2016 United States presidential election in Minnesota
November 8, 2016
Turnout74.72%[1] Decrease
 
Nominee Hillary Clinton Donald Trump
Party Democratic (DFL) Republican
Home state New York New York
Running mate Tim Kaine Mike Pence
Electoral vote 10 0
Popular vote 1,367,825 1,323,232
Percentage 46.44% 44.93%
President before election

Barack Obama
Democratic

 Elected President

Donald Trump
Republican

Results by county with size showing number of votes
Treemap of the popular vote by county

The 2016 United States presidential election in Minnesota was held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 United States presidential election in which all 50 states plus the District of Columbia participated. Minnesota voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote, pitting the Republican Party's nominee, businessman Donald Trump, and running mate Indiana Governor Mike Pence against Democratic Party nominee, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, and her running mate Virginia Senator Tim Kaine. Minnesota has ten electoral votes in the Electoral College.[2]

Despite Trump flipping numerous Midwestern states, some of which hadn't voted Republican since the 1980s, Minnesota was still won with a plurality by Clinton and a 1.52% margin, the eleventh consecutive Democratic presidential win in the state, which has not voted for a Republican since Richard Nixon in 1972. However, this was the closest presidential election in Minnesota since 1984, when Walter Mondale carried the state by a 0.18% margin, and it became the only state that was not carried by Ronald Reagan that year. The state also voted to the right of the national average for the first time since 1952, with Trump flipping nineteen counties to Republican. Minnesota had the highest voter turnout in the nation, with approximately 75 percent of the state's eligible voters participating in the general election.[1] Through her narrow victory, Clinton won all ten of Minnesota's electoral votes; one elector, Muhammud Abdurrahan, tried to vote for Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont but was replaced with an elector that voted for Clinton.

Caucuses

Democratic caucuses

Bernie Sanders received the most votes and the most delegates in the precinct caucuses.[3] The 2016 turnout was slightly lower than the 2008 tally of 214,066, when Obama won with 142,109 votes, to Clinton's 68,994. Bernie Sanders won every congressional district in Minnesota.[4]

Minnesota Democratic caucuses, March 1, 2016
Candidate Popular vote Estimated delegates
Count Percentage Pledged Unpledged Total
Bernie Sanders 126,229 61.69% 46 1 47
Hillary Clinton 78,381 38.31% 31 13 44
Uncommitted — 0 2 2
Total 204,610 100% 77 16 93
Source: The Green Papers

Republican caucuses

The 38 delegates from Minnesota were allocated in this way. If a candidate received more than 85% of the vote, they would get all of 38 delegates. Otherwise, 24 delegates would be allocated proportionally based on the votes per congressional district (3 votes per district). On top of that, there were 10 at-large delegates and 3 party leaders (the National Committee Man, the National Committee woman, and the chairman of the Minnesota Republican Party). All of the at-large delegates were allocated proportionally based on the popular vote with a mandatory threshold of 10% to receive any delegates; if no one got at least 10%, all candidates would be eligible to get delegates.[5]

2016 Minnesota Republican caucuses results
Candidate Votes Percentage Delegates
Marco Rubio 41,397 36.24% 17
Ted Cruz 33,181 29.04% 13
Donald Trump 24,473 21.42% 8
Ben Carson 8,422 7.37% 0
John Kasich 6,565 5.75% 0
Write-ins 207 0.18% 0
Total 114,245 100.00% 38
Source: Office of the Minnesota Secretary of State

Some media outlets recorded the votes by congressional district, rather than by county. Rubio won districts 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 in the Minneapolis-Saint Paul area as well as the southern part of the state. Cruz won districts 6, 7 and 8 in the St. Cloud area and rural north.[4]

Green caucuses

The Green Party of Minnesota held caucuses on March 1 in Saint Paul, Minneapolis, Bemidji, White Bear Lake, Blaine, Grand Rapids, and Willmar.[6] Jill Stein won the caucuses with 84.3% of the vote. The delegates apportioned to each candidate will be decided at the state convention in St. Cloud, Minnesota in June.[7] The results of the caucuses are as follows:[8]

