London Borough of Southwark
London borough
Coat of arms of London Borough of Southwark
Coat of arms
Official logo of London Borough of Southwark
Council logo
Motto: 
United to Serve
Southwark shown within Greater London
Southwark shown within Greater London
Coordinates: 51°28′N 0°05′W / 51.467°N 0.083°W / 51.467; -0.083
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Constituent countryEngland
RegionLondon
Ceremonial countyGreater London
Created1 April 1965
Admin HQTooley Street, Southwark
Government
 • TypeLondon borough council
 • BodySouthwark London Borough Council
 • LeadershipLeader & Cabinet (Labour)
 • MayorBarrie Hargrove
 • London AssemblyMarina Ahmad (Labour) AM for Lambeth and Southwark
 • MPsHarriet Harman (Labour)
Neil Coyle (Labour)
Helen Hayes (Labour)
Area
 • Total11.14 sq mi (28.85 km2)
 • Rank282nd (of 296)
Population
 (2021)
 • Total306,374
 • Rank44th (of 296)
 • Density28,000/sq mi (11,000/km2)
 • Ethnicity[1]
54.3% White
6.2% Mixed
9.5% Asian
26.8% Black
0.8% Arab
2.4% Other
Time zoneUTC (GMT)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+1 (BST)
Postcodes
SE
ISO 3166 codeGB-SWK
ONS code00BE
GSS codeE09000028
PoliceMetropolitan Police
Websitehttp://www.southwark.gov.uk/

The London Borough of Southwark (/ˈsʌðərk/ ⓘ SUDH-ərk)[2][3] in South London forms part of Inner London and is connected by bridges across the River Thames to the City of London and London Borough of Tower Hamlets. It was created in 1965 when three smaller council areas amalgamated under the London Government Act 1963. All districts of the area are within the London postal district. It is governed by Southwark London Borough Council.

The part of the South Bank within the borough is home to London Bridge terminus station and the attractions of The Shard, Tate Modern, Shakespeare's Globe and Borough Market that are the largest of the venues in Southwark to draw domestic and international tourism. Dulwich is home to the Dulwich Picture Gallery and the Imperial War Museum is in Elephant and Castle.

History

Southwark is the oldest part of south London. An urban area to the south of the bridge was first developed in the Roman period, but subsequently abandoned. The name Southwark dates from the establishment of a defensive position in the area by King Alfred in the 9th century. The London Borough of Southwark was formed in 1965 from the former area of the Metropolitan Borough of Southwark, the Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell, and the Metropolitan Borough of Bermondsey.

Toponymy

The name Suthriganaweorc[4] or Suthringa geweorche[5] is recorded for the place in the early 10th-century Anglo-Saxon document known as the Burghal Hidage[5] and means "Surrey folk's fort"[4] or "the defensive work of the men of Surrey".[5] Southwark is recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book as Sudweca. The name means "southern defensive work" and is formed from the Old English sūþ (south) and weorc (work). In Old English, Surrey means "southern district (or the men of the southern district)",[6] so the change from "southern district work" to the latter "southern work" may be an evolution based on the elision of the single syllable ge element, meaning district.

The strategic context of the defences would have been in relation to London, its bridge and preventing waterborne attackers from travelling further up the Thames.

Geography

The borough borders the City of London and the London Borough of Tower Hamlets to the north (the River Thames forming the boundary), the London Borough of Lambeth to the west and the London Borough of Lewisham to the east. To the south the borough tapers giving a brief border with the London Borough of Bromley.

The northwest part of the borough is part of Central London and is densely developed. To the east, the Rotherhithe peninsula has lower-density modern housing and open space formed around the former docks. The southern part of Southwark includes the Victorian suburbs of Camberwell, Peckham and Nunhead, and the prosperous "village" of Dulwich with some very large houses forms the far south of the borough.

Landmarks

Tower Bridge, the Millennium Bridge, Blackfriars Bridge, Southwark Bridge and London Bridge all connect the City of London to the borough. The Tate Modern art gallery, Shakespeare's Globe Theatre, the Imperial War Museum and Borough Market are also within the borough. At one mile (1.6 km) wide, Burgess Park is Southwark's largest green space.

Hills and watercourses

The Norwood Ridge, save for around its broad northern third, forms the borough's boundary. Along these crests, against the extreme of the borough's southern narrow taper, is the highest point of the borough, Sydenham Hill. This is the fifteenth-highest peak in London.

