Mannar District
மன்னார் மாவட்டம்
මන්නාරම දිස්ත්‍රික්කය
Administrative District
Location within Sri Lanka
Location within Sri Lanka
DS and GN Divisions of Mannar District, 2006
DS and GN Divisions of Mannar District, 2006
Coordinates: 08°52′N 80°04′E / 8.867°N 80.067°E / 8.867; 80.067
CountrySri Lanka
ProvinceNorthern
CapitalMannar
DS Division
List
Government
 • District SecretaryC. A. Mohan Ras
 • MPs
List
 • MPCs
List
Area
[1]
 • Total1,996 km2 (771 sq mi)
 • Land1,880 km2 (730 sq mi)
 • Water116 km2 (45 sq mi)  5.81%
 • Rank13th (3.04% of total area)
Population
 (2012 census)[2]
 • Total99,051
 • Rank24th (0.49% of total pop.)
 • Density50/km2 (130/sq mi)
Ethnicity
(2012 census)[2]
 • Sri Lankan Tamil80,568 (81.34%)
 • Sri Lankan Moors16,087 (16.24%)
 • Sinhalese1,961 (1.98%)
 • Indian Tamil394 (0.40%)
 • Other41 (0.04%)
Religion
(2012 census)[3]
 • Christian56,932 (57.48%)
 • Hindu23,464 (23.69%)
 • Muslim16,553 (16.71%)
 • Buddhist2,066 (2.09%)
 • Other36 (0.04%)
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (Sri Lanka)
Post Codes
41000-41999
Telephone Codes023
ISO 3166 codeLK-43
Vehicle registrationNP
Official LanguagesTamil, Sinhala
WebsiteMannar District Secretariat

Mannar District (Tamil: மன்னார் மாவட்டம் Maṉṉār Māvaṭṭam; Sinhala: මන්නාරම දිස්ත්‍රික්කය) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka, the second level administrative division of the country. The district is administered by a District Secretariat headed by a District Secretary (previously known as a Government Agent) appointed by the central government of Sri Lanka. The capital of the district is Mannar, which is located on Mannar Island.

History

Between the 5th century BC and 13th century AD, what is now Mannar District was part of Rajarata. Parts Mannar District were thereafter part of the pre-colonial Jaffna kingdom.[4] The district then came under Portuguese, Dutch and British control. In 1815 the British gained control of the entire island of Ceylon. They divided the island into three ethnic based administrative structures: Low Country Sinhalese, Kandyan Sinhalese and Tamil. The district was part of the Tamil administration. In 1833, in accordance with the recommendations of the Colebrooke-Cameron Commission, the ethnic based administrative structures were unified into a single administration divided into five geographic provinces.[5] Mannar District, together with Jaffna District and Vanni District, formed the new Northern Province.[6]

At the time that Ceylon gained independence, Mannar was one of the three districts located in the Northern Province. Manthai East division was transferred to newly created Mullaitivu District in September 1978.

Much of Mannar District was under the control of rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam for many years during the civil war. The entire district was recaptured by the Sri Lankan military in 2008.

Geography

Mannar District is located in the north west of Sri Lanka in the Northern Province. It has an area of 1,996 square kilometres (771 sq mi).[1]

Geology, soil and water

Murunkan (English = cracked earth) is due to the black clay surface which is cracked while dry, is the place where the Giant's Tank is situated. It has montmorillonite clay and is the only place in Sri Lanka where this kind of clay can be obtained. This clay is used in making cement.

Aruvi Aru is the second longest river in Sri Lanka and runs through Mannar and Anuradhapura districts.

Mannar has artesian springs and aquifers. These water supply comes from Sri Lanka's central areas. The Northern Province has a supply of fresh water from aquifers and it was used in successful cultivation. It only exists in the areas where red yellow latosol exists. These types of aquifers do not exist where reddish brown earth is found. The rest of the Vanni area is void of perennial supply of fresh water.

Flora and fauna

Northern pintail in Mannar District

Mannar District is unique in its vegetation and wildlife, contrasting with rest of Sri Lanka.

Mannar Island is one of the few places in Sri Lanka where baobab trees thrive. Monkeys love the fruit and hence the tree is sometimes known as the monkey-bread tree.