Minnesota Green Party presidential caucus, March 1, 2016[9][10]
Candidate Votes Percentage National delegates
Jill Stein - 84.3% 7
Sedinam Moyowasifza-Curry - 5.9% -
William Kreml - 4.8% -
Darryl Cherney - 3.6% -
Kent Mesplay - 1.2% -
Total - 100.00% 7

Libertarian caucuses

The Minnesota caucus was run on March 1, 2016, using ranked choice voting. Gary Johnson took over 75% of the 226 first-preference votes cast, with John McAfee a distant second on 11.5% and Austin Petersen third on 7.5%.[11]

Minnesota Libertarian Party presidential caucus, March 1, 2016[12]
Candidate Votes Percentage
Gary Johnson 171 75.66%
John McAfee 26 11.50%
Austin Petersen 17 7.52%
Darryl Perry 4 1.77%
Cecil Ince 2 0.88%
Steve Kerbel 2 0.88%
None of the above 2 0.88%
Marc Allan Feldman 1 0.44%
Shawna Joy Sterling 1 0.44%
Total 226 100.00%

General election

Predictions

Source Ranking As of
Los Angeles Times[13] Likely D November 6, 2016
CNN[14] Safe D November 4, 2016
Cook Political Report[15] Likely D November 7, 2016
Electoral-vote.com[16] Lean D November 8, 2016
Rothenberg Political Report[17] Likely D November 7, 2016
Sabato's Crystal Ball[18] Likely D November 7, 2016
RealClearPolitics[19] Lean D November 8, 2016
Fox News[20] Lean D November 7, 2016

Polling

Clinton won almost every pre-election poll in Minnesota by margins ranging from 5 to 11 points. Trump won one poll in November 2015, 45% to 42%, and one poll in September 2016 showed a tie. The average of the last two polls had Clinton up 50% to 41%.[21] The last poll had Clinton up 53% to 42%.

Candidates

The following had write-in status:[22]

  • Dennis Andrew Ball and Richard Sanders
  • Henry Bartlett and Condoleezza Rice
  • Robert L. Buchanan and Jason A. Washington
  • Richard Duncan and Ricky Johnson
  • Cherunda Fox and Roger Kushner
  • Eric Gerhard and Ken Virnig
  • Joseph Glentz and Mike Hennessy
  • Ben Hartnell and Dave Marshall
  • Tom Hoefling and Steve Schulin
  • Alec Holbeck and John Hulet
  • James Hrenak Jr and Lauren Rasmussen
  • Alan Jacquemotte and Ronalee Evelyn Mueller
  • Lynn Kahn and Kathy Monahan
  • Chris Keniston and Deacon Taylor
  • Roger Koplitz and John Kerry
  • Laurence Kotlikoff and Edward Leamer
  • Gloria La Riva and Eugene Puryear
  • Johnson Immanuel Li and Aida Yuquimpo Li
  • Darin Lynch and Jaci Dukowitz
  • Joseph Maldonado and Douglas Terranova
  • Srinivasa K Mallapadi and Sripriya Mallapadi
  • Michael Andrew Maturen and Juan Antonio Munoz
  • Stephen J. McCarthy and Joyce Meyer
  • Daniel Muffoletto and Jesse Ventura
  • Michael S Olkowski and Daniel E Olkowski
  • Aaron Idean Orwick and Brad Alan Fredricks
  • Micah Payeur and Joshua Payeur
  • Ricky J. Regenold and James Kolden
  • Clifton Roberts and Breeze Harper
  • Matthew Roberts and Charles Clauss
  • Platt Robertson and Scott Falls
  • Marshall Schoenke and James Mitchell Jr.
  • Joe Schriner and Joe Moreaux
  • Derrick Schumacher and Ross Wendling
  • Arthur E. Sidner and Sandra Arcement
  • Michael L. "Mike" Smith and Daniel White
  • Keith Richard Snell and Russell LeBeau
  • Emidio Soltysik and Angela Walker
  • J. J. Vogel Walcutt and Chris Walcutt
  • Kirk Wettschreck and Lori Motzko
  • Jeffrey Ryan Wharton Sr. and Amy Klobuchar
  • Jerome S White (Jerry White) and Niles Niemuth
  • Demetra Jefferson Wysinger and Cedric D. Jefferson
  • Charles R. Zerilli and Ajamu Baraka

