Mary Bliss Parsons (1628–1712) was an American woman who was accused of witchcraft, but was exonerated, in 17th-century Massachusetts.

Background

Parsons was born to Thomas and Margaret (Hulins) Bliss in Gloucestershire, England in 1628. Her family later immigrated to Hartford, Connecticut, where she married Joseph Parsons on November 2, 1646. The couple later moved to Springfield, Massachusetts.[1] In 1655, Joseph Parsons purchased a land tract from the local Native Americans in what would become Northampton. Parsons frequently negotiated for land from the Nonotuck, Agawam, and other Indigenous peoples of the region under circumstances that have come under scrutiny as an instrumental part of the colonization of the area and partial displacement of Native people by Puritan settlers.[2][3][4]

The Parsonses became financially successful members of the Northampton community, owning property in Springfield, Hadley, Massachusetts and Boston as well as in Northampton.[5]

The Feud

In the early 1650s a feud developed between the Parsons and a neighboring family, the Bridgmans. Parsons was said to have a strong personality, which had led to rumors following her from Springfield.[6] Unlike the Parsons, the Bridgmans were struggling financially. In addition, Mary Parsons had several healthy children while Sarah Bridgman had lost several children. People in the town started blaming Parsons for the death of livestock and injuries to people.[7] Bridgman began to spread rumours about Parsons, claiming that she had threatened her son[8] and that she was a witch.[9] When Parsons' mother confronted Bridgman, Bridgman claimed to have heard a story that Parsons had cursed a blind man’s daughter in Springfield, causing the girl to have fits.[9][10]

The Slander Trial

In 1656 Joseph Parsons filed slander charges against Sarah Bridgman on behalf of his wife[11] in the trial Parsons v. Bridgman.[12][13][14] In other contexts, Joseph was not so sympathetic to Mary. They were "frequently and notoriously at odds with one another," as one scholar puts it, with local records reflecting testimony that Joseph tried to confine Mary to their house in Springfield, and then had locked her in the basement, and that he was once beating one of their children "unmercifully" in public when Mary intervened, trying to stop the beating, reassuring Joseph that "she had beaten [the child] before."[15] In the trial, he charged that Bridgman had spread rumors about Parsons, insinuating that she was a witch. Testimony from Bridgman and witness made it clear that rumors had been circulating; according to a descendant and some contemporaneous court records, these rumors were fueled by jealousy and resentment of the Parsons family's success.[9][16][17] Mary Parsons’s mother, Margaret Bliss, testified that Bridgman told her that Parsons was a witch.[18][7]

The court ruled in favor of Parsons. Bridgman was ordered to make a public apology and pay a fine and court costs.

The Witchcraft Trial

In 1674, Parsons was charged with witchcraft after a daughter of Sarah Bridgman, Mary Bartlett, died at the age of 22 in July 1674 and Bartlett's husband and father formally accused Parsons of witchcraft around the death.[19]

In September 1675, the local magistrates ordered a search of Parsons’ body for "Witches' marks"; no record of the examination survives.[20][21] Mary gave testimony on her own behalf in Northampton.[22] The magistrates sent her to Boston for trial at the Court of Assistants. The jury in Boston acquitted Parsons of witchcraft.[23][24]

Aftermath

Despite Parsons's acquittal in Boston, the witchcraft rumors persisted in Northampton. In 1679 or 1680, the Parsons family moved back to Springfield.[9] However, the rumors followed the Parsons family back to Springfield. In 1702, a Black woman preserved in historical memory as "Betty Negro" told Parsons's grandson that his grandmother was a witch. [25][26] The Parsons family held a trial in which Betty was accused of "bad language striking" Mary’s grandson, in telling the boy that his grandmother was a witch and his mother was "half a witch.”[27][28] Betty was sentenced to public lashes. “We find her very culpable for her base tongue and words as aforesaid,” the court record says. “We sentence said Betty to be well whipped on the naked body by the constable with ten lashes well laid on: which was performed accordingly by constable Thomas Bliss.”[29][30][31]

Mary Parsons also appears to have enslaved a Black man named Tobee the year before her death in Springfield.[32][33][34] Tobee is listed in local records as the "servant" of the "Widow Mary Parsons" at his death in December 1711, but local historians indicate that the term servant in this time and era was a euphemism for an enslaved person.[35] [36] Mary was ruled incompetent the year of Tobee's death.[37] Mary Parsons died in Springfield at age 84, on January 29, 1712. She lived for 30 years after her husband died in 1683.

