Good News International Ministries
Logo used on Mackenzie's website
ClassificationNew religious movement
Apocalyptic, anti-Western and anti-Muslim church movement
OrientationBranhamism
LeaderPaul Nthenge Mackenzie (2003–present)
RegionKilifi County, Kenya
FounderPaul Nthenge Mackenzie
Origin2003
Defunct2019 (Mackenzie's claim)
2023 (police claim)
Official websitegoodnewsintlministries.blogspot.com

The Good News International Ministries (GNIM), or Good News International Church, commonly referred to as the Shakahola cult and previously referred to as the Servant P. N. Mackenzie Ministries, is a new religious movement which was based in Shakahola, Kilifi County, Kenya, and was founded by Paul Nthenge Mackenzie and his first wife in 2003.[1]

GNIM attracted international attention in April 2023 when it was revealed that Mackenzie had allegedly instructed members to starve themselves en masse to "meet Jesus," which has resulted in the deaths of over 400 people.[2] The group, widely described[3] as a cult,[1][4][5] is adamantly anti-Western, with amenities such as health care, education, and sports being dismissed as "evils of western life" and with Mackenzie condemning the United States, the United Nations, and the Catholic Church as "tools of Satan". The group also devotes much of its teachings to the end times. They are purportedly followers of the End-Time Message of William Branham.[4][6] Homicide detectives working on the case alleged the group was radicalized by Branham's teachings, leading to their deaths.[7] The group has been described as a doomsday cult.[8]

Mackenzie founded the GNIM in 2003 and accumulated a sizable following, largely due to convincing his followers that he could speak directly with God.[9] Beginning in the late 2010s, Mackenzie's church began to receive a renewed wave of scrutiny regarding the internal practices of the organization.[10] In 2017, Mackenzie and his wife faced several charges relating to the church. He was chastised for inciting students to abandon their education after denouncing it as "ungodly", as well as radicalizing and denying medical care to the children afterwards; several children died as a result and, in 2017, 93 children were rescued by government authorities from the group.[11] After another arrest in 2019, he departed Malindi and headed to the Shakahola forest, where the mass starvation occurred in 2023.

MacKenzie did not join his followers in the mass starvation, in fact, a dietary menu was found on the wall in one of the special houses in the forest believed to be his resting room. He is currently under police custody as the process of exhuming the bodies continues.[12] Police authorities claimed that some bodies were missing organs, and believed they were being harvested and sold.[13][14] However, this claim was refuted by Interior Cabinet Secretary Kithure Kindiki on 10 May.[15] As of 8 May, autopsies performed on 112 of the exhumed bodies ruled out the possibility of organ harvesting.[16]

History

GNIM was founded in 2003[17] by Paul Nthenge Mackenzie, as a small church.[18] Before the founding, Mackenzie worked as a taxi driver in Nairobi from 1997 to 2003, during which he was charged four times for his sermons but was acquitted due to lack of evidence.[19] When the church began to prosper, he moved to Migingo Village in Malindi. Mackenzie was able to amass a large following, largely via convincing his congregation that he could personally communicate with God.[20]

In 2016, according to unconfirmed reports, a member of the group sold their property on the island of Lamu to Mackenzie for 20 million KSh and then gave the money to Mackenzie. The preacher allegedly used this money to purchase property in the cities of Mombasa and Malindi as well as two vehicles, and to fund a television station to broadcast his message. This move by certain followers convinced several other members to follow suit, selling their properties and giving money to the church.[20]

In 2017, Mackenzie and his second wife, Joyce Mwikamba (1981–2018),[21] were charged with promoting radicalization, but later declared innocent,[22] as well as denying children access to health care and education and running an unauthorized school and television station; the latter precipitated the closure of the television station the following year by the Kenya Film Classification Board.[23][24][25] Several children died as a result of the lack of health care, and in 2017, government authorities rescued 93 children from Mackenzie's church.[6] In 2018, he was criticised by community leaders including the then-Malindi MP, Aisha Jumwa,[26] and other activists[27][28] for inciting children to drop out of school, often without parental consent.[29] Mackenzie was acquitted in one of two criminal cases related to these charges on 29 October 2021, while the other was dropped.[30][31] He is set to have a preliminary hearing on 26 June 2023 in a case that involves incitement to disobedience of the law, being in possession and distributing films to the public which had not been examined and classified by the Kenya Film Classification Board and operating a filming studio and producing films without a valid filming license from the board.[30][32]