Results

2016 United States presidential election in Minnesota[23]
Party Candidate Running mate Votes Percentage Electoral votes
Democratic (DFL) Hillary Clinton Tim Kaine 1,367,716 46.44% 10
Republican Donald Trump Mike Pence 1,322,951 44.92% 0
Libertarian Gary Johnson William Weld 112,972 3.84% 0
Independence Evan McMullin Nathan Johnson 53,076 1.80% 0
Green Jill Stein Howie Hawkins 36,985 1.26% 0
Legal Marijuana Now Dan Vacek Mark Elworth, Jr. 11,291 0.38% 0
Constitution Darrell Castle Scott Bradley 9,456 0.32% 0
Socialist Workers Alyson Kennedy Osborne Hart 1,672 0.06% 0
American Delta Rocky De La Fuente Michael Steinberg 1,431 0.05% 0
Write-Ins 27,263 0.93% 0
Total 2,944,813 100% 10

Results by county

County[24] Hillary Clinton
DFL		 Donald Trump
Republican		 Various candidates
Other parties		 Margin Total votes cast
#  % #  % #  % #  %
Aitkin 3,134 33.95% 5,516 59.76% 581 6.29% -2,382 -25.81% 9,231
Anoka 75,500 40.64% 93,339 50.25% 16,919 9.11% -17,839 -9.61% 185,758
Becker 5,208 30.24% 10,880 63.18% 1,134 6.58% -5,672 -32.94% 17,222
Beltrami 8,688 40.29% 10,783 50.00% 2,093 9.71% -2,095 -9.71% 21,564
Benton 5,640 28.12% 12,872 64.17% 1,546 7.71% -7,232 -36.05% 20,058
Big Stone 921 33.43% 1,608 58.37% 226 8.20% -687 -24.94% 2,755
Blue Earth 14,428 42.95% 15,667 46.64% 3,498 10.41% -1,239 -3.69% 33,593
Brown 3,763 27.31% 8,708 63.20% 1,308 9.49% -4,945 -35.89% 13,779
Carlton 8,460 46.46% 8,160 44.81% 1,591 8.73% 300 1.65% 18,211
Carver 21,508 38.62% 29,056 52.17% 5,132 9.21% -7,548 -13.55% 55,696
Cass 4,949 30.93% 9,982 62.39% 1,068 6.68% -5,033 -31.46% 15,999
Chippewa 1,978 31.79% 3,764 60.50% 480 7.71% -1,786 -28.71% 6,222
Chisago 9,278 30.69% 18,441 61.01% 2,509 8.30% -9,163 -30.32% 30,228
Clay 12,971 44.12% 13,543 46.07% 2,884 9.81% -572 -1.95% 29,398
Clearwater 1,100 25.91% 2,925 68.90% 220 5.19% -1,825 -42.99% 4,245
Cook 1,912 56.32% 1,156 34.05% 327 9.63% 756 22.27% 3,395
Cottonwood 1,678 29.33% 3,679 64.31% 364 6.36% -2,001 -34.98% 5,721
Crow Wing 10,982 30.64% 22,287 62.18% 2,573 7.18% -11,305 -31.54% 35,842
Dakota 110,592 47.70% 99,864 43.07% 21,404 9.23% 10,728 4.63% 231,860
Dodge 3,102 29.12% 6,527 61.26% 1,025 9.62% -3,425 -32.14% 10,654
Douglas 6,227 28.58% 13,966 64.11% 1,592 7.31% -7,739 -35.53% 21,785
Faribault 2,153 29.05% 4,659 62.86% 600 8.09% -2,506 -33.81% 7,412
Fillmore 3,872 35.02% 6,271 56.73% 912 8.25% -2,399 -21.71% 11,055
Freeborn 6,041 37.64% 8,808 54.88% 1,202 7.48% -2,767 -17.24% 16,051
Goodhue 9,446 36.73% 14,041 54.60% 2,230 8.67% -4,595 -17.87% 25,717
Grant 1,105 31.82% 2,063 59.40% 305 8.78% -958 -27.58% 3,473
Hennepin 429,288 63.13% 191,770 28.20% 58,919 8.67% 237,518 34.93% 679,977
Houston 4,145 39.09% 5,616 52.96% 843 7.95% -1,471 -13.87% 10,604
Hubbard 3,423 29.75% 7,261 63.11% 821 7.14% -3,838 -33.36% 11,505
Isanti 5,657 26.92% 13,635 64.88% 1,724 8.20% -7,978 -37.96% 21,016
Itasca 9,015 37.75% 12,920 54.10% 1,945 8.15% -3,905 -16.35% 23,880
Jackson 1,492 27.21% 3,609 65.81% 383 6.98% -2,117 -38.60% 5,484
Kanabec 2,327 28.46% 5,230 63.96% 620 7.58% -2,903 -35.50% 8,177
Kandiyohi 7,266 33.37% 12,785 58.72% 1,721 7.91% -5,519 -25.35% 21,772
Kittson 823 34.51% 1,349 56.56% 213 8.93% -526 -22.05% 2,385
Koochiching 2,306 36.24% 3,569 56.09% 488 7.67% -1,263 -19.85% 6,363
Lac Qui Parle 1,305 33.81% 2,293 59.40% 262 6.79% -988 -25.59% 3,860
