Photo of Mission grapes growing around Santa Barbara, California, circa 1875.

Mission grapes are a variety of Vitis vinifera introduced from Spain to the western coasts of North and South America by Catholic New World missionaries for use in making sacramental, table, and fortified wines. It is grown in South America, particularly in Chile and Peru, under the names Criolla and Pais.[1] During the 19th century, the grape was known by several other names, including the Los Angeles grape,[2] and the California grape.[3]

History

The original European strain, until recently, had been lost, thus the grapes' being named "Mission grapes" since they were generally grown in Spanish missions. Prior to 1522, wine was made from grapes native to the area around Mexico City. However, finding the wine produced lacking, it was decreed by Hernán Cortés that sacramental wine was to be made using grapes grown from cuttings from the Old World, and that the grape was to be planted in every Spanish settlement in the New World.[4][5] Originally brought to Mexico from Spain in the 16th century, they were planted in New Mexico during the early 17th century.[6][7][lower-alpha 1] Several decades later wine was introduced to present-day Baja California with the establishment of Misión de Nuestra Señora de Loreto Conchó in 1697 by Jesuit priest Juan de Ugarte.[9] While two grape varieties were native to California, Vitis californica and Vitis girdiana, neither were used for wine production.[10]

The grape was introduced to present-day California in the late 18th century by Franciscan missionaries;[11] the first planting of the grape in present-day California was done by Junipero Serra at Mission San Diego de Alcalá in 1769.[12][13][lower-alpha 2] The next vines to be planted in present-day California were at Mission San Gabriel Arcángel in 1771, cuttings from this vine would be used to start new vines at Pueblo de Los Ángeles around 1786.[17] Eventually vineyards and wine making expanded to each of the Spanish missions in California.[18] By the last decade of the 18th century, Mission San Gabriel Arcángel was making 35,000,000 US gallons (130,000 kL) of wine.[12] In 1820, the wine made from Mission grapes began to be exported overseas.[5][19] A dessert wine made from the Mission grapes of the missions gained a reputation of quality in Europe.[18][20] Making wine was a leading source of revenue for the missions, but ceased after secularization in the 1830s;[21] eventually the vineyards of the missions began to be abandoned.[22]

A grape arbor at Mission San Gabriel in 1898. The vine was planted in 1862.

Until about 1865, Mission grapes represented the entirety of viticulture in California wines.[5][6][23][lower-alpha 3] In 1870, Mission grapes were still described as universal; when eaten as fruit they were "pleasant, and agreeable".[24] As late as 1888, 4,000 acres (1,600 ha) of Napa Valley were used to grow Mission grapes.[25] Yet, back in Spain, the vines which the Mission grapes had descended from, were wiped out by phylloxera in all areas except the Canary Islands.[11][lower-alpha 4] From 1880, to 1920, the amount of land which Mission grapes were grown on reduced from 30,000 acres (12,000 ha) to 5,000 acres (2,000 ha).[27][lower-alpha 5] During the Prohibition era, the grape largely disappeared from California, with wine made in Mexico smuggled into the United States.[1] One vineyard in Santa Barbara County had sagebrush grown over it, to hide it from being ripped out by prohibitionists;[29][lower-alpha 6] while others were just abandoned.[31] Afterwards it has largely been replaced by noble grape varieties.[6][lower-alpha 7]

Niche resurgence

As of 2016, the oldest surviving living vine of Mission grape exists at Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, with the oldest vine still bearing fruit being at Avila Adobe.[32][lower-alpha 8] In 2017, most of the state's remaining plantings of the Mission grapes are in the Gold Country, growing in about total 1,000 acres (400 ha).[25] By 2019, the United States Department of Agriculture estimated that Mission grapes are grown on about 400 acres (160 ha) in California.[1] Cultivation has also begun in Baja California, Mexico, where 24 acres (9.7 ha) of century old vines are harvested near Tecate.[34]

Wines

Early accounts of alcoholic beverages made using the Mission grape recall the use of simplistic methods utilizing cowhides, grape treading, and leather bags. The first pressing, producing white wine, later pressings producing red wine, and brandy distilled from the remaining residue.[5] During the 19th century, the Mission grape was used to make strong wines similar to port and sherry.[2] The wine produced by the mission grape was described by Julius Dresel[lower-alpha 9] as having "a marked Burgundy flavor,".[6] Yet, that opinion of the wine's taste wasn't shared by all, and it also received negative and unflattering descriptions.[36][37] The vine has a twisting thick trunk, looking more like a small tree rather than other types of vines.[38] When fruiting, the vines produce "big, heavy, deep-red grape clusters,".[39] It was also written that the grapes of this variety grown in Northern California were called Sonoma grape, while grapes of this variety grown in Southern California were called Los Angeles Grape, with each imparting a distinct flavor compared to the other;[40] elsewhere they were called California grape.[3] Recently, it has been proposed that the Sonoma grape was brought to Northern California from Peru by Russian settlers of Fort Ross in 1817. [41]

