Mir Shams-ud-Din Arāqi
میر شمس الدین اراقی
Personal
Born(1440-09-13)13 September 1440 (13 Rajab 861 AH)
Isfahan, Iran
Died28 January 1515(1515-01-28) (aged 74) (01 Rabīʿ al-ʾAwwal 936 AH)
Srinagar, Kashmir Valley, (Present-day India)
Resting placeTomb of Shams-ud-Din Araqi, Chadoora, Kashmir Valley
ReligionShia Islam
TariqaNoorbakshia
Other namesHazrat Syed Muhammad Musavi Isfahani
Senior posting
Based inSrinagar, Jammu and Kashmir
Period in office1460–1515
PredecessorAga Mir Syed Ibrahim Musavi Isfahani
SuccessorMir Syed Daniyal Araqi
PostAllama, Sufi cleric
Websiteraheislam.org

Grave of Mir Shahms-ud-Din Araqi

Mir Syed Shams-ud-Din Muhammad Arāqi[lower-alpha 1] (Persian: میر شمس الدین محمد اراقی; c. 1440–1515 CE), was an Iranian Sufi Muslim saint.[4] Araqi was part of the order of Twelver Shia Sufis in Jammu and Kashmir who greatly influenced the social fabric of the Kashmir Valley and its surrounding regions.

Early life

Araqi was born in Kundala, a village near Suliqan to Darvish Ibrahim and Firuza Khatun. Darvish was a Sufi dedicated to Muhammad Nurbakhsh Qahistani while Firuza was descended from a Sayyid family from Qazvin.[5] As an adolescent, Araqi first encountered Nurbakhsh when the latter arrived in Suliqan but was told by Nurbakhsh himself not to engage in Sufi devotions due to family responsibilities. Soon after Nurbaksh's death around 1464, Araqi visited his grave and chose to follow the Noorbakshia path.[5]

Career in Herat

Soon after deciding to join the Noorbakshia order, Araqi spent nineteen years traveling and studying under various khanqah masters throughout Iran and Iraq. He eventually rose in the order's hierarchy and became settled in Durusht near Tehran under master Qasim Fayzbakhsh.[6]

When Timurid Sultan Husayn Bayqara invited Qasim to join his court at Herat, Araqi accompanied him. In Herat, Araqi apparently undertook a mission for Bayqara to investigate if a king from Iraq was planning to conquer parts of Khurasan under Timurid control. Once back in Herat after determining that the plans were untrue, Araqi and Qasim were given rewards and elevated positions within the court.[7]

Soon after the earlier mission, Araqi was sent as an envoy of Bayqara to Kashmir under the pretext of a diplomatic visit to the Kashmir royal court and gathering medicinal herbs for Qasim.[7] However, the embassy is not mentioned in Timurid histories and Qasim seems to have been the main supporter of the mission, likely meaning that the main purpose of the assignment was to expand the Noorbakshia order into Kashmir.[8]

Career in Kashmir

From Herat, Araqi traveled to Multan and eventually arrived in Kashmir at around 1483. He was greeted by Sultan Hasan Shah.[9] Initially taking the role of an ambassador, he eventually became an independent religious missionary.

He is considered by some to be the effective founder of Shia Islam in Ladakh and Gilgit–Baltistan, as well as in the rest of Jammu and Kashmir and its adjoining areas.[10][11] After arriving in Srinagar, he established his Khanqah in the suburbs (now known as Zaddibal), which would later go on to produce many of Kashmir's future military leaders. He was best known for influencing the nobles of the Chak clan to embrace the Noorbakshia Sufi Islamic faith as well as Shia Islam as a whole. Araqi translated the Fiqh-i-Ahwat (book of jurisprudence), which was written in Arabic by his teacher, Syed Muhammad Noorbaksh.

Death

Araqi died in 1515 and was buried at Zaddibal in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir.[11] His body was later shifted to Chadoora for unknown reasons, where he is currently buried at a Sufi Islamic shrine.[11] Araqi was a descendant of Musa al-Kadhim, the seventh Imam in Twelver Shia Islam.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Also spelt Shams-ud-Din Iraqi,[1] Shamsuddin Iraqi,[2] Shams al-Din Iraqi,[3] in dua Pir Shams Cota.[3]

Sources

  • Bashir, Shahzad (2003). Messianic Hopes and Mystical Visions: The Nūrbakhshīya Between Medieval and Modern Islam. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 9781570034954

References

  1. ↑ Abdullah, Darakhshan (November 1991). Religious Policy of the Sultans of Kashmir (1320-1586 A. D.) (PDF). Post-Graduate Department of History, University of Kashmir – via Core.
  2. ↑ Kumar, Radha (2018). Paradise at War. Aleph. Rupa. p. 10. ISBN 9789388292122.
  3. 1 2 Hanif, N. (2002). Biographical Encyclopaedia of Sufis: Central Asia and Middle East. Sarup & Sons. pp. 366, 438. ISBN 978-81-7625-266-9.
  4. ↑ Shiri Ram Bakshi (1997). Kashmir: Valley and Its Culture. Sarup & Sons. p. 231. ISBN 978-81-85431-97-0.
  5. 1 2 Bashir, Shahzad (2003). Messianic Hopes and Mystical Visions: The Nūrbakhshīya Between Medieval and Modern Islam. University of South Carolina Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-1-57003-495-4.
  6. ↑ Bashir 2003, p. 203.
  7. 1 2 Bashir 2003, p. 205.
  8. ↑ Bashir 2003, pp. 205-206.
  9. ↑ Bashir 2003, p. 206
  10. ↑ Yatoo, Altaf Hussain (2012). The Islamization of Kashmir: A Study of Muslim Missionaries. Kashmir, India: Gulshan Books. ISBN 9788183391467.
  11. 1 2 3 تاریخ شیعیان کشمیر [History of the Shiites of Kashmir].
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