In 2019, Mackenzie was arrested for inciting the public against registration for Huduma Namba by likening it to the mark of the beast.[33] A number of other church leaders shared Mackenzie's position at that time.[34][35] He was also accused of brainwashing and abducting children to join his group.[25] It was after this incident that he closed his church in Migingo and moved to the remote location in Shakahola.[20] Mackenzie claimed that GNIM had been shut down completely, but the British Broadcasting Corporation reported that his sermons continued after this date.[36]

Teachings

According to the group's website and news media reports, GNIM has been influenced by the End-Time Message of William Branham, an informal global network of churches that emerged from Oneness Pentecostalism.[6][4][37] Investigators uncovered booklets of Branham's teachings at the commune which were pictured in a news broadcast.[38][39] Serpent seed is often asserted as descended from Wesley Swift's Christian Identity theology, though that is not exactly the case. Really, the "serpent seed" ideology is the predecessor of the "dual seed" rhetoric that informs Christian Identity. Though, not all adherents are aware of its racial origins, the leaders still implement the teaching in such a way that it prevents racial mixing and enforces racial segregation.[40][41]

Mackenzie's teachings have been described as placing a profound emphasis on end-time doomsday warnings. Mackenzie's message was also anti-Western, and he railed against such "evils of western life" as medical services, education, food, sports, music, and "the uselessness of life". In a song titled "The Antichrist", he denounced the Catholic Church, the United States, and the United Nations as tools of Satan.[20]

One media report alleged that he predicted that the world would end on 15 April 2023.[42]

While a majority of the group's adherents have been Kenyans, some were originally from Tanzania, Uganda, and Nigeria.[43]

Mass starvation

In the early weeks of April 2023, a man contacted the police after his wife and daughter left Nairobi to join Mackenzie's remote commune in Kilifi County and did not return. When police entered the community to investigate, they discovered emaciated people and shallow graves. Fifteen members of the group were rescued by police; they stated that they had been ordered to starve themselves to death to "meet Jesus". The 15 followers were in poor condition, and four died before they reached a hospital.[44]

Over the following three weeks, police searched the 800-acre (3.2 km2) commune, finding more shallow graves and additional survivors who were starving to death. The first bodies recovered from the graves were mostly children. One of the graves was believed by police to contain the bodies of five members of the same family – three children and their parents. One of the graves had up to six people inside it. Another grave had 12 children in it. Some of the bodies were not buried. Authorities also discovered a number of other emaciated individuals, including one who had been buried alive for three days and was later taken to a hospital for treatment. Local authorities began requesting assistance from other jurisdictions to help with efforts at the commune. Authorities believed that an unknown number of missing people were still hiding in the forest on the commune and evading authorities while continuing to fast. Authorities reported that members of the commune were actively trying to hinder their efforts to find survivors.[24][42][45][46]

According to testimonies to police, Mackenzie told his followers "the fast would count only if they gathered together, and offered them his farm as a fasting venue. They were not to mingle with anyone from the 'outside' world if they wanted to go to heaven and were to destroy all documents given by the government, including national IDs and birth certificates."[47] On 26 May, Interior Cabinet Secretary Kithure Kindiki said that Mackenzie hired criminals armed with crude weapons to kill followers who changed their minds about fasting and wanted out, as well as those who took too long to die.[48]

133 deaths were reported as of 10 May 2023,[49] including eight who were rescued but later died.[31] The majority of deaths were of children, with women being the next largest group, according to Kindiki.[50] He additionally stated that not all deaths were by starvation, saying that "there were other methods used, including hurting them, just by physical and preliminary observations."[50] Autopsies conducted on more than 100 bodies showed that the victims died of starvation, strangulation, suffocation and blunt trauma.[51] The Kenyan Red Cross reported on 30 April that 410 individuals, including 227 minors, were missing.[52][53] As of 2 August, the total number of reported deaths was 427,[54] and the number of those reported missing was at least 613. As of 15 June, 95 had been rescued.[55][56][57][58] On 25 May, local news outlet K24TV noted that "The exact number of people who perished in the massacre might never be known following reports that there are instances where bodies were plunged in random deep pit latrines scattered in the expansive Chakama ranch where cult leader Paul Mackenzie led an unknown number of his followers."[59] On September 18 The Nation reported that a total of 429 bodies had been exhumed from Shakahola Forest, and that "The latest data indicates that 214 died from starvation, 39 from asphyxia, 14 from head injury, while 115 remain unascertained, and others from other causes."[60] On 28 September The Standard reported that "A multi-agency team…has exhumed more than 450 bodies suspected to be followers of Pastor Paul Makenzi’s church."[61]

