brothers and sat as equal members on the same committee" (pp. 21,22).

The ideal of service entails happily having the attitude of a servant. This shows itself partly in faithful service in various roles within congregations but more importantly in service of the world "by the extension of the Kingdom of God". Historically, this has been evident in educational and especially missionary work. Shawe remarks that "none could give themselves more freely to the spread of the gospel than those Moravian emigrants who, by settling in Herrnhut [i.e., on Zinzendorf's estate], had gained release from suppression and persecution" (p. 26).

Worship

  • Hymn Books
  • Liturgy
  • the Sacrament of the Holy Communion
  • The Sacrament of Baptism, Infants and Adults
  • Marriage
  • Confirmation
  • Christian Burial
  • Ordination of Bishops, Presbyters and Deacons
  • Consecration of church buildings and facilities

Traditions

A Moravian diener serves bread to fellow members of her congregation during the celebration of a lovefeast

Former traditions

  • The drawing of "lots" in decision making
  • Single Brethren's and Single Sisters' Houses: in the old original Settlement Congregations of Europe, Britain and the US, there were separate Houses caring for the spiritual and also temporal welfare of the Choirs of Single Brethren, Single Sisters, Widows.[41]
  • Wide/Short layout of church interiors
  • Separate seating of sexes in churches
  • Mission ships (the Harmony and the Snow Irene)
  • Choirs: the word "Choir" has been used in the Moravian tradition since the 18th century to indicate a group of congregation members classified according to age and sex. Formerly there were in several congregations separate Houses caring for the spiritual and also temporal welfare of the Choirs of Single Brethren, Single Sisters, Widows.[41]

Uniformed and other organizations

Prominent Moravians

  • Bishops
  • Missionaries
  • Writers
  • Artists

Ecumenical relations

The Moravian Church provinces are members individually of the World Council of Churches and the Lutheran World Federation. Most provinces are also members of their national councils of churches, such as the Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland (EKD) in Germany and the National Council of Churches of Christ in the US, the all African Council of Churches, the Caribbean Council of Churches, the Jamaica Council of Churches. The American Southern Province was instrumental in the founding of the North Carolina Council of Churches. The British Province is of the Churches Together in Britain and Ireland (formerly the British Council of Churches) and has an interim Communion agreement with the Church of England. The two North American provinces are in full communion with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA). The Northern Province of the Moravian Church voted June 18, 2010 to enter into full communion with the Episcopal Church. The Moravian Church's Southern Province also voted to enter into full communion with the Episcopal Church during its synod in September 2010. Each province can independently enter into full communion relationships.[42]

The Northern and Southern Provinces of the Moravian Church in North America and the Presbyterian Church USA agreed to enter covenant partnership with one another. The two churches celebrated their agreement with a national service of worship on 5 June 2016 at the Covenant Presbyterian Church in Madison, Wisconsin. National leaders from both denominations participated in the service which included sharing the eucharist.[43] In the 1980s there were discussions in England by which an agreement was created that would have created full communion between the Moravians, Presbyterians, Methodists, and the Church of England. The Presbyterians and Methodists would have accepted the Historic Episcopate, but since the Moravians already had this, they would have changed nothing. This agreement fell through because the General Synod of the Church of England did not give approval.

One aspect of Moravian history and mission is the diaspora work in Germany and Eastern Europe, seeking to deepen and encourage the Christian life among members of the territorial churches, particularly in Poland and the Baltic states and throughout German-speaking lands. Count Zinzendorf's ideal was a fellowship of all Christians, regardless of denominational names, and the Moravian Brethren sought in the Diaspora not to convert people to the Moravian Church but to awaken the hearts of believers and make them better members of the churches to which they already belonged. At first the object of suspicion, in the course of time the Moravian Diaspora workers became valued co-workers in eastern Europe. This Diaspora work suffered almost total destruction in World War II, but is still carried on within the territorial churches of Germany. With the restored independence of Estonia and Latvia, it was revealed that much of the Diaspora Work there had been kept alive in spite of occupation and annexation by the Soviet Union, which had held to the doctrine of state atheism.