The main watercourse is the Thames bounding the north of the borough into which the area drains.

The southern 2⁄3 of the borough is the valley catchment of a present sewerage and surface water drainage basin, once a large stream with complex mouths across the north of the borough, the Effra. It is in very large part converted to a combined sewer under a Joseph Bazalgette-engineered reform to enable general urbanisation; all combined and public foul sewers drain far to the east – to the Crossness works.

Similarly reformed, into all three types of drainage (foul, combined, surface), are the Neckinger and Peck catchments of the borough.

Demographics

Population pyramid of the Borough of Southwark
Population census
YearPop.±%
1801 114,901—    
1811 138,644+20.7%
1821 172,699+24.6%
1831 204,734+18.5%
1841 146,922−28.2%
1851 167,045+13.7%
1861 283,723+69.8%
1871 400,401+41.1%
1881 517,080+29.1%
1891 576,786+11.5%
1901 578,059+0.2%
1911 579,338+0.2%
1921 556,520−3.9%
1931 534,615−3.9%
1941 425,088−20.5%
1951 338,003−20.5%
1961 297,132−12.1%
1971 261,203−12.1%
1981 209,724−19.7%
1991 227,060+8.3%
2001 244,867+7.8%
2011 288,283+17.7%
Note:[7]

At the 2001 census Southwark had a population of 244,866. Southwark was ethnically 63% white, 16% black African and 8% black Caribbean. By 2018 the population was 317,256, with 53% white, 16% black African and 6% black Caribbean. 31% of householders were owner–occupiers.

The area is the home of many Nigerian (Peckham is largely regarded as the heart of London's Nigerian community), Jamaican, South African, South American, Polish, and French immigrants.

Ethnicity

Ethnic Group Year
1981 estimations[8] 1991[9] 2001[10] 2011[11] 2021[12]
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
White: Total 172,175 83.5% 165,155 75.6% 154,316 63.04% 156,349 54.09% 158,220 51.5%
White: British – – – –127,75252.2%114,53439.7% 109,253 35.5%
White: Irish – – – –7,6743.1%6,2222.1% 6,024 2.0%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller – – – –––2630.09% 156 0.1%
White: Roma – – – – – – – – 1,579 0.5%
White: Other – – – –18,8907.7%35,33012.2% 41,208 13.4%
Asian or Asian British: Total – – 10,922 5%14,4435.9%27,5749.3% 30,540 9.9%
Asian or Asian British: Indian – – 2,621 3,6551.5%5,8192.1% 6,145 2.0%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani – – 775 1,1180.5%1,6230.5% 2,006 0.7%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi – – 2,165 3,6421.5%3,9121.3% 5,547 1.8%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese – – 2,796 4,4921.8%8,0742.8% 8,405 2.7%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian – – 2,565 1,5360.6%7,7642.6% 8,437 2.7%
Black or Black British: Total – – 38,801 17.8%63,41625.9%77,51126.8% 77,299 25.1%
Black or Black British: African – – 15,713 39,34916.1%47,41316.4% 48,320 15.7%
Black or Black British: Caribbean – – 18,218 19,5558.0%17,9746.2% 18,156 5.9%
Black or Black British: Other Black – – 4,870 4,5121.8%12,1244.2% 10,823 3.5%
Mixed or British Mixed: Total – – – –9,1463.7%17,7785.94% 22,151 7.2%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean – – – –3,3501.4%5,6771.9% 6,401 2.1%
Mixed: White and Black African – – – –1,9540.8%3,6871.2% 3,569 1.2%
Mixed: White and Asian – – – –1,3430.5%3,0031.4% 4,653 1.5%
Mixed: Other Mixed – – – –2,4991.0%5,4111.8% 7,528 2.4%
Other: Total – – 3,663 1.7% 3,545 1.4% 9,453 3.2% 19,430 6.3%
Other: Arab – – – –––2,4400.8% 3,123 1.0%
Other: Any other ethnic group – – 3,663 1.7%3,5451.4%7,0132.1% 16,307 5.3%
Ethnic minority: Total 33,990 16.5% 53,386 24.5%90,55036.98%131,93445.91% 149,420 48.5%
Total 206,165 100% 218,541 100%244,866100.00%288,283100.00% 307,640 100%
Extract from London's relief map showing how relief, the Norwood Ridge covers the south of the Borough overspills with crests to all other three sides and is the main feature for many miles.