Historically, four types of wines were made from this variety: white, a dry red, a sweet red, and a sweet brandy fortified wine.[15] These historic wines did not age well, and would sour after three years.[42] In the 21st century, the mission variety is grown in Amador, Calaveras, and Santa Barbara counties, as well as in Lodi in San Joaquin County.[6][43] From these growers, they have produced angelica, dry, and table wines.[6] Other wines made from this variety are natural red, port, sacramental, and sherry.[1][39] When made into a table wine, it creates a wine described as "very light boddied, yet extremely tannic, often indistinguishable in color from a dark rose, tasting of bitter orange peel and light red fruits, like rhubarb and strawberry.".[44] Angelica made from mission grapes has been described as "unusually sweet,"[44] with notes "reminiscent of molasses, dried figs, caramel, nuts and toffee.".[45] Sacramental wine made from this variety has been described as "sickly sweet, with almost no acid to speak".[46]

Though Mission grape vines are heavy producers and can adapt to a variety of climates, table wine made from the fruit tends to be rather characterless, and thus its use in wine making has diminished in modern times.[25] However, as both contemporary accounts and those of the last two centuries attest, angelica, the fortified wine made from the grape, is sometimes a wine of note and distinction;[25] in its angelica form, it has been described as having similar regional importance as port to Portugal, sherry to Spain, and marsala to Sicily.[20] The Mission grape is related to the pink Criolla grape of Argentina, and the red País grape of Chile.[4][25][47] Despite being almost extinct in California after a century of being maligned and put down as an inferior grape, recently interest has increased in Mission again. A lot of smaller producers are embracing its long history and the very few plantings still left in the state.[25] It is a drought resistant plant.[48]