Historical societies

  • American North: the Moravian Historical Society and Historic Bethlehem (Pennsylvania)
  • American South: the Wachovia Historical Society as well as Old Salem
  • British: Moravian Church House, London
  • Continental Province Verein für Geschichts- und Gegenwartsfragen der Brüdergemeine
  • „Via exulantis", Suchdol nad Odrou (Zauchtenthal or Zauchtel), The Moravian Brethren's Museum. The permanent exposition of the exile of 280 inhabitants from Suchdol nad Odrou to Herrnhut in Saxony in the 18th century, where they renewed the Unity of the Brethren and then established missionary establishments in all parts of the world.

Goals of the Moravian Missions

  • Moravians sought to unify the converts into "one people."
  • Herrnhuter Bote (former title: der Brüderbote), the periodical of the Continental Province
  • Unitas Fratrum, the publication of the Continental Province's historical society
  • the Moravian Magazine, the publication of the North American Provinces
  • The Moravian Voice, a publication of the Moravian Church in Jamaica
  • the Moravian Messenger, periodical of the British Province
  • Moravian History Magazine – published within the British Province but deals with the work worldwide.
  • Journal of Moravian History[44] – scholarly journal, published by the Moravian Archives[45] in Bethlehem, PA, and the Moravian Historical Society[46] in Nazareth, PA.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Welcome to the Moravian Church". The Moravian Church British Province. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
  2. 1 2 "Herrnhuter Mission aktuell: 31-2016 vom 03.12.2016". Herrnhuter-missionshilfe.de. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  3. 1 2 "Moravian History". Moravian Church of the British Province. Archived from the original on 23 February 2016. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  4. ↑ "Unitas Fratrum". Unitasfratrum.org. Retrieved 12 March 2017. Unitas Fratrum, the Worldwide Moravian Church consists of Unity Provinces, Mission Provinces, Mission Areas and certain areas of work which are the responsibility of the Moravian Unity as a whole.
  5. ↑ "The Unity of the Brethren". Christianity Today. 1987. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
  6. ↑ "Herzlich willkommen" [Warm welcome]. Ebu.de (in German). Evangelische Brüder-Unität - Herrnhuter Brüdergemeine. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  7. ↑ "Moravian church | Protestant denomination". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  8. 1 2 Atwood, Craig D. (2012) [2011]. "Moravian Church". The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9780470670606.wbecc0935. ISBN 9781405157629. The Moravian Church's impact on Christianity and world culture is disproportionate to its size (about 750,000 members in 2007). In the 18th century, the church engaged in social experiments that challenged patriarchy, racism, and economic exploitation, and pioneered culturally sensitive missions to indigenous peoples in the Americas and Africa. It is also famous for its contributions to Protestant hymnody and liturgy, and its Losungen or daily watchwords remain one of the most popular resources for personal devotions in Germany. The most famous reader of the Losungen, was the theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer, whose Finkelwalde Seminary was modeled in part on the example of the Moravians.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Atwood, Scott Edward (1991). "An Instrument for Awakening": The Moravian Church and the White River Indian Mission. College of William & Mary. pp. 7, 14, 20–24.
  10. 1 2 3 Rican, Rudolf (1992). The History of the Unity of Brethren – A Protestant Hussite Church in Bohemia and Moravia. The Moravian Church in America. ISBN 1-878422-05-7.
  11. 1 2 3 Crews, C. Daniel (2008). Faith, Love, Hope – A History of the Unitas Fratrum. by Moravian Archives, Winston Salem, N. Carolina. ISBN 978-0-9719411-3-7.
  12. ↑ Václavík, David (2010). Náboženství a moderní česká společnost [Religion and modern Czech society] (in Czech). Grada Publishing a.s. p. 53.
  13. ↑ d'Elvert, Christian (1857). "Geschichte der Studien-, Schul- und Erziehungs- Anstalten in Mähren und Oesterreichisch Schlesien, insbesondere der olmützer Universität, in den neueren Zeiten" [History of study, school and educational institutions in Moravia and Austrian Silesia, especially the University of Olomouc, in modern times]. Gesellschaft zur Beförderung des Ackerbaues, der Natur- und Landeskunde (in German). 10 – via Google Books.
  14. ↑ Polišenský, Josef V. (1971). The Thirty Years War. University of California Press.
  15. ↑ Gould, Stephen Jay (1996). "This View of Life: The Diet of Worms and the Defenestrations of Prague" (PDF). Natural History (9). Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
  16. ↑ "Memoirs - John Ettwein". bdhp.moravian.edu. Retrieved 2020-10-15.
  17. ↑ Knight, C. (1839). The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, Volumes 15–16. C. Knight. pp. 269. Retrieved 2013-08-11.
  18. 1 2 Hastings, S. U.; MacLeavy, B. L. (1979). Seedtime and Harvest: A Brief History of the Moravian Church in Jamaica 1754–1979. The Moravian Church Corporation.
  19. ↑ Smith, Philip H. (1877). "Pine Plains". General History of Duchess County from 1609 to 1876, inclusive. Pawling, NY. Retrieved 3 Mar 2010.
  20. ↑ University of Pennsylvania; Federal Works Agency (1940). Pennsylvania: A Guide to the Keystone State. Oxford University Press. p. 568.
  21. 1 2 3 E Wilson, ed. (1975). With the Harmony to Labrador.