Lake 3,077 47.19% 2,932 44.96% 512 7.85% 145 2.23% 6,521
Lake of the Woods 553 24.67% 1,540 68.69% 149 6.64% -987 -44.02% 2,242
Le Sueur 4,623 30.88% 9,182 61.33% 1,166 7.79% -4,559 -30.45% 14,971
Lincoln 860 28.49% 1,931 63.96% 228 7.55% -1,071 -35.47% 3,019
Lyon 3,825 31.31% 7,256 59.40% 1,134 9.29% -3,431 -28.09% 12,215
McLeod 4,978 26.47% 12,155 64.63% 1,674 8.90% -7,177 -38.16% 18,807
Mahnomen 930 44.54% 991 47.46% 167 8.00% -61 -2.92% 2,088
Marshall 1,225 25.43% 3,208 66.60% 384 7.97% -1,983 -41.17% 4,817
Martin 2,733 25.95% 7,062 67.06% 736 6.99% -4,329 -41.11% 10,531
Meeker 3,191 25.98% 8,104 65.98% 987 8.04% -4,913 -40.00% 12,282
Mille Lacs 3,710 28.50% 8,340 64.07% 967 7.43% -4,630 -35.57% 13,017
Morrison 3,637 20.65% 12,925 73.38% 1,052 5.97% -9,288 -52.73% 17,614
Mower 7,437 41.98% 8,823 49.81% 1,455 8.21% -1,386 -7.83% 17,715
Murray 1,295 27.74% 2,974 63.71% 399 8.55% -1,679 -35.97% 4,668
Nicollet 7,886 43.58% 8,437 46.62% 1,774 9.80% -551 -3.04% 18,097
Nobles 2,733 31.66% 5,299 61.39% 600 6.95% -2,566 -29.73% 8,632
Norman 1,264 38.76% 1,699 52.10% 298 9.14% -435 -13.34% 3,261
Olmsted 36,268 45.26% 35,668 44.51% 8,193 10.23% 600 0.75% 80,129
Otter Tail 9,340 28.74% 20,939 64.43% 2,221 6.83% -11,599 -35.69% 32,500
Pennington 2,147 31.97% 4,000 59.57% 568 8.46% -1,853 -27.60% 6,715
Pine 4,580 33.16% 8,191 59.31% 1,040 7.53% -3,611 -26.15% 13,811
Pipestone 1,127 23.44% 3,338 69.43% 343 7.13% -2,211 -45.99% 4,808
Polk 4,712 31.85% 8,979 60.69% 1,105 7.46% -4,267 -28.84% 14,796
Pope 2,106 33.33% 3,793 60.03% 420 6.64% -1,687 -26.70% 6,319
Ramsey 177,738 65.07% 70,894 25.95% 24,511 8.98% 106,844 39.12% 273,143
Red Lake 540 28.71% 1,141 60.66% 200 10.63% -601 -31.95% 1,881
Redwood 1,887 24.79% 5,137 67.49% 587 7.72% -3,250 -42.70% 7,611
Renville 2,117 27.83% 4,890 64.29% 599 7.88% -2,773 -36.46% 7,606
Rice 14,437 44.50% 15,429 47.56% 2,577 7.94% -992 -3.06% 32,443
Rock 1,373 28.37% 3,091 63.88% 375 7.75% -1,718 -35.51% 4,839
Roseau 1,856 23.78% 5,451 69.85% 497 6.37% -3,595 -46.07% 7,804
St. Louis 57,771 51.39% 44,630 39.70% 10,021 8.91% 13,141 11.69% 112,422
Scott 28,502 37.99% 39,948 53.24% 6,579 8.77% -11,446 -15.25% 75,029
Sherburne 13,293 27.53% 31,053 64.31% 3,937 8.16% -17,760 -36.78% 48,283
Sibley 1,954 25.14% 5,193 66.80% 627 8.06% -3,239 -41.66% 7,774
Stearns 25,576 32.13% 47,617 59.83% 6,399 8.04% -22,041 -27.70% 79,592
Steele 6,241 32.54% 11,198 58.39% 1,740 9.07% -4,957 -25.85% 19,179
Stevens 2,116 39.20% 2,799 51.85% 483 8.95% -683 -12.65% 5,398
Swift 1,686 33.76% 2,963 59.33% 345 6.91% -1,277 -25.57% 4,994
Todd 2,783 23.21% 8,485 70.75% 725 6.04% -5,702 -47.54% 11,993
Traverse 630 35.04% 1,049 58.34% 119 6.62% -419 -23.30% 1,798
Wabasha 3,866 32.67% 6,989 59.07% 977 8.26% -3,123 -26.40% 11,832
Wadena 1,684 24.29% 4,837 69.76% 413 5.95% -3,153 -45.47% 6,934
Waseca 2,838 29.40% 5,967 61.81% 848 8.79% -3,129 -32.41% 9,653
Washington 67,086 46.51% 64,428 44.67% 12,721 8.82% 2,658 1.84% 144,235
Watonwan 1,814 36.29% 2,768 55.38% 416 8.33% -954 -19.09% 4,998
Wilkin 893 27.04% 2,129 64.48% 280 8.48% -1,236 -37.44% 3,302
Winona 11,366 43.59% 12,122 46.49% 2,586 9.92% -756 -2.90% 26,074
Wright 20,334 29.21% 43,274 62.16% 6,010 8.63% -22,940 -32.95% 69,618
Yellow Medicine 1,524 28.89% 3,382 64.10% 370 7.01% -1,858 -35.21% 5,276
Totals1,367,82546.44%1,323,23244.93%254,1768.63%44,5931.51%2,945,233