On 24 April, search teams had to stop digging for bodies until autopsies were completed on the first 90 bodies that were found because the Malindi Sub-County Hospital's morgue was running out of space to store the bodies.[46] On 28 April, it was reported that heavy rain was slowing rescue and recovery efforts.[62] "Mackenzie brainwashed his converts using William Branham's End of Days Theology, and convinced them that starvation could hasten their escape from this life to be with Jesus," detectives from the homicide unit said.[7]

Mackenzie, his third wife Rhoda Mumbua Maweu and 16 other members of his church were arrested by authorities and were being held in police custody as of 7 May 2023.[63] Mackenzie was denied bail on 10 May. As of 14 June, the total number of those arrested was 36. They have been charged with murder and terrorism-related offenses.[64][55][42][51][65]

Police authorities claimed that some of the bodies were missing organs, which "raised suspicions of forced harvesting".[13][14][66] However, on 10 May, Kindiki refuted these assertions as "politicization of the probe into the massacre," and advised the public to "treat it [allegedly missing body parts] as rumours. People who have facts are those on the ground not those in offices."[67][68][69] As of 8 May, autopsies performed on 112 of the exhumed bodies ruled out the possibility of organ harvesting.[16]

On 12 June, 65 victims were arraigned for attempted suicide. In Kenya, suicide is a misdemeanor, and is punishable by up to two years in prison. Roseline Odede, chairperson of the Kenya National Commission on Human Rights, criticized the attempted suicide charges, saying that "Charging the survivors with attempted suicide is inappropriate and will retraumatize the survivors at a time when they most desperately require empathy, intense psycho-social assistance, rehabilitation, and community support." According to the Citizen Digital news service, "The prosecution made an application to have them remanded in prison because the rescue centre can no longer hold them. They are also set to undergo a mental and medical assessment and be forced to eat in prison."[55][70][71]

On 3 July, the Shanzu Magistrate Court released Mackenzie's wife, Rhoda Maweu, on a personal bond of KSH 100,000 (US$711) with a surety bond of KSH 300,000 (US$2,131). In his ruling, Shanzu Senior Principal Magistrate Yusuf Shikanda said the state had failed to prove why Maweu should continue being held with the other accused persons. Rhoda Maweu had been in custody for 62 days.[72] The court also ruled Mackenzie and the 16 co-accused to remain in custody for another 30 days.[73]

In January 2024, the court granted another fourteen days of detention for Mackenzie and several alleged accomplices, but warned that if he had not been charged by that time he could be released. Magistrate Shikanda noted that Mackenzie had been in custody for 117 days, one of the longest detentions without charge in Kenyan history.[74]

Reactions

Kenyan President William Ruto said Mackenzie's beliefs were contrary to authentic religion.[75][76] Ruto also said "Mr Mackenzie, who acts as a pastor, is in fact a terrible criminal. Terrorists use religion to advance their heinous acts. People like Mackenzie are using religion to do exactly the same thing," the Head of State said, adding that the cult leader and others like him should be in jail."[77] He appointed a commission of inquiry into the deaths and created a task force to review the regulations governing religious organizations.[42]

Interior Cabinet Secretary Kithure Kindiki said, "This horrendous blight on our conscience must lead not only to the most severe punishment of the perpetrator(s) of the atrocity on so many innocent souls, but tighter regulation (including self-regulation) of every church, mosque, temple or synagogue going forward."[44]

Second suspected Malindi cult

A second pastor, also based in Malindi, was arrested a few days after the Mackenzie starvation incident occurred. Authorities said Ezekiel Odero, pastor of New Life Prayer Centre and Church in Mavueni, Kilifi County, would soon face criminal charges relating to the mass killing of his own followers.[78] Several deaths were recorded at his church between 2022 and 2023, and police believe those bodies may have been moved to Shakahola Forest.[79] Over 103 followers were evacuated from the church premises and will be expected to give statements. As of 27 April police had not yet confirmed whether the two groups are linked.[78]