  22. ↑ Hiller, J.K. (2001). "The Moravian Church". Heritage Newfoundland and Labrador. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  23. ↑ "Rose Stauber "Oaks"". Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Retrieved March 26, 2015.
  24. ↑ Schutt, Amy C. (1999). "Tribal Identity in the Moravian Missions on the Susquehanna". Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies. 66 (3): 378–398.
  25. ↑ "What Moravians Believe « The Moravian Church « Moravian Church of North America". Moravian.org. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  26. ↑ "Unitas Fratrum » Unity Board 2012 Resolutions". Unitasfratrum.org. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
  27. 1 2 The Moravian Almanac is published annually (October) as a supplement to the devotional book Daily Watchwords. Most Provinces publish their own almanac with details of local congregations and the wider Provinces. Copies may be obtained from the Moravian Church House (office) of any province (for addresses see the provinces pages).
  28. ↑ In Moravian usage, Elder is a title applicable to the members of any church board (conference) whether at provincial or congregational level. The term refers to responsible people who, commanding the respect of their fellow members, have been elected, at provincial level by the Synod, and at local level by the Congregation Council. A Board of Elders always acts collegially, not individually[7].
  29. ↑ "Church Order of the Unitas Fratrum", 2009, Chapter XIII.
  30. ↑ Melton, J. Gordon (1 January 2005). Encyclopedia of Protestantism. Infobase Publishing. p. 91. ISBN 9780816069835. Retrieved 11 November 2012 – via Google Books. Martin Luther seemed personally indifferent to apostolic succession, but branches of the Lutheran Church most notable the Church of Sweden, preserve episcopal leadership and apostolic succession...Among other Protestants that claim apostolic succession is the Moravian Church.
  31. 1 2 Stocker, Harry Emilius (1918). Moravian customs and other matters of interest. Times publishing co., printers. p. 20. Retrieved 11 November 2012 – via Google Books. They were extremely solicitous to secure a ministry whose validity the Roman Catholics and others would be compelled to recognise. For this reason they resolved to seek the episcopal succession. At that time a colony of Waldenses lived on the Bohemian border. The synod was satisfied that these people possessed the regular authenticated episcopal succession. Their chief was Stephen. To him the Brethren sent a deputation consisting of three priests or presbyters. These were Michael Bradacius, a priest of the Roman Catholic, and a priest of the Waldensian Church, whose names have not been preserved. They were instructed to inquire into the validity of the Waldensian episcopate. Stephen received the deputies with great kindness, assembled his assistant bishops, and entered into a minute account of the episcopacy which they had. Fully satisfied with what they lad learned the deputies requested to be consecrated bishops. This request Bishop Stephen and his assistants fulfilled in a solemn convocation of the Waldensian Church. The new bishops immediately returned to the barony of Lititz where another synod was convened and three of the brethren were set apart for the work of the ministry, by the laying on of hands. In spite of the terrible persecutions suffered by the Ancient Church, this episcopate was most wonderfully preserved.
  32. ↑ Schaff, Philip (30 November 2007). The Creeds of Christendom: History of the Creeds – Volume I, Part II. Cosimo, Inc. p. 567. ISBN 9781602068902. Retrieved 11 November 2012 – via Google Books. they sought regular ordination from a Waldensian bishop, Stephen of Austria, who was reported to have been ordained by a Roman bishop in 1434, and who afterwards suffered martyrdom in Vienna.
  33. ↑ Stoeffler, F. Ernest (1 February 2007). Continental Pietism and Early American Christianity. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-55635-226-3.
  34. ↑ Tucker, Spencer; Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta (30 September 2011). The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 331. ISBN 978-1-85109-697-8.
  35. ↑ Schutt, Amy C. (1 March 2013). Peoples of the River Valleys: The Odyssey of the Delaware Indians. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-8122-0379-0.
  36. ↑ Zrinski, Tara (9 September 2011). "Guest Minister Reminds Moravians of Pacifist Roots". Patch. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  37. 1 2 Church Order of the Unitas Fratrum, published by order of the Unity Synod.
  38. 1 2 The Ground of the Unity Archived 2007-11-22 at the Wayback Machine
  39. 1 2 Misencik, Paul R.; Misencik, Sally E. (9 January 2020). American Indians of the Ohio Country in the 18th Century. McFarland. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-1-4766-7997-6.
  40. ↑ Shawe, C. H. (1977). The Spirit of the Moravian Church. London: The Moravian Book Room.
  41. 1 2 Book of Order, The Moravian Church in Great Britain and Ireland. 2002.
  42. ↑ "Episcopal Life Online". Archived from the original on 2010-06-23.
  43. ↑ "The Moravian Church and the PCUSA Enter Full Communion Agreement". The Layman. 16 May 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  44. ↑ "Journal of Moravian History". Archived from the original on 2008-05-16.
  45. ↑ "Moravian Archives". Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  46. ↑ "Welcome to Moravian Historical Society, Your family's place to discover history". Retrieved 5 March 2015.