Religion

Southwark was per the last census about 50% Christian. It has many notable places of Christian worship and ceremony: Anglican, Roman Catholic and other denominations. These include Charles Spurgeon's Metropolitan Tabernacle, Southwark Cathedral (Church of England), Saint George's Cathedral (Roman Catholic), and Saint Mary's Cathedral (Greek Orthodox). London's Norwegian Church, Finnish Church and the Swedish Seamen's Church are all in Rotherhithe. Saint George the Martyr is the oldest church in London dedicated to England's patron saint. Southwark has the most British-Nigerian churches in the country and the highest concentration of African churches outside the continent.

Places of worship for Sunni Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs and Jews exist.[13]

Per the 2011 Census, 35.6% of the borough's resident respondents identified as non-religious, or chose not to state their faith.[14]

Religion in Southwark (2021 census)[15]

  Christianity (43.3%)
  No religion (36.4%)
  Islam (9.6%)
  Not stated (7.3%)
  Hinduism (1.3%)
  Buddhism (1.0%)
  Other religions (0.7%)
  Judaism (0.4%)
  Sikhism (0.2%)

The following table shows the religious identity of residents residing in Southwark according to the 2001, 2011 and the 2021 censuses.

Religion 2001[16] 2011[17] 2021[18]
Number % Number % Number %
Holds religious beliefs 175,313 71.6 186,574 66.7 173,427 56.3
Christian 150,781 61.6 151,562 52.6 133,298 43.3
Muslim 16,774 6.9 24,551 8.5 29,633 9.6
Jewish 1,011 0.4 1,006 0.3 1,243 0.4
Hindu 2,664 1.1 3,668 1.3 3,444 1.1
Sikh 578 0.2 653 0.2 632 0.2
Buddhist 2,621 1.1 3,884 1.3 2,965 1.0
Other religion 884 0.4 1,350 0.5 2,149 0.7
No religion 45,325 18.5 77,098 26.7 111,935 36.4
Religion not stated 24,228 9.9 24,611 8.6 22,338 7.3
Total population 244,866 100.0 288,283 100.0 307,700 100.0

Repurposed places of worship

Ex-St Thomas's Church is the Old Operating Theatre Museum and Herb Garret. The other redundant church in public use is Francis Bedford's in Trinity Church Square, as recording studio Henry Wood Hall.

Literature and theatres

The rebuilt Globe Theatre

Southwark has many literary associations. Charles Dickens set several of his novels in the old borough where he lived as a young man. The site of The Tabard inn (featured in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales), the White Hart inn and the George Inn which survives.

The rebuilt Globe Theatre and its exhibition on the Bankside remind us of the area's being the birthplace of classical theatre. There is also the remains of the Rose Theatre. In 2007 the Unicorn Theatre for Children was opened on Tooley Street. The Southwark Playhouse is in Elephant and Castle and the Union Theatre is on Union Street near Southwark station. The Menier Chocolate Factory combines a theatre and exhibition space, whilst the newly opened Bridge Theatre is next to Tower Bridge and City Hall.

Museums and galleries

The borough hosts the main site of the Imperial War Museum at the south end of Borough High Street.[19]

Peckham Library, designed by Will Alsop won the Stirling Prize for modern architecture. Another architecturally innovative library designed by Piers Gough, Canada Water Library opened in 2011.[20]

South London Gallery between Camberwell and Peckham is split across two buildings on Peckham Road. The Tate Modern is also based at Bankside.[21] MOCA, London, as curated by the artist Michael Petry, and Flat Time House are both contemporary art galleries on Bellenden Road.[22] Dulwich Picture Gallery also is in Dulwich. Bold Tendencies is an annual exhibition space in a former car park on Rye Lane in Peckham which has shown work by Simon Whybray, Jenny Holzer, Derek Jarman, Rene Matić, and Gray Wielebinski.[23][24]

Another museum is the Old Operating Theatre.[25]

One former museum include the Cuming Museum and the Livesey Museum for Children was a free children's museum housed in the former Camberwell Public Library No.1, which was given to the people of Southwark by the industrialist Sir George Livesey. The museum was closed by Southwark council in 2008.[26]

Economy

City Hall, taken from the high walkway on Tower Bridge

The northern end of the borough opposite the Square Mile includes the More London and London Bridge City developments accommodating the offices of major professional service firms. Notable such businesses include PricewaterhouseCoopers, Norton Rose, Ernst & Young, Lawrence Graham and Actis.[27] The Greater London Authority is based at City Hall.

