Klamath
Klamath–Modoc, Lutuamian
Maqlaqsyals
Native toUnited States
RegionSouthern Oregon and northern California
Ethnicity170 Klamath and Modoc (2000 census)[1]
Extinct2003, with the death of Neva Eggsman[2][1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3kla
Glottologklam1254
ELPKlamath-Modoc

Klamath (/ˈklæməθ/),[3] also Klamath–Modoc (/ˈklæməθ ˈmoʊdɒk/) and historically Lutuamian (/ˌluːtuˈæmiən/), is a Native American language spoken around Klamath Lake in what is now southern Oregon and northern California. It is the traditional language of the Klamath and Modoc peoples, each of whom spoke a dialect of the language. By 1998, only one native speaker remained,[4] and by 2003, this last fluent Klamath speaker who was living in Chiloquin, Oregon, was 92 years old.[5] As of 2006 there were no fluent native speakers of either the Klamath or Modoc dialects;[6] however, as of 2019, revitalization efforts are underway with the goal of creating new speakers.[7]

Klamath is a member of the Plateau Penutian language family, which is in turn a branch of the proposed Penutian language family. Like other proposed Penutian languages, Plateau Penutian languages are rich in ablaut, much like Indo-European and Afro-Asiatic languages. Further evidence for this classification includes some consonant correspondences between Klamath and other alleged Penutian languages. For example, the Proto-Yokuts retroflexes */ʈ ʈʼ/ correspond to Klamath /tʃ tʃʼ/, and the Proto-Yokuts dentals */t̪ t̪ʰ t̪ʼ/ correspond to the Klamath alveolars /t tʰ tʼ/.

Phonology

Vowels

Front Back
shortlong shortlong
Close i ~ ɪ iː
Open-mid æ ~ ɛ æː ɔ ~ u oː
Open ə ~ ɑ ɑː

Consonants

Bilabial Alveolar Palato-
alveolar		 Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
plain lateral
Plosive unaspirated p t tʃ k q ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ tʃʰ kʰ qʰ
ejective pʼ tʼ tʃʼ kʼ qʼ
Fricative s h
Sonorant voiced m n l j w
voiceless m̥ n̥ l̥ ȷ̊ w̥
glottalized mʼ nʼ lʼ jʼ wʼ
Klamath alphabet [8]
Spelling aaabccʼdeeegɢhiiijkkʼlLlʼmMmʼnNnʼoooppʼqqʼss?tt’wWw’yYyʼ ?
Phoneme əɑːptʃʰtʃʼtɛæːkqhɪiːtʃkʰkʼll̥lˀmm̥mˀnn̥nˀɔoːpʰpʼqʰqʼssˀtʰt’ww̥wˀjȷ̊jˀʔ

Plosives in Klamath, aside from /ʔ/, come in triplets of unaspirated, aspirated, and ejective sounds.[9] Sonorant triplets are voiced, voiceless, and glottalized sounds.[10]

Most consonants can be geminated. The fricative /s/ is an exception, and there is evidence suggesting this is a consequence of a recent sound change.[11] Albert Samuel Gatschet recorded geminated /sː/ in the late 19th century, but this sound was consistently recorded as degeminated /s/ by M. A. R. Barker in the 1960s. Sometime after Gatschet recorded the language and before Barker did the same, */sː/ may have degeminated into /s/.

Syntax

Klamath word order is conditioned by pragmatics. There is no clearly defined verb phrase or noun phrase. Alignment is nominative–accusative, with nominal case marking also distinguishing adjectives from nouns. Many verbs obligatorily classify an absolutive case. There are directive and applicative constructions.[12]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Klamath at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ↑ Lane, Valeree. "Chiloquin man helps Klamath Tribal members embrace first language". Herald and News. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  3. ↑ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
  4. ↑ Chen, 1998; Maudlin, 1998,
  5. ↑ Haynes, Erin F. "Obstacles facing tribal language programs in Warm Springs, Klamath, and Grand Ronde" (PDF). Coyote Papers. 8: 87–102. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-09. Retrieved 2012-08-30.
  6. ↑ Golla, Victor. (2011). California Indian Languages. Berkeley/Los Angeles, California : University of California Press. ISBN 9780520266674
  7. ↑ Dupris, Joseph (2019). "maqlaqsyalank hemyeega: Goals and expectations of Klamath-Modoc revitalization". Language Documentation & Conservation. 13: 155–196. hdl:10125/24851. ISSN 1934-5275.
  8. ↑ "Language - Klamath Tribes". klamathtribes.org. The Klamath Tribes. Retrieved May 2, 2018.
  9. ↑ Blevins, 2004, p. 279.
  10. ↑ Blevins, 2004, pp. 279–80.
  11. ↑ Blevins, 2004.
  12. ↑ Rude, 1988.

References

  • Barker, M. A. R. (1963a). Klamath Texts. University of California Publications in Linguistics, volume 30. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • ———. (1963b). Klamath Dictionary. University of California Publications in Linguistics 31. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • ———. (1964). Klamath Grammar. University of California Publications in Linguistics 32. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Barker, Philip. (1959). The Klamath language. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley
  • Blevins, Juliette. (1993). Klamath Laryngeal Phonology. The University of Chicago Press
  • Blevins, J. (2004, July). Klamath sibilant degemination: Implications of a recent sound change. IJAL, 70, 279–289.
  • Chen, D. W. (1998, April 5). Blackboard: Lost languages; Kuskokwim not spoken here. New York Times.
  • de Angulo, Jaime (1931). The Lutuami language (Klamath-Modoc). Société des Américanistes. OCLC 27210767.
  • Maudlin, W. S. (1998, April 17). Yale linguists part of effort to save dying languages. The Yale Herald. Retrieved May 6, 2008
  • Rude, Noel (1987). Some Sahaptian-Klamath grammatical correspondences. Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics, 12:67-83.
  • Rude, Noel (1988). Semantic and pragmatic objects in Klamath. In In Honor of Mary Haas: From the Haas Festival Conference on Native American Linguistics, ed. by William Shipley, pp. 651–73. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  • Rude, Noel (1991). Verbs to promotional suffixes in Sahaptian and Klamath. In Approaches to Grammaticalization, ed. by Elizabeth C. Traugott and Bernd Heine. Typological Studies in Language 19:185-199. New York and Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Online texts

Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Klamath word list
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