Church deregistration

On 18th August, the Registrar of Societies in Kenya deregistered Good News International Ministries as part of government's crackdown on unscrupulous churches.[80][81]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Kenyan authorities find 39 bodies during investigation of religious cult leader". PBS NewsHour. 23 April 2023. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  2. ↑ "Shakahola death toll climbs to 372 after 12 more bodies exhumed". 12 July 2023.
  3. ↑ "Is it a cult?".
  4. 1 2 3 Dickson, Wakesa (23 April 2023). "Kilifi Cult: Police so far discover 58 shallow graves". Mandy News. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2023.
  5. ↑ Obulutsa, George; Shirbon, Estelle (25 April 2023). "Kenya hunger cult deaths reach 89, minister prays survivors will 'tell the story'". Reuters. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  6. 1 2 3 Wampui, Peninah (24 April 2023). "11 Things you didn't know about Shakahola Pastor Mackenzie". Mpasho News. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  7. 1 2 Njoka, Sophia (27 April 2023). "Mackenzie: Cult leader who led legions to death". Peoples Daily. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  8. ↑ "Kenya cult: Children targeted to die first, pastor says". BBC News. 14 May 2023.
  9. ↑ "About Us". Good News Ministries. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  10. ↑ "PRESS STATEMENT – PASTOR PAUL MACKENZIE". 27 April 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  11. ↑ Okwembah, Nehemiah. "Controversial preacher to close down church". The Standard. Archived from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  12. ↑ Kimeu, Caroline (2 May 2023). "Kenyan cult leader accused of inciting children to starve to death". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  13. 1 2 Nation. Africa (9 May 2023). "Some of the Shakahola cult victims had their organs missing". The Citizen. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  14. 1 2 "Autopsies reveal missing organs in Kenya cult deaths, say police". The Guardian. 9 May 2023. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  15. ↑ Kithi, Marion. "Kindiki dismisses police report on Shakahola body organs trade". The Standard. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  16. 1 2 "Autopsies rule out organ harvesting in Kenya cult deaths". Africa News. 8 May 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  17. ↑ "How did we get here? Questions arise over Malindi cult that has been operating since 2003". Citizen Digital. 22 April 2023. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  18. ↑ "'I started a church with Mackenzie, then he ruined our lives': Tale of fight for church and the rise of a cult leader". Nation. 2 May 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  19. ↑ Benard Sanga; Nehemiah Okwembah. "Stalled case of pastor in cult-like deaths exposes cracks in justice system". The Standard. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Lisimba, Hillary (24 April 2023). "Rise of Pst MacKenzie who 'speaks directly to God' to infamous death cult leader". Tuko.co.ke – Kenya news. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  21. ↑ https://twitter.com/ntvkenya/status/1658552153064067078
  22. ↑ "Controversial Malindi televangelist & his wife released by court". YouTube. 17 October 2017.
  23. ↑ Lwanga, Charles (2 October 2017). "Cleric in extreme teachings case detained". Nation. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  24. 1 2 Achieng, Serfine (20 April 2023). "Malindi Cult: Shock As 12 More Graves Discovered, Number Rises To 27". Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  25. 1 2 "Couple accuses pastor of holding their four sons". The Standard. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  26. ↑ Lwanga, Charles (31 December 2018). "Aisha Jumwa threatens to storm Good News Church". Nation. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  27. ↑ Lwanga, Charles (9 October 2018). "Malindi residents want church opposed to education closed". Nation. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  28. ↑ Mhubiri matatani kwa mahubiri yake #SemaNaCitizen. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  29. ↑ Polisi huko wamtia mbaroni kasisi Paul Makenzi,Anafunza waumini kuwa elimu rasmi ni dhambi. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  30. 1 2 Owino, Winfrey (27 April 2023). "Previous criminal cases against Pastor Paul Mackenzie and Good News International". The Standard (Kenya). Archived from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  31. 1 2 "As cult deaths top 100, second Kenyan pastor arrested over 'mass killings'". ABC News (Australia). 27 April 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  32. ↑ "Judiciary releases the status of Paul Mackenzie pending Court Cases". Kenya News Agency. 28 April 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  33. ↑ Lwanga, Charles (19 April 2019). "Pastor Paul Makenzi in trouble again". Nation. Archived from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.
  34. ↑ "Mombasa church curses 'satanic' Huduma Namba". The Star. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
  35. ↑ "Kenya: Pastor Sells Off Property for Fear of 'Satanic' Huduma Namba". 23 April 2019.
  36. ↑ "Pastor Paul Mackenzie: What did the starvation cult leader preach?". BBC News. 10 May 2023.