The press and publishing industry is also well represented in Southwark; the Financial Times has its head office in Southwark Bridge Road,[28][29] and IPC Magazines in Southwark Street. Campus Living Villages UK also has its head office in the borough.[30]

Some of the old industrial and wharfside heritage remains at the now defunct Surrey Commercial Docks now Surrey Quays, including Greenland Dock and Baltic Quay, where major residential schemes were developed in the 1980s and 1990s. Near Tower Bridge old warehouses have been converted to new mixed uses at Butler's Wharf and Hay's Wharf. Similarly, further west, the Oxo Tower hosts restaurants, shops and housing.

There are major retail concentrations at Surrey Quays, Old Kent Road, Elephant & Castle/Walworth Road and central Peckham.

Southwark is currently home to three Opportunity Areas (areas with capacity for significant economic development) as designated in the Mayor of London's London Plan.[31] These are Elephant and Castle,[32] Canada Water[33] and Old Kent Road.[34]

Educational establishments

John Keats Primary School on Rotherhithe New Road opened in 2018

London South Bank University (LSBU) has over 23,000 students and 1,700 staff at its principal Elephant and Castle site. The Chancellor is the entrepreneur newscaster Richard Farleigh.

The University of the Arts London has two of its colleges in the borough – at Elephant and Castle is the London College of Communication and on Peckham Road is the Camberwell College of Arts.

The largest university teaching hospital in Europe King's College London is at the Guy's Hospital site, merging the teaching activities of the Guy's, St Thomas' and King's College Hospitals here. St Thomas' was founded in the mid-12th Century in the borough and parts of it remain at St Thomas Street; Guy's was founded opposite this in 1725. The Salvation Army maintains the William Booth Memorial Training College at Denmark Hill.

Founded in 1945, Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts moved to Peckham in 2018.[35][36]

Housing

Southwark has a wide variety of housing, including council housing, such as the post-Blitz Aylesbury Estate and the Heygate Estate to provide homes to low-income residents. The aforementioned estates have been turned over to local housing associations to demolish and redevelop as mixed-tenure developments. Southwark Council and the Greater London Authority have invested tens of millions of pounds in supporting the respective housing associations complete these projects, which in both cases will lead to a large increase in the number of properties on the sites, with an almost equal reduction in the amount of social housing: the Aylesbury Estate originally housed 2,403 properties at social rent while post-development there will be 1,323 for social rent and 1,733 for private sale, meanwhile the Heygate Estate had 1,214 properties before demolition, most of which were leased at social rent, while the final plans for the development will see 2,530 homes of which 500 will be social housing.[37][38][39]

Southwark's local residents' returns recorded in 2011 that its rented sector comprised 53.4% of its housing, marginally below the highest in England, which was recorded by Camden, at 53.5%. In neighbouring Lambeth this figure was 47.3% and in neighbouring Croydon the figure was 29.7%.

Southwark had the greatest proportion of social housing in England, 43.7% (31.2% owned by the council itself with the other social housing in the hands of housing associations), at the time of the 2011 census.[40] Tenant management organisations benefit many apartment blocks. The council set much housing policy among Housing Association blocks to allocate homes based on need and a rent that residents can afford, based on means testing, via headlease and/or by the Housing List. In many blocks a mixture of social, shared-ownership and private sector housing exists, particularly in those where the right to buy has been exercised and in newer developments.[41]

Ten highest-ranked local authorities by proportion of Social Housing-(2011 Census)[42] Note: First figure is total social rented (owned by housing associations and local authority, i.e. "the council"), the figure in parentheses is council-owned only
Local AuthoritySocially rentedPrivately rentedShared Ownership
Southwark London Borough43.7

(31.2)

23.62.0
Hackney London Borough 43.7

(23.8)

 28.9 2.3
Islington London Borough42.0

(26.7)

 26.91.3
Lambeth London Borough 35.1

(19.6)