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

[25]

Results by congressional district

Trump won 5 of 8 congressional districts, including three held by Democrats, while Clinton won 3, including one held by a Republican.[26]

District Clinton Trump Representative
1st 38% 53% Tim Walz
2nd 45% 46% Jason Lewis
3rd 50% 41% Erik Paulsen
4th 61% 30% Betty McCollum
5th 73% 18% Keith Ellison
6th 33% 59% Tom Emmer
7th 31% 61% Collin Peterson
8th 38% 54% Rick Nolan

[27]

Analysis

Minnesota voted 6.2 percent less Democratic from the 2012 presidential election, a much larger shift than the nation at large. Donald Trump only increased his vote tally compared to Mitt Romney in 2012 by 2,726 votes which resulted in a percentage of vote loss of 0.04%. The difference in Democratic voting was largely attributed to Independent or Write-In candidates. The most significant Independent gains went to Gary Johnson with 3.84 percent of the vote (+2.64% over 2012), Evan McMullin with 1.8 percent of the vote (he was not a candidate in 2012), and Jill Stein with 1.26 percent of the vote (+0.82% over 2012). These three candidates account for 5.26 percent of the swing. This election marked the first time since 1952 that the Democratic candidate performed worse in Minnesota than in the nation at large. Hillary Clinton won the national popular vote by 2.1 points but won Minnesota by just 1.5 points, or 44,765 votes. Minnesota has been a primarily Democratic state in national elections since 1932.