General and cited references

  • Church of England & the Moravian Church in Great Britain and Ireland, Anglican-Moravian Conversations: The Fetter Lane Common Statement with Essays in Moravian and Anglican History (1996)
  • Engel, Katherine Carte. Religion and Profit: Moravians in Early America (2010)
  • Fogleman, Aaron Spencer. Jesus Is Female: Moravians and the Challenge of Radical Religion in Early America (2007)
  • Freeman, Arthur J. An Ecumenical Theology of the Heart: The Theology of Count Nicholas Ludwig von Zinzendorf (1998)
  • Fries, Adelaide. Records of the Moravians in North Carolina (1917)
  • Gollin, Gilliam Lindt. Moravians in Two Worlds (1967)
  • Hamilton, J. Taylor, and Hamilton, Kenneth G. History of the Moravian Church: The Renewed Unitas Fratrum 1722–1957 (1967)
  • Hutton, J. E. A History of the Moravian Church (1909)
  • Hutton, J. E. A History of the Moravian Missions (1922)
  • Jarvis, Dale Gilbert. "The Moravian Dead Houses of Labrador, Canada", Communal Societies 21 (2001): 61–77.
  • Langton; Edward. History of the Moravian Church: The Story of the First International Protestant Church (1956)
  • Lewis, A. J. Zinzendorf the Ecumenical Pioneer (1962)
  • Linyard, Fred, and Tovey, Phillip. Moravian Worship (Grove Worship Series No 129, UK), 1994
  • Peucker, Paul. A Time of Sifting: Mystical Marriage and the Crisis of Moravian Piety in the Eighteenth Century. University Park, Penn.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2015.
  • Podmore, Colin. The Moravian Church in England 1728–1760 (1998)
  • Rican, Rudolf. The History of the Unity of the Brethren (trans. by C. Daniel Crews) (1992)
  • Shawe, C. H. The Spirit of the Moravian Church (1977)
  • Teich, Mikulas, ed., Bohemia in History, Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 384
  • Tillman, Benjamin; Imprints on Native Lands: The Miskito-Moravian Settlement Landscape in Honduras; Tucson 2011 (University of Arizona Press)
  • Weber, Julie Tomberlin (trans.) and Atwood, Craig D. (ed.) A Collection of Sermons from Zinzendorf's Pennsylvania Journey (1741-2; 2001)
  • Weinlick, John R. Count Zinzendorf: The Story of his Life and Leadership in the Renewed Moravian Church (1984)
  • Zinzendorf, Nicholaus Ludwig. Nine Public Lectures on Important Subjects in Religion (1746; translated and edited by George W. Forell 1973)
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