Children

  1. Joseph, 1 Nov. 1647 - 29 Nov. 1729 - he would later be a judge in New Hampshire.
  2. Benjamin, 22 Jan. - 22 June 1649
  3. John, 14 Aug. 1650 - 15 April 1728
  4. Samuel, 23 Jan. 1652 - 12 Nov. 1734
  5. Ebenezer, 1 May 1655 - 8 Sept. 1675
  6. Jonathan, 6 June 1657 - 19 Oct. 1694
  7. David, 30 April 1659 - same.
  8. Mary, 27 June 1661 - 23 Aug 1711
  9. Hannah, 1 Aug. 1663 - 1 April 1739
  10. Abigail, 3 Sept. 1666 - 27 June 1689
  11. Esther (recorded as Hester), 4 Dec. 1672 - 30 May 1760 [38]

References

  1. ↑ Demos, John Putnam (14 October 2004). Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and the Culture of Early New England. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-988406-3.
  2. ↑ Demos, John (18 November 2004). Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and Culture in Early New England. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972631-8. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  3. ↑ Newton, Maud (20 June 2023). Ancestor Trouble: A Reckoning and a Reconciliation. Random House. ISBN 9780812987492. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  4. ↑ Newton, Maud (29 July 2023). "My Accused Witch Ancestor Was Also an Enslaver". Medium. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  5. ↑ Demos, John (18 November 2004). Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and Culture in Early New England. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972631-8. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  6. ↑ Demos, John (18 November 2004). Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and Culture in Early New England. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972631-8. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  7. 1 2 Parsons Witchcraft Trial Mock Up Site; University of Massachusetts http://ccbit.cs.umass.edu/parsons/hnmockup/witchcrafttrial.html
  8. ↑ Parsons, Henry. Parsons family; descendants of Cornet Joseph Parsons, Springfield, 1636--Northampton, 1655 b. 1835 Published 1912; https://archive.org/details/parsonsfamilyde00parsgoog
  9. 1 2 3 4 James Russell Trumbull; Seth Pomeroy (1898). History of Northampton, Massachusetts: From Its Settlement in 1654. Vol. 1. Press of Gazette printing Company. p. 42.
  10. ↑ Demos, John (18 November 2004). Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and Culture in Early New England. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972631-8. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  11. ↑ A Short Chronological Biography of Cornet Joseph Parsons; http://members.frys.com/~parsons/bio.html
  12. ↑ Demos, John Putnam (14 October 2004). Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and the Culture of Early New England. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-988406-3.
  13. ↑ "Northampton's Mary Bliss Parsons slander and witch trial court documents". WWLP. 30 October 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  14. ↑ Newton, Maud (20 June 2023). Ancestor Trouble: A Reckoning and a Reconciliation. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8129-8749-2.
  15. ↑ Demos, John Putnam (18 November 2004). Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and the Culture of Early New England. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972631-8.
  16. ↑ Demos, John (18 November 2004). Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and Culture in Early New England. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972631-8. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  17. ↑ Demos, John Putnam (14 October 2004). Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and the Culture of Early New England. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-988406-3.
  18. ↑ Demos, John (18 November 2004). Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and Culture in Early New England. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972631-8. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  19. ↑ Demos, John Putnam (14 October 2004). Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and the Culture of Early New England. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-988406-3.
  20. ↑ Demos, John (18 November 2004). Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and Culture in Early New England. Cambridge University Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-19-972631-8. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  21. ↑ Newton, Maud (20 June 2023). Ancestor Trouble: A Reckoning and a Reconciliation. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8129-8749-2.
  22. ↑ "Northampton's Mary Bliss Parsons slander and witch trial documents". WWLP. 30 October 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  23. ↑ "Northampton's Mary Bliss Parsons slander and witch trial documents". WWLP. 30 October 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  24. ↑ Newton, Maud (20 June 2023). Ancestor Trouble: A Reckoning and a Reconciliation. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8129-8749-2.
  25. ↑ Demos, John (18 November 2004). Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and Culture in Early New England. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972631-8. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  26. ↑ Newton, Maud (20 June 2023). Ancestor Trouble: A Reckoning and a Reconciliation. Random House. p. 261, 360. ISBN 9780812987492. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  27. ↑ Demos, John (18 November 2004). Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and Culture in Early New England. Cambridge University Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-19-972631-8. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  28. ↑ Newton, Maud (20 June 2023). Ancestor Trouble: A Reckoning and a Reconciliation. Random House. p. 261, 360. ISBN 9780812987492. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  29. ↑ Demos, John (18 November 2004). Entertaining Satan: Witchcraft and Culture in Early New England. Cambridge University Press. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-19-972631-8. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  30. ↑ Newton, Maud (20 June 2023). Ancestor Trouble: A Reckoning and a Reconciliation. Random House. p. 261, 360. ISBN 9780812987492. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  31. ↑ Newton, Maud (28 July 2023). "My Accused Witch Ancestor Was Also an Enslaver". Medium. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  32. ↑ "Project Dataset—Documenting the Early History of Black Lives in the Connecticut River Valley". Documenting the Early History of Black Lives in the Connecticut River Valley. UMass Amherst. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  33. ↑ Newton, Maud (20 June 2023). Ancestor Trouble: A Reckoning and a Reconciliation. Random House. p. 261, 361. ISBN 9780812987492. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  34. ↑ Newton, Maud (28 July 2023). "My Accused Witch Ancestor Was Also an Enslaver". Medium. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  35. ↑ "Enslaved Black People, Results of Historic Northampton's Slavery Research Project". Historic Northampton. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  36. ↑ Newton, Maud (20 June 2023). Ancestor Trouble: A Reckoning and a Reconciliation. Random House. p. 261, 361. ISBN 9780812987492. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  37. ↑ Newton, Maud (20 June 2023). Ancestor Trouble: A Reckoning and a Reconciliation. Random House. p. 261, 361. ISBN 9780812987492. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  38. ↑ Parsons Family Association Website; http://www.parsonsfamilyassn.org/Parsons-Families.html
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