 29.3 1.5
Royal Borough of Greenwich 34.3

(22.6)

 19.8 1.6
Barking and Dagenham London Borough33.7

(28.4)

 17.71.3
Camden London Borough 33.1

(23.0)

 32.3 0.7
South Tyneside Metropolitan District32.6

(25.2)

 9.00.4
Norwich Non-Metropolitan District 32.5

(26.2)

 21.7 0.7
Harlow Non-Metropolitan District31.2

(26.9)

 10.80.9

Courts and judiciary

The old Southwark borough hosted many Courts and Prisons of Royal Prerogative, the Marshalsea and King's Bench. As well as the manorial and borough courts, magistrates met until the 20th century at the Surrey Sessions House which had its own jail for the punitive aspect of its work. The Inner London Sessions House (or now Crown Court) on Newington Causeway descends from these. The Southwark Coroner's Court in Tennis Street dates back to the charter of 1550. In 1964 Southwark Crown Court was opened at English Grounds near London Bridge. Since 1994 the Crown Court for west London Boroughs, was rehoused from Knightsbridge to Southwark as Blackfriars Crown Court. When the decision was taken to separate the judiciary and legislature, in 2007, by transforming the House of Lords Judicial Committee of Law Lords into the Supreme Court took over the court occupying the Middlesex Guildhall, whose City of Westminster judges transferred to Southwark Crown Court, hence the senior judge holds the honorific title of the Recorder of Westminster. Southwark's local magistrates sit at two courts in the borough, Tower Bridge and Camberwell Green Magistrates Courts.

The concentration of major courts, which are unlawful to film save for sentencing with judicial permission, enables their media coverage: Southwark has seven jurisdictions, six of which are London's criminal courts and which commonly receive offences committed in public office or in businesses based in Westminster and several other London boroughs.

Civic affairs

160 Tooley Street, the headquarters of the London Borough of Southwark
Tea Trade Wharf, Shad Thames

Mayor

The Mayor of Southwark for 2009–2010 was Tayo Situ (Peckham Ward), who was elected on 19 May 2010. He replaced Jeff Hook who served from 2009 to 2010. Tayo Situ died in office on 9 May 2011 from cancer. Under the civic and legal protocol he was given a full civic and ceremonial funeral and no replacement could be elected until then which delayed the Annual Council Assembly.
Charlie Smith was elected Mayor and Jamille Mohammed was appointed as Deputy Mayor in a civic celebration at Southwark Cathedral on Saturday 13 May 2017, incorporating The Southwark Civic Awards and Annual Meeting of the council.

Cabinet

The council is run by a Leader and Cabinet Cabinet, chaired by council leader Peter John. Following the election in 2010 the Cabinet is Labour, replacing the previous Liberal Democrat and Conservative Party coalition.

Coat of arms

The two supporters on the coat of arms are an Elizabethan player dressed to play Hamlet to the left, indicating the theatrical heritage of the area, and the youth on the right side is the Esquire from Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. The coat of arms is an amalgam of elements of the three constituent Metropolitan Boroughs arms. The chequered band represents the three boroughs together. The cross was a common feature of Southwark and Camberwell. The well in the centre of the shield is a 'canting' reference to Camberwell and the cinquefoils represent the Dulwich area of Camberwell, while the ship on the top left refers to the maritime history of Bermondsey and was part of the Rotherhithe insignia. The rose on the right is from the Southwark arms where it represented St Saviour's parish, i.e. the cathedral.

Twinning

Southwark is twinned with:

Politics

Southwark London Borough Council

A map showing the wards of Southwark 2002 - 2018

The borough currently has since 2010 a Labour Party-led council which has been the case in all but eight years since its formation. Previous control saw a four-year coalition of Liberal Democrats and Conservatives, during which as small minority members the latter held 2 of the 10 executive positions, including deputy leader.