European antecedent

In December 2006, Spanish scholars from the Centro Nacional de Biotecnología in Madrid uncovered the name and origin of the mysterious Mission grape, as well as which were the earliest European vines grown in the Americas.[11][lower-alpha 10] Their findings are due to appear in the journal of the American Society of Enology and Viticulture.[11] The scholars determined that the Mission grape's DNA matched a little-known Spanish variety called Listan Prieto.[11] Listan is another name for Palomino, although not related to the white grape Palomino Fino used to make Sherry.[11]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Eusebio Francisco Kino is credited for its cultivation in Mexico's northwestern regions.[8]
  2. ↑ Not all sources agree that Mission San Diego de Alcala was where the first grapes were planted. One source claims that the first vine were planted at Mission San Juan Capistrano.[14] Other sources claim that Mission San Gabriel Arcángel was where the first vine was planted.[15][16]
  3. ↑ By the 1850s, plantings of imported European grapes were present in present-day Los Angeles County, due to the efforts of Matthew Keller, Jean-Louis Vignes, and others.[5][10]
  4. ↑ Phylloxera infestation was first experienced in California in 1858.[26]
  5. ↑ During this time period, the then world's largest grape vine was of the mission variety, and was in Capenteria Valley.[28]
  6. ↑ Cuttings from this vineyard, are being planted at Mission Santa Barbara to revive its historic garden.[29][30]
  7. ↑ It remained in quantities, well into the mid-20th century, but was often used to in blended wines, or in inexpensive fortified drinks, losing its once esteemed reputation.[20]
  8. ↑ A vine which grows over Olvera Street originates at the adobe, and is a genetic match to those from Mission San Gabriel Arcángel.[33]
  9. ↑ The brother of Emil Dresel, and whose family was important in early viticulture in Sonoma County.[35]
  10. ↑ Another sources claim that the Mission grape is related to the Listán negro.[49][50]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Parks III, Richard (9 May 2019). "The Mission grape is cool in L.A. again, thanks to the natural wine movement". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  2. 1 2 Terry, Thomas D. (January 1975). "California Grapes and California Missions". Agricultural History. 49 (1): 292–293. JSTOR 3742141.
  3. 1 2 "California Fruit". Scientific American. 57 (22): 343. 26 November 1887. JSTOR 26089403.
  4. 1 2 Ausmus, William A. (30 June 2008). Wines and Wineries of California's Central Coast: A Complete Guide from Monterey to Santa Barbara. University of California Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-520-93183-1.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 McKee, Irving (March 1947). "The Beginnings of California Winegrowing". The Quarterly: Historical Society of Southern California. 29 (1): 59–71. doi:10.2307/41168117. JSTOR 41168117.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mobley, Esther (23 March 2017). "Mission revival: State's first wine grape, circa 1760, rides again". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  7. ↑ Kettmann, Matt (5 April 2018). "Santa Barbara's Ancient Wines, Then and Now". Independent. Santa Barbara. Retrieved 14 December 2019.
  8. ↑ Emerson, L. P. Bill (1979). Mexico's Grape Industry: Table Grapes, Raisins, and Wine. Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service. p. 7.
  9. ↑ Hannickel, Erica (9 October 2013). Empire of Vines: Wine Culture in America. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0-8122-0890-0.
  10. 1 2 Amerine, Maynard A. (April 1969). "An Introduction to the Pre-Repeal History of Grapes and Wines in California". Agricultural History. 43 (2): 259–268. JSTOR 4617664.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Alley, Lynn (12 February 2007). "Researchers Uncover Identity of Historic California Grape". Wine Spectator. New York: M. Shanken Communications. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  12. 1 2 Estreicher, Stefan K. (2006). Wine: From Neolithic Times to the 21st Century. Algora Publishing. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-87586-478-5.
  13. ↑ Bedford, Ed (15 November 2015). "A grape mission". San Diego Reader. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
    Borg, Axel (5 July 2016). "A short history on wine making in California". News. UC Davis. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
    Pierce, Newton Barris (1892). "Introduction and Spread of the Mission Vine in Upper California". The California Vine Disease: A Preliminary Report of Investigations. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 26–27.
    Davidson, William Mark; Nougaret, Raymond Louis (1921). The Grape Phylloxera in California. United States Department of Agriculture. p. 3.
  14. ↑ Iversen, Eve (1998). "Wine at the California Missions". California Missions Foundation. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  15. 1 2 Agran, Libbie (16 September 2018). "The First Father of California Wine: Fray Junípero Serra". Wine History Project of San Luis Obispo County. Archdiocese of Los Angeles. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  16. ↑ "Historic Vine dedicated at San Gabriel Mission". Angelus. 14 November 2014.
  17. ↑ Pierce, Newton Barris (1892). The California Vine Disease: A Preliminary Report of Investigations. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 28.
  18. 1 2 Pinney, Thomas (September 2007). "Winegrowing in the California Mission Period". A History of Wine in America, Volume 1. University of California Press. pp. 237–243. ISBN 9780520254299.
  19. ↑ Barber, Nelson; Hutchins, Lyndsey; Dodd, Tim (June 2007). "California and the Western Wine Region" (PDF). A History of the American Wine Industry (Report). Texas Tech University. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  20. 1 2 3 Shaw, Hank (Summer 2008). "Chasing Angels: The Sweet Wine Angelica" (PDF). Gastronomica: The Journal of Food and Culture. 8 (30): 74–78. doi:10.1525/gfc.2008.8.3.74. ISSN 1529-3262. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  21. ↑ Wilson, Iris Ann (September 1957). "Early Southern California Viniculture 1830-1865". The Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly. 39 (3): 242–250. doi:10.2307/41169133. JSTOR 41169133.