  37. ↑ "About Us". Good News Ministries. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  38. ↑ "Number of graves discovered rise to 24 in Shakahola Village". DW News. 24 April 2023. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  39. ↑ Bias, Sarkar (24 April 2023). "39 bodies found on Paul Makenzi, Kenya pastor's land, followers allegedly 'fasted to death'". SpielNews. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  40. ↑ Collins, John (25 April 2023). "Malindi Cult Covertly Spreading White Supremacy in Kenya". William Branham Historical Research. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  41. ↑ Vives, Lisa (15 May 2023). "Doomsday Cult in Kenya Had White Supremacist Roots". Global Information Network. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  42. 1 2 3 4 Kenya starvation cult death toll climbs to 201, Al Jazeera
  43. ↑ "Shocking Cult Starvation Massacre in Kenya Leaves 95 Dead, Hundreds Missing". 27 April 2023. Archived from the original on 30 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  44. 1 2 "Number of bodies exhumed from suspected Kenyan cult graves jumps to 47". Hindustan Times. 24 April 2023. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  45. ↑ Fiorillo, Chiara (14 April 2023). "Four cult members starve to death in Kenyan forest after 'fasting to meet Jesus'". The Mirror. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  46. 1 2 "Kenya starvation cult death toll hits 90 as morgues fill up: 'Nothing prepares you for shallow mass graves of children'". CBS News. AFP. 25 April 2023. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023.
  47. ↑ Akello, Immaculate (25 April 2023). "Why did 73 Kenyan cult members starve to death?". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 25 April 2023. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
  48. ↑ Kindiki: Makenzi hired armed gangs to kill followers who backed out of starving plan or took too long to die
  49. ↑ "More bodies found in search for Kenyan forest death cult followers". Reuters. 9 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  50. 1 2 Mersie, Ayenat (28 April 2023). "Children account for majority of Kenyan cult deaths, interior minister says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
  51. 1 2 Kenya cult death toll rises to 200; more than 600 reported missing, CBS News
  52. ↑ Kimeu, Caroline (30 April 2023). "'We tried to stop her': Kenyan teenager tells how cult starved his mother". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  53. ↑ Wangira, Dorcas (1 May 2023). "Kenya starvation cult: 'My wife and six children followed Pastor Mackenzie'". BBC News. Archived from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2023.
  54. ↑ "Two unborn babies raise Shakahola deaths to 427".
  55. 1 2 3 More Than 300 Dead After Kenyan Doomsday Cult Leader Asked Followers to Starve to 'Meet Jesus.' Here's What We Know
  56. ↑ Shakahola cult: 613 people reported to be missing
  57. ↑ Shakahola horror: 3 people rescued, 10 more bodies exhumed
  58. ↑ "Shakahola cult: Record number of bodies exhumed, total now 179". Nation. 12 May 2023. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  59. ↑ Shakahola tragedy: Kindiki to oversee postmortem of 129 bodies
  60. ↑ "Shakahola cult: State seeks to detain Mackenzie, 29 others for 180 more days". 18 September 2023.
  61. ↑ "PS Omollo: Shakahola operation to end soon".
  62. ↑ Kithi, Marion (28 April 2023). "360 people reported missing as heavy rains disrupt Shakahola operation". The Standard. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  63. ↑ "Shakahola cult: Paul Mackenzie, his wife and 16 followers held 5 more days". Nation. 5 May 2023. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
  64. ↑ Shakahola death toll hits 318 as 15 more bodies exhumed
  65. ↑ Shakahola cult: 22 more bodies exhumed, exercise suspended for 2 days
  66. ↑ "Autopsies reveal missing organs in Kenya cult deaths, say police". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 9 May 2023. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 May 2023.
  67. ↑ Kithi, Marion. "Kindiki dismisses police report on Shakahola body organs trade". The Standard. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
  68. ↑ "Shakahola Victims Have All Body Organs". Tuko. 10 May 2023.
  69. ↑ "Keep off Shakahola forest, CS Kindiki bans politicians". The Standard. 9 May 2023. Retrieved 23 May 2023.
  70. ↑ 65 Shakahola victims arraigned for attempted suicide
  71. ↑ Shakahola Cult: 65 Survivors Charged With Attempted Suicide
  72. ↑ "Mackenzie's wife granted sh 400000 bond in Shakahola deaths case". The Star Newspaper.
  73. ↑ "Cult leaders wife freed on bail in Kenya". BBC.
  74. ↑ Munene, Martin (9 January 2024). "Court Gives Gov't 14 Days To Prosecute Paul Mackenzie Or He Be Released". The Citizen.
  75. ↑ Holland, Hereward (24 April 2023). "Death toll in Kenyan starvation cult rises to 73 – police". Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  76. ↑ "Ruto speaks on Shakahola cult: 'Paul Mackenzie belongs in jail'". Nation. 24 April 2023. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
  77. ↑ "Ruto speaks on Shakahola cult: 'Paul Mackenzie belongs in jail'". Nation. 24 April 2023. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 18 July 2023.
  78. 1 2 "Second Kenyan pastor accused of mass killing of followers". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 27 April 2023. Archived from the original on 27 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023.
  79. ↑ Mersie, Ayenat (28 April 2023). "More than 100 died at a religious cult in Kenya. The majority are children, says minister". CBC News. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
  80. ↑ "Kenya bans churches linked to cult deaths". The Citizen. 18 August 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
  81. ↑ "State deregisters Mackenzie, Pastor Ezekiel's churches". Nation. 19 August 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2023.
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