Summary of council election results:

Overall control Labour Lib Dem Conservative Others
2018 Labour 49 14 0 0
2014 Labour 48 13 2 0[45]
2010 Labour 35 25 3 0
2006 Lib Dem/Cons Coalition 28 * 28 * 6 1 (Green)
2002 Lib Dem/No overall control 28 30 5 –
1998 Labour/No overall control 33(31)** 27 4 0(2)**
1994 Labour – – – –
1990 Labour – – – –
1986 Labour – – – –
1982 Labour – – – –
1978 Labour – – – –
1974 Labour – – – –
1971 Labour – – – –
1968 Labour – – – –
1964 Labour – – – –

(*) Danny McCarthy (Cathedrals ward) defected from the Lib Dems to Labour after the 2006 election. Ola Oyewunmi (Peckham ward) did the reverse over one month to January 2010. Ade Lasaki (South Bermondsey ward) defected from the Lib Dems to Labour in March 2010. Susan Elan Jones resigned as councillor for The Lane ward to stand for MP to Clwyd South in Wales in the impending 2010 round of coinciding elections.
(**) Labour's candidates won 33 seats in 1998, of whom two resigned the whip to sit as independents, leaving no overall party-political control.

Westminster Parliament

The borough is covered by three parliamentary constituencies. All three are currently represented by Labour MPs. (Neil Coyle was suspended from Labour on 11 February 2022, but re-admitted in May 2023, sitting in the interim as an independent.[46])

Greater London representation

For elections to the Greater London Council, the borough formed the Southwark electoral division, electing three members. In 1973 it was divided into the single-member Bermondsey, Dulwich and Peckham electoral divisions. The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986.

Since 2000, for elections to the London Assembly, the borough forms part of the Lambeth and Southwark constituency.

Sport and leisure

The London Borough of Southwark has the following sport clubs:

Transport

Bridges and tunnels

The Tabard Inn, around 1850
Borough Market, circa 1860
Borough Market, Southwark Street entrance

"A" Roads

London Underground (Tube) stations

The Bakerloo, Jubilee and Northern lines all run through the borough, below are the stations called at:

London Overground stations

Railway stations

National Rail services in the Borough are operated by Southern, Southeastern and Thameslink.

Riverbus piers

Operated by Thames Clippers

Parking and DVLA database ban

In 2012 it was revealed that the Southwark borough council has been permanently banned from accessing information from the Driver & Vehicle Licensing Agency. This information is normally made available to local authorities for purposes such as enforcing parking fines, but access can be withdrawn if they are found to be mis-using the service. The Big Brother Watch organisation, which obtained the information about the ban under a Freedom of Information request, claimed that "the public are right to be worried that their privacy is at risk across a range of government services."[47]

Travel to work

In March 2011, the main forms of transport that residents used to travel to work were: bus, minibus or coach, 17.5% of all residents aged 16–74; underground, metro, light rail, tram, 8.5%; train, 8.5%; on foot, 8.2%; driving a car or van, 8.1%; bicycle, 4.9%; work mainly at or from home, 2.8%.[48]

Places

Areas of Southwark

Localities

Parks and open spaces

Notable residents (past and present)

London Borough of Southwark Blue Plaque awarded to famous motorcycle designer Edward Turner unveiled in 2009 at his former residence, 8 Philip Walk, Peckham, London SE15

In 2003, the London Borough of Southwark started a blue plaque scheme for the commemoration of notable residents notably including living people in the awards.[49] The London Borough of Southwark awards Blue Plaques through popular vote following public nomination. Unlike the English Heritage scheme, the original building is not necessary for nomination.

Freedom of the Borough

The following people and military units have received the Freedom of the Borough of Southwark.

Individuals

[50][51]