Due to Independent and Write-In gains throughout the state, Clinton was dependent on her wins in Hennepin (Minneapolis) and Ramsey (St. Paul) counties, the two most populous counties in the state, and the Arrowhead Region in the northeastern corner of the state.[28] Trump's votes came from less populated, rural counties. Two counties, Morrison and Todd, gave Trump over 70% of the vote, making this the first election since 1968 where either major party candidate won a county with over 70%, with Trump also being the first Republican since Dwight D. Eisenhower to do so in 1956.

Trump was also the first Republican to receive a majority of votes in Itasca County since Herbert Hoover in 1928,[29] the first to win Swift County since Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952, and the first to win Mower County since Richard Nixon against John F. Kennedy in 1960.

Nonetheless, he became the first-ever Republican to win the White House without carrying Olmsted County. Due to the close margin of victory in the state, Republicans had targeted Minnesota as a potential swing state target for the 2020 United States presidential election.[30]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Office of the State Of Minnesota Secretary of State". www.sos.state.mn.us. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  2. ↑ "Distribution of Electoral Votes". National Archives and Records Administration. September 19, 2019. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
  3. ↑ "Statement from Chairman Ken Martin on Precinct Caucuses". Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party. March 3, 2016. Archived from the original on December 7, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2016.
  4. 1 2 "Results from the Minnesota caucuses". graphics.latimes.com. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
  5. ↑ "Minnesota Republican Delegation 2016". www.thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
  6. ↑ "Green Party Minnesota Sunflower Seed - February 2016". Minnesota Green Party. February 19, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
  7. ↑ "Jill Stein Wins GPMN Presidential Straw Poll". March 2, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
  8. ↑ "Stein wins 84.3% in Minnesota Green presidential caucuses". March 2, 2016. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
  9. ↑ "Stein wins in Boston and Worcester". Green Party Watch. March 2, 2016. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  10. ↑ "Unofficial results show Stein easily winning Massachusetts Green-Rainbow Party presidential primary". Green Party Watch. March 2, 2015. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved March 5, 2016.
  11. ↑ "2016 LPMN Caucus Results of presidential preference poll". Libertarian Party of Minnesota. March 1, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
  12. ↑ "2016 LPMN Caucus Results of presidential preference poll". Libertarian Party of Minnesota. March 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
  13. ↑ "Our final map has Clinton winning with 352 electoral votes. Compare your picks with ours". Los Angeles Times. November 6, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  14. ↑ Chalian, David (November 4, 2016). "Road to 270: CNN's new election map". CNN. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  15. ↑ "2016 Electoral Scorecard". The Cook Political Report. November 7, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  16. ↑ "2016 Electoral Map Prediction". Electoral-vote.com. November 8, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  17. ↑ "Presidential Ratings". The Rothenberg Political Report. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
  18. ↑ Sabato, Larry J. (November 7, 2016). "2016 President". University of Virginia Center for Politics. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
  19. ↑ "2016 Election Maps - Battle for White House". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  20. ↑ "Electoral Scorecard: Map shifts again in Trump's favor, as Clinton holds edge". Fox News. November 7, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  21. ↑ "RealClearPolitics - Election 2016 - Minnesota: Trump vs. Clinton".
  22. ↑ "Federal Offices General Ballot List" (PDF).
  23. ↑ "2016 GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS". Minnesota Secretary of State. Archived from the original on November 20, 2022. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
  24. ↑ "2016 Presidential General Election Results - Minnesota".
  25. ↑ Bump, Philip. "The counties that flipped parties to swing the 2016 election". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved September 1, 2020.
  26. ↑ "Introducing the 2017 Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index".
  27. ↑ Simon, Steve (November 29, 2016). "State of Minnesota Canvassing Report" (PDF). Minnesota Secretary of State. State of Minnesota. Retrieved December 2, 2016.
  28. ↑ "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections".
  29. ↑ "Why one Minnesota county voted Republican for the first time since 1928". MPR News. November 14, 2016. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
  30. ↑ Keen, Judy (November 17, 2018). "Will Minnesota be a tossup state in 2020 elections?". Star Tribune. Retrieved March 17, 2019.

Further reading

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