The dugong is a medium-sized marine mammal which is found in Mannar Bay, Nachchikuda, Jaffna island and near Adam's Bridge. IUCN conservation status is vulnerable because of over-hunting for food and accidental capture in fishing nets.

A critically endangered tarantula species known as Poecilotheria hanumavilasumica was first found from Sri Lanka in Mannar region. This was the first time that the spider was recorded from outside of India[7][8][9]

The Vankalai Sanctuary for birds, internationally recognised as an important area for wetland birds under the Ramsar Convention, is on the mainland just to the south of Mannar Island.

Administrative units

Mannar District is divided into 5 Divisional Secretary's Division (DS Divisions), each headed by a Divisional Secretary (previously known as an Assistant Government Agent).[10] The DS Divisions are further sub-divided into 153 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GN Divisions).[10]

DS Division Main Town Divisional Secretary GN
Divisions
[10]		 Area
(km2)
[10][11]		 Population (2012 Census)[12] Population
Density
(/km2)
Sri Lankan
Tamil		Sri Lankan MoorsSinhaleseIndian
Tamil		OtherTotal
MadhuMadhuF. C. Sathiyasothy175536,793559273517,63114
MannarMannarParamadoss4921240,8658,982953131650,937240
Manthai WestAdampanS. Ketheeswaran3660812,9931,123337177014,63024
MusaliChilawathuraiK.S. Vasanthakumar204753,0424,818147208,00917
NanaddanNanaddanManikkavasakar Sriskanthakumar3114816,875605251793417,844121
Total1531,99680,56816,0871,9613944199,05150

Demographics

Population

Mannar District's population was 99,051 in 2012.[2] The population of the district is mostly Sri Lankan Tamil.

The population of the district, like the rest of the north and east of Sri Lanka, has been heavily affected by the civil war. The war killed an estimated 100,000 people.[13] Several hundred thousand Sri Lankan Tamils, possibly as much as one million, emigrated to the West during the war.[14] Many Sri Lankan Tamils also moved to the relative safety of the capital Colombo. Most of the Sri Lankan Moors and Sinhalese who lived in the district fled to other parts of Sri Lanka or were forcibly expelled by the rebel Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, though most of them have returned to the district since the end of the civil war.

Ethnicity

Population of Mannar District by ethnic group 1881 to 2012[2][15][16]
Year Tamil[lower-alpha 1] Muslim[lower-alpha 2] Sinhalese Other Total
No.
No.%No.%No.%No.%
1881 Census14,41567.52%6,63531.08%1420.67%1560.73%21,348
1891 Census16,09865.68%7,64331.18%5922.42%1780.73%24,511
1901 Census16,84867.59%7,71530.95%2010.81%1620.65%24,926
1911 Census16,73165.35%8,09231.61%6392.50%1410.55%25,603
1921 Census16,94966.25%8,00231.28%5382.10%930.36%25,582
1946 Census19,62362.22%10,41033.01%1,1863.76%3191.01%31,538
1963 Census40,14066.70%17,26028.68%2,2624.35%1600.27%60,180
1971 Census53,35368.50%20,87826.81%3,5684.58%830.11%77,882
1981 Census68,17863.75%28,46426.62%8,7108.14%1,5881.48%106,940
2000 Estimaten/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/a96,667
2001 Estimate[lower-alpha 3]92,91194.84%5,0385.14%160.02%00.00%97,965
2002 Estimate86,15393.52%5,9346.44%310.03%00.00%92,118
2003 Estimate92,12993.24%6,6496.73%350.04%00.00%98,813
2004 Estimaten/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/a102,135
2005 Estimaten/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/a103,936
2006 Estimaten/an/an/an/an/an/an/an/a103,671
2007 Estimate95,56092.16%8,0737.79%550.05%00.00%103,688
2008 Estimate67,50389.11%8,21410.84%380.05%00.00%75,755
2009 Estimate80,78185.97%13,14413.99%360.04%00.00%93,961
2011 Enumeration78,78982.56%16,13016.90%4550.48%560.06%95,430
2012 Census80,96281.74%16,08716.24%1,9611.98%410.04%99,051
2013 Resettlement[17]89,56357.72%65,12541.97%8630.5600.00%155,156