Military units

Source:[52]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales, Office for National Statistics (2012). See Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom for the full descriptions used in the 2011 Census.
  2. ↑ "Southwark". Oxford Learner's Dictionaries.
  3. ↑ "Southwark", in The Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World (1952), New York: Columbia University Press.
  4. 1 2 Mills, D. (2000). Oxford Dictionary of London Place Names. Oxford University Press.
  5. 1 2 3 Johnson, David J. (1969). Southwark and the City. Oxford University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-19-711630-2.
  6. ↑ Concise Oxford Dictionary of Place Names, Eilert Erkwall, 4th edition
  7. ↑ "Southwark: Total Population". A Vision of Britain Through Time. Great Britain Historical GIS Project. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
  8. ↑ "Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement". Commission for Racial Equality: Table 2.2. 1985.
  9. ↑ Data is taken from United Kingdom Casweb Data services of the United Kingdom 1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales (Table 6)
  10. ↑ "Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  11. ↑ "2011 Census: Ethnic Group, local authorities in England and Wales". webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  12. ↑ "Ethnic group - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  13. ↑ Religion in Southwark : London Archived 13 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. theLondonArea. Retrieved on 17 July 2013.
  14. ↑ Philby, Charlotte (12 December 2012). "Less religious and more ethnically diverse: Census reveals a picture of Britain today". Southwark.
  15. ↑ "Religion, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics".
  16. ↑ "KS007 - Religion - Nomis - 2001". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  17. ↑ "KS209EW (Religion) - Nomis - 2011". www.nomisweb.co.uk. Retrieved 18 October 2022.
  18. ↑ "Religion - 2021 census". Office of National Statistics. 29 November 2022. Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
  19. ↑ Tate. "Imperial War Museum (London, UK)". Tate. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  20. ↑ "'Super library' in Southwark opens its doors". BBC News. 28 November 2011.
  21. ↑ "The Grand Southwark Showcase". Tate Modern. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  22. ↑ "About us". MOCA London. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  23. ↑ "Bold Tendencies | About". Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  24. ↑ "Galleries". Southwark Council. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  25. ↑ "The Old Operating Theatre". Old operating theatre. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
  26. ↑ Whittle, Adrian; Long Srikrotiam, Naomi. "Livesey Building FAQ". www.southwark.gov.uk. Southwark Council. p. 2. Retrieved 1 August 2014.
  27. ↑ "Company Overview of Actis Capital, LLP" (Archive). Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved on 1 September 2014. "2 More London Riverside London, SE1 2JT United Kingdom"
  28. ↑ "London, United Kingdom." Financial Times. Retrieved on 28 October 2009.
  29. ↑ "Map." London Borough of Southwark. Retrieved on 28 October 2009.
  30. ↑ "Contact." Campus Living Villages. Retrieved on 5 October 2011. "Campus Living Villages UK Woolyard, 56 Bermondsey Street, London SE1 3UD, United Kingdom"
  31. ↑ "What are Opportunity Areas?". London City Hall. 20 November 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  32. ↑ "Elephant & Castle Partnership". Elephant and Castle. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  33. ↑ "Canada Water". Southwark Council. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  34. ↑ "Old Kent Road Regeneration – Home". Old Kent Road. Retrieved 21 January 2019.
  35. ↑ "Home | Mountview – a leading drama school in Peckham, London".
  36. ↑ "Cameron Mackintosh gives Peckham drama school £1m". TheGuardian.com. 17 May 2019.
  37. ↑ "Regeneration at Elephant and Castle and affordable homes Southwark Council". www.southwark.gov.uk. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  38. ↑ Jones, Andy (13 April 2017). "Every Flat in a New South London Development Has Been Sold to Foreign Investors". Vice. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  39. ↑ Turner, George (12 September 2018). "Revealed: London council took on financial risk of estate development". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 21 December 2018.
  40. ↑ "Members list". Association of Retained Council Housing. Archived from the original on 4 September 2011. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
  41. ↑ "Leathermarket JMB". Leathermarket JMB. Retrieved 20 March 2011.
  42. ↑ Office for National Statistics 2011 Census Key Statistics: Tenure.
  43. ↑ "A Message from the Peace Commission: Information on Cambridge's Sister Cities," 15 February 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
  44. ↑ Richard Thompson. "Looking to strengthen family ties with 'sister cities'," Boston Globe, 12 October 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
  45. ↑ 2014 Results BBC News. Retrieved 13 November 2014
  46. ↑ Neilan, Catherine (11 February 2022). "Labour suspends Neil Coyle after racist comments to Insider reporter". Business Insider. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  47. ↑ "DVLA bans councils from database over abuses", BBC News, 8 December 2012, retrieved 10 December 2012
  48. ↑ "2011 Census: QS701EW Method of travel to work, local authorities in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 23 November 2013. Percentages are of all residents aged 16–74 including those not in employment. Respondents could only pick one mode, specified as the journey's longest part by distance.
  49. ↑ "Blue Plaque Winners 2007". Southwark Borough Council. Archived from the original on 13 September 2008.
  50. ↑ "Sir Michael Caine receives Freedom of the Borough of Southwark | Southwark Council". 4 March 2016. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  51. ↑ "Freedom of the Borough presentation at St. George's Cathedral, Southwark". 12 May 2012 – via Flickr.
  52. ↑ "Latest News Southwark Council". www.southwark.gov.uk.
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