  22. ↑ Carosso, Vincent P. (June 1949). "Anaheim, California: A Nineteenth Century Experiment in Commercial Viniculture". Bulletin of the Business Historical Society. 23 (2): 78–86. doi:10.2307/3111042. JSTOR 3111042.
  23. ↑ Walker, Andrew (19 June 2000). "UC Davis' Role in Improving California's Grape Planting Materials" (PDF). Proceedings. American Society for Enology and Viticulture. Seattle: University of California. pp. 209–215.
  24. ↑ "Grape Culture in the Sonoma Valley.". The Horticulturist, and Journal of Rural Art and Rural Taste. Luther Tucker. 1870. p. 323.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 LaMar, Jim (15 February 2017). "Mission". Archived from the original on 6 June 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2019.
  26. ↑ Davidson, William Mark; Nougaret, Raymond Louis (1921). The Grape Phylloxera in California. U.S. Department of Agriculture. p. 122.
  27. ↑ "The Mission Grape: Its Remarkable Record in California". California Grape Grower. 1920. p. 18.
  28. ↑ "Mission Grapes". Rural Californian. Rural Californian. 1906. p. 114.
  29. 1 2 Nabhan, Gary Paul (2008). "Mission Grape". Renewing America's Food Traditions: Saving and Savoring the Continent's Most Endangered Foods. Chelsea Green Publishing. pp. 36–40. ISBN 978-1-933392-89-9.
  30. ↑ Hayes, Virginia (23 January 2007). "La Huerta Project". Independent. Santa Barbara. Retrieved 23 January 2007.
  31. ↑ Robinson, Jancis; Harding, Julia; Vouillamoz, Jose (24 September 2013). "Vine Age". Wine Grapes: A Complete Guide to 1,368 Vine Varieties, Including Their Origins and Flavours. Ecco. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-0-06-232551-8.
  32. ↑ Levine, Allison (7 April 2016). "The oldest vine in California". Napa Valley Register. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
  33. ↑ Totten, Sanden (20 May 2016). "Making wine from a piece of LA's early history". KPCC. Pasadena. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  34. ↑ McKirdy, Tim (1 July 2019). "Low-Intervention Winemaking Is Giving this Ancient Grape a Modern Boost". VinePair. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  35. ↑ Guinn, James Miller (1902). History of the State of California and Biographical Record of Coast Counties, California: An Historical Story of the State's Marvelous Growth from Its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time. Chapman Publishing Company. p. 1050.
    Sullivan, Charles L. (October 1998). A Companion to California Wine: An Encyclopedia of Wine and Winemaking from the Mission Period to the Present. University of California Press. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-520-21351-7.
    "Summoning the Dresels". Sonomoa Valley Wine. Sonoma Valley Vintners & Growers. 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  36. ↑ Vreeken, Stacey (11 September 2018). "Uncorked: Vines to wines — History of grape growing in Santa Cruz County". Santa Cruz Sentinel. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  37. ↑ "The Grapes of California". Scientific American: Supplement. Vol. 282. Munn and Company. 28 May 1881. pp. 450–451.
    "The First Wines of California". California Grocers Advocate. 1912. p. 593.
  38. ↑ Dunne, Mike (19 August 2014). "Dunne on Wine: Marco Cappelli and angelica, a wine from early California history". Sacramento Bee. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  39. 1 2 Yadagaran, Jessica (15 August 2016). "California's historical grape with a mission". Mercury News. Santa Clara, California. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  40. ↑ Hittell, John Shertzer (1867). "Grapes". The Resources of California. A. Roman. pp. 193–207.
  41. ↑ Toro-Lira, G.; Mendoza, K.; Aliquo, G. (2020). "The Peruvian Provenance of the Northern California Mission Grape". doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.35518.02886. Retrieved 11 June 2020 – via ResearchGate.net. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  42. ↑ "Proof Of The Pudding". Semi-tropic California and Southern California Horticulturist. Southern California Horticultural Society. 1880. pp. 42–43.
  43. ↑ Misuraca, Karen (2006). "Calaveras County". Backroads of the California Wine Country. Voyageur Press. pp. 112–113. ISBN 978-1-61060-349-2.
  44. 1 2 Mobley, Esther (23 March 2017). "Tasting notes: Mission and angelica". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  45. ↑ Caparoso, Randy (November 2014). "Once and Future Angelica". The Tasting Panel. Encino. p. 68. ISSN 2153-0122. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  46. ↑ Teeter, Adam (1 April 2015). "The First Foreign Grape In America Has Ties To Communion". Vine Pair. New York City. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
  47. ↑ Frank, Jennifer (7 October 2008). Wine at Your Fingertips. DK Publishing. p. 346. ISBN 978-1-4406-5197-7.
    MacNeil, Karen (13 October 2015). "Criolla". The Wine Bible. Workman Publishing Company. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-7611-8083-8.
    Anderson, Kym (1 January 2004). The World's Wine Markets: Globalization at Work. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 210. ISBN 978-1-84542-076-5.
  48. ↑ Clarke, Oz; Rand, Margaret (2007). "Mission". Oz Clarke's Grapes and Wines: The Definitive Guide to the World's Great Grapes and the Wines They Make. Harcourt, Incorporated. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-15-603291-9.
  49. ↑ Garza, Lucia Mijares (18 May 2015). "Mission Grape, Listan Negro And The History They Share". Grape Collective. Retrieved 12 May 2019. The Mission grape, however, was finally identified in 2007 when The Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia in Madrid matched the genetic markers of Mission to a variety known as Listan Negro.
  50. ↑ Schneider, Derrick (20 February 2011). "Canary in a wine glass: Drinkers flock to islands' distinct wines". SFGate. San Francisco. Retrieved 12 December 2019.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.