Religion

Population of Mannar District by religion 1981 to 2012[3][18]
Year Islam Christian[lower-alpha 4] Hindu Buddhist Others Total
No.
No.%No.%No.%No.%No.%
1981 Census29,16127.45%44,68942.07%28,89527.20%3,3633.17%1270.12%106,235
2012 Census16,55316.71%56,93257.48%23,46423.69%2,0662.09%360.04%99,051
2013 Resettlement[17]65,12541.97%62,86140.51%26,74717.24%8230.53%00.00%155,156

Religion in Mannar District after 2013 resettlement[17]

  Islam (42.0%)
  Christianity (40.5%)
  Hinduism (17.2%)
  Buddhism (0.53%)

Catholicism

Mannar is a predominantly Catholic Christian area. Portuguese rule introduced Christianity and Hindu temples were forcefully converted into Catholic churches and forts. The Hindus who refused to convert to Christianity were killed by the Portuguese army. The whole of southern coastal India and western coast of Sri Lanka is a Catholic stronghold from the time of Portuguese colonisation. Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam are still present in small patches. Before 1990, there was a roughly equal number of Muslims and Hindus.

Christian churches

Shrine of Our Lady of Madhu

Mannar is part of the 'Catholic Belt' extending from Negombo to Jaffna. Portuguese first arrived in Colombo and established Catholicism in areas around Chilaw and further expanded their rule into Nagar Kovil, Kanyakumari and Tuticorin area. Thus the whole of Gulf of Mannar could be called a Catholic Belt.

The ancient Madu Church is one of the ancient churches in Asia and located near Murunkan. An ancient Kali Temple was demolished by Portuguese to construct the Catholic Church on the same location.

Pesalai Catholic Church is one of the largest church in Sri Lanka, which was rebuilt after year-2000. Alleged recent human rights violations by Sri Lanka Army and the LTTE attacks have brought it to the media attention internationally. (see 2006 Mannar massacres)

Vidathaltheevu St James Church also one of the big church in Mannar Diocese . It has a history of more than 400 years. Now also there are some ancient materials inside the church boundary which were protected and maintained by the very people who live in the suburb. Now the Church is being reconstructed by the village people.

There are also few Protestant/Christian Churches in Mannar. Methodist is one of a Senior church started in Mannar in the history and the Ceylon Pentecostal Mission is second to it. The Gospel Grace Church was started in 1984. My Saviour's Church, Philedephiya Full Gospel Church, Assemble of God & Christian Fellowship Church are also old churches in Mannar more than 10 years.

Hinduism

Two great Sivan temples in Mannar were demolished by Portuguese. The new Thiruketheeswaram is built after the independence and it houses all the archeological finds of Hindu artefacts unearthed in the area. Several Hindu celebereties have visited Thiruketheeswaram including Appar, Sundarar and Sambanthar.

Islam

Mannar had a large Moor population for a long time before the forced expulsion of Muslims by the LTTE in 1990. Muslims did not support a separate Tamil Eelam.

In 1503, Vasco Da Gama expelled all the Muslims during his rule of Indian Portuguese Territory as part of the war against Turkey and its allies. At that time Hindu kings were ruling Jaffna Kingdom and Muslim refugees who fled from Portuguese rule were accepted in Mannar as a safe haven. Mukkuvars who were at war with Portuguese also came from Kerala and Cochin to escape the ethnic cleansing by Portuguese. Mannar also had a Muslim Member of Parliament. Human tragedy of 1990 involved in the expulsion resulted in Muslims walking 50 kilometers to the safety of Puttalam through Wilpattu National Park. Since the end of the civil war, many Muslims were resettled in vacant lands by the Sri Lankan government, resulting in Mannar District being a Muslim plurality district.[17]

Politics and government

Local government

DS Divisions of Mannar District, 2006

Mannar District has 5 local authorities of which one is an Urban Council and the remaining 4 are Divisional Councils (Pradesha Sabhai or Pradeshiya Sabha).[10]

Local Authority Area
(km2)
[10]		 Population
(2011)
[16]		 Registered
Electors
(2011)		 Elected Members
(2011)
TNA[lower-alpha 5]UPFASLMCTotal
Mannar Divisional Council189.3525,39324,6585229
Mannar Urban Council27.8522,18315,9795207
Manthai West Divisional Council1,181.3319,39518,70774112
Musali Divisional Council474.748,21213,1511629
Nanaddan Divisional Council256.1020,24716,4216309
Total2,129.3795,43088,9162417546

Economy

Mannar Harbour

Rama's Bridge

Mannar has an ancient port which needs to be expanded into a large harbour like Rameshwaram Harbour. The present 'Sethusamudram Project' by the Indian Government will bring 90% of the shipping traffic very near to the Mannar Harbour.

