Marshal
li Mareschal (Norman), le Marechal (French)
Family of Earls and Marshals
Arms of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke
CountryEngland’s territory at the time of the Plantagenets
EtymologyMarshal, Frankish: “a person who tended horses”
Place of originNormandy
Founded12th century (first known member)
FounderGilbert Giffard
Final rulerAnsel Marshal (as Earl of Pembroke), John Marshal (as Baron Marshal)
Final headHawyse, daughter of William Marshal
Titles
List

The Marshal family was a noble family of Anglo-Norman origins. They arrived in England from Normandy following the Norman Conquest of 1066. Their name, Marshal, was a Frankish term for “a person who tended horses”. By 1066 the term was used for a position in royal and aristocratic households.

History

The first known member of the Marshal family is Gilbert Giffard, who migrated from Normandy to England. He was a tenant of Glastonbury manor in Winterbourne Monkton in Wiltshire, and held a position as a marshal to the king of England. The surname "Giffard" is a common Norman sobriquet, and it means "chubby-cheeks". While it is unlikely that Gilbert was related to Walter Giffard, he may have been related to the Giffards of Brimpsfield. It's worth noting that, according to the History of William Marshal, there were two men named Gilbert: Gilbert Giffard and Gilbert Marshal, and the first was the latter's son or son in law. David Crouch says that the History is not always to be trusted, but that this option could be chronologically possible. Thomas Asbridge and N.E. Stacy, as well as other authors, mention Gilbert (Giffard) as a single person and as John Marshal's father.[1][2][3]

When Gilbert died, his son, John Marshal (I), took his position. John fought for Empress Matilda (Daughter of Henry I) in her unsuccessful struggle to gain the throne from her cousin, King Stephen, during the Anarchy. After John the title of marshal (later Earl Marshal) became honorific and hereditary[2]

John’s first son was John Marshal (II), who inherited his position as marshal and retained it until his death in 1194. He only had one known son, also called John Marshal (III), but he was illegitimate, so the title went to John (II)‘s brother instead.[4] The position of marshal will be later claimed by a descendant of this illegitimate line, William Marshal, 1st Baron Marshal.[5]

John (II)’s brother was the well-known William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke. He was formally appointed marshal by Richard the Lionheart. William served five English kings in his lifetime: Henry II, Henry "the Young King", Richard I "The Lionheart", John Lackland, and Henry III, to whom he became regent in 1216. In 1199 he became the Earl of Pembroke, having married Isabel de Clare.[6]

After William died in 1219,[6] the titles of marshal and Earl of Pembroke eventually passed on to all of his sons, as none of them had any legitimate issue: William, Richard, Gilbert, Walter and Ansel. After Ansel’s death, the title of Earl of Pembroke became extinct (but it was re-created in 1247), and the title of marshal was given to his sister Maud’s husband, Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk. The current Duke of Norfolk still holds the title.[7]

The historian Matthew Paris addresses the rapid extinction of the Marshal lineage to a curse bestowed upon the family by the bishop of Ferns, Albin O'Molloy, after unjust exactions on his diocese levied by William Marshal the elder. Paris claims that when Ansel and his brothers were in their prime, their mother Isabel had foretold that “all would be earls of the same county”.[7]

Another of William’s titles, Earl Marshal of Ireland, was not held by his children, but by the previously mentioned John Marshal (III), his nephew. The title remained in this line of the family until the death of John Marshal, 2nd Baron Marshal, when it was given to his sister Hawyse’s husband, Robert Morley, 2nd Baron Morley, in absence of any other house members.[7]

Family tree

References

  1. ↑ N. E. Stacy, Feb. 1999, Henry of Blois and the Lordship of Glastonbury. English Historical Review.
  2. 1 2 3 "William Marshal". Routledge & CRC Press. Retrieved 2023-11-26.
  3. ↑ "The Greatest Knight: The Remarkable Life of William Marshal, the Power Behind Five English Thrones - Thomas Asbridge". Retrieved 2023-11-26.
  4. ↑ Nicolas, Nicholas Harris (1825). Vol. 2: A synopsis of the peerage of England : exhibiting, under alphabetical arrangement, the date of creation, descent and present state of every title of peerage which has existed in this country since the conquest. In two volumes / by Nicholas Harris Nicolas, Esq. of the Inner Temple, barrister at law; fellow of the Society of Antiquaries. State Library of Pennsylvania. Printed by J. Nichols and Son for C. and J. Rivington, St. Paul's Churchyard and Waterloo Place, and 17 others.
  5. ↑ Tout, Thomas Frederick (1897). "Segrave, Nicholas de (d.1322)" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 51. pp. 204–205.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Thomas Leckie Jarman (1930). William Marshal First Earl Of Pembroke And Regent Of England 1216 1219.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 "The Marshal Family of Hamstead". Royal Historical Society Camden Fifth Series. 47: 1–39. 2015. doi:10.1017/S0960116315000044.
  8. 1 2 3 4 william marshal. Internet Archive. 1933.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  9. 1 2 3 4 Round, John Horace (1911). The king's serjeants & officers of state, with their coronation services. Robarts - University of Toronto. London J. Nisbet.
  10. ↑ Great Britain. Court of Chancery; Hardy, Thomas Duffus; England. Sovereign (1199-1216 : John); Great Britain. Record Commission (1837). Rotuli chartarum in turri Londinensi asservati. Boston Public Library. [London : Printed by G. Eyre and A. Spottiswoode].{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ Great Britain. Record Commission (1835). Rotuli de oblatís et fíníbus in Turri londinensi asservati, tempore regís Johannis. Harvard University. [London], [Printed by G. Eyre and A. Spottiswoode].
  12. 1 2 Great Britain. Public Record Office. [from old catalog]; Sweetman, Henry Savage (1875). Calendar of documents, relating to Ireland. Harvard University. London, Longman.
  13. 1 2 3 4 "Inquisitions Post Mortem, Henry III, File 36 | British History Online". www.british-history.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-11-24.
  14. 1 2 3 4 Cokayne, George Edward (1887). Complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom. Harvard University. London, G. Bell & sons.
  15. 1 2 3 Magna Carta Ancestry: A Study in Colonial and Medieval Families, 2nd Edition, 2011. Douglas Richardson. ISBN 978-1-4610-4520-5.
  16. ↑ "Marshal, Henry (d. 1206), bishop of Exeter". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/94379. Retrieved 2023-11-21. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  17. ↑ Marshal, John - Dictionary of national biography

Sources

  • Stacy, N.E. (1999). Henry of Blois and the Lordship of Glastonbury. Oxford University Press.
  • Crouch, David (2002). William Marshal: knighthood, war and chivalry, 1147-1219. Routledge.
  • William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2023.
  • Sir Harris Nicolas, Nicolas (1825). A synopsis of the peerage of England: exhibiting, under alphabetical arrangement, the date of creation, descent and present state of every title of peerage which has existed in this country since the conquest. Unknown publisher.
  • Leckie Jarman, Thomas (1930). William Marshal First Earl Of Pembroke And Regent Of England 1216 1219. B. Blackwell.
  • Painter, Sidney (1933). William Marshal. The Johns Hopkins Press.
  • The Marshal family of Hamstead. Cambridge University Press. 2015.
  • Round, John Horace (1911). The king's serjeants & officers of state, with their coronation services. James Nisbet & co.
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