The strategic advantages derive from obtaining a navigable sea route close to the coast, with a reduction in travel distance of more than 350 nautical miles (650 km) (for larger ships). The project is expected to provide a boost to the economic and industrial development of coastal Tamil Nadu. The project will be of particular significance to Jaffna, Kankesanthurai, Mannar, Point Pedro and Tuticorin harbour. Tuticurin has the potential to transform itself into a nodal port. The Tamil Nadu Government has announced its proposal to develop 13 minor ports, including Ennore, Cuddalore, Nagapattinam, Thondi, Valinokam, Kolachel and Kanyakumari.

Development of the canal and ports is also expected to provide increased maritime security for Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka.

All the other harbours of Sri Lanka will get bypassed by the ships and Indian harbours will be servicing the shipping traffic. As such a hundred million dollar project needs to be started to build a modern harbour in Mannar to compete. The location of such a harbour can be on the northern side and southern side of Mannar as both the sides can cater for deep sea vessels.

The project has been criticized by some environmentalists.[19]

Notes

  1. ↑ Sri Lankan Tamil and Indian Tamil.
  2. ↑ Sri Lankan Moors and Indian Moors.
  3. ↑ 2001 Census was not carried out in Mannar District.
  4. ↑ Roman Catholic and Other Christian.
  5. ↑ Includes TULF.

References

  1. 1 2 "Area of Sri Lanka by province and district" (PDF). Statistical Abstract 2011. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-13.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012". Census of Population & Housing, 2011. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka.
  3. 1 2 "A3 : Population by religion according to districts, 2012". Census of Population & Housing, 2011. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka.
  4. ↑ de Silva, K. M. (1981). A History of Sri Lanka. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. xvii.
  5. ↑ Mills, Lennox A. (1933). Ceylon Under British Rule (1795 - 1932). London: Oxford University Press. pp. 67–68.
  6. ↑ Medis, G. C. (1946). Ceylon Under the British (2nd (revised) ed.). Colombo: The Colombo Apothecaries Co. pp. 39–40.
  7. ↑ Nanayakkara, Ranil P.; Ganehiarachchi, G.A.S. Mangala; Vishvanath, Nilantha; Kusuminda, Thambiliya Godage Tharaka (2015-03-30). "Discovery of the Critically Endangered Tarantula Species of the Genus Poecilotheria (Araneae: Theraphosidae), Poecilotheria hanumavilasumica, From Sri Lanka". Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 8 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.japb.2015.01.002.
  8. ↑ "Critically Endangered Tarantula Links India and Sri Lanka".
  9. ↑ "Discovery of the Critically Endangered Tarantula Species of the Genus Poecilotheria (Araneae: Theraphosidae), Poecilotheria hanumavilasumica, from Sri Lanka".
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Statistical Information 2012". Northern Provincial Council.
  11. ↑ "Land area by province, district and divisional secretariat division" (PDF). Statistical Abstract 2011. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-13.
  12. ↑ "A6 : Population by ethnicity and district according to Divisional Secretary's Division, 2012". Census of Population & Housing, 2011. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka.
  13. ↑ "Up to 100,000 killed in Sri Lanka's civil war: UN". ABC News (Australia). 20 May 2009.
  14. ↑ Harrison, Frances (23 July 2003). "Twenty years on - riots that led to war". BBC News.
  15. ↑ "Statistical Information 2010" (PDF). Northern Provincial Council.
  16. 1 2 "Enumeration of Vital Events 2011 - Northern Province" (PDF). Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka.
  17. 1 2 3 4 https://luppd.gov.lk/images/content_image/downloads/pdf/llrc_mannar.pdf
  18. ↑ "Population by religion and district, Census 1981, 2001" (PDF). Statistical Abstract 2011. Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-11-13.
  19. ↑
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