Luby's shooting
Part of mass shootings in the United States and violence against women in the United States
Location of Killeen, Texas
LocationKilleen, Texas, U.S.
Coordinates31°05′37″N 97°43′26″W / 31.09361°N 97.72389°W / 31.09361; -97.72389
DateOctober 16, 1991 (1991-10-16)
12:39–12:51 p.m.[1]
TargetCustomers and staff at a Luby's cafeteria, particularly women; first responders
Attack type
Mass shooting, mass murder, murder-suicide, shootout, femicide, vehicle ramming attack
WeaponsSemi-automatic pistols:
Deaths24 (including the perpetrator)
Injured27
PerpetratorGeorge Hennard
MotiveMisogyny

The Luby's shooting, also known as the Luby's massacre, was a mass shooting that took place on October 16, 1991, at a Luby's Cafeteria in Killeen, Texas. The perpetrator, George Hennard, drove his pickup truck through the front window of the restaurant before opening fire, killing 23 people and wounding 27 others. Hennard had a brief shootout with police in which he was seriously wounded but refused their orders to surrender and eventually killed himself.

The shooting was the deadliest mass shooting in modern U.S. history, until it was surpassed in 2007 by the Virginia Tech shooting.[2][3]

Incident

On October 16, 1991, 35-year-old George Hennard, an unemployed former merchant seaman, drove a blue 1987 Ford Ranger pickup truck through the plate-glass front window of a Luby's Cafeteria in Killeen, Texas, at 12:39 p.m. October 16 was Boss's Day, and the cafeteria was unusually crowded with around 150 people.[4][5] Hennard then began firing from inside the truck while holding Glock 17 and Ruger P89 pistols;[6][7][8] the first victim was veterinarian Michael Griffith.[9] Hennard exited the truck and yelled, "All women of Killeen and Belton are vipers! This is what you've done to me and my family! This is what Bell County did to me ... this is payback day!"[10][11] He then opened fire on the patrons and staff with both pistols.[11] Hennard then circled around the cafeteria, selectively picking his victims. Hennard said "You bitch" to a woman before fatally shooting her.[11]

Hennard saw another woman hiding underneath a bench near the serving line and said, "Hiding from me, bitch?" before shooting her dead. Hennard then approached Steve Ernst, who was hiding underneath a table before shooting him. Ernst then rolled over, holding his stomach.[11] The shooter then approached a woman with a crying baby. He barked at the woman, saying, "You with the baby. Get out before I change my mind." The woman ran out, holding the baby in her arms. After the woman left, Hennard shot Ernst's wife in the arm, which went clean through and instead killed 70-year-old Venice Ellen Henehan, Ernst's mother-in-law.[11]

During a brief lull in the shooting, Hennard approached the table of 28-year-old Tommy Vaughan in the rear of the cafeteria.[11] Huddled on the floor beside a window, Vaughan threw himself through the window, creating an escape route for others. Dozens of people pushed, shoved, and knocked each other down as they made their escape.[11] By the time police arrived a few minutes later, a third of the victims had managed to escape.[11][12][13]

Hennard reloaded at least three times before police arrived and engaged in a brief shootout. Wounded twice, he retreated to an area between the two bathrooms (people were hiding in these bathrooms and had blocked their doors). Police repeatedly ordered Hennard to surrender, but he refused, saying, "No, I'm going to kill more people."[14] Hennard was shot twice more by police, in the abdomen. Having depleted ammunition for one of his weapons and his injuries growing more severe, he fatally shot himself in the head with the final bullet.[8][5] He had shot and killed 23 people—10 of them with single shots to the head at point blank range—and wounded another 27.[8][15]

Deaths

Victims of the shootings were:[1][16][7][11]

Name Age Hometown
Patricia Carney57Belton
Jimmie Caruthers48Austin
Kriemhild Davis62Killeen
Steven Dody43Copperas Cove/Fort Cavazos
Alphonse "Al" Gratia71Copperas Cove
Ursula Gratia67Copperas Cove
Debra Gray33Copperas Cove
Michael Griffith48Copperas Cove
Venice Henehan70Metz, Missouri
Clodine Humphrey63Marlin
Sylvia King30Killeen
Zona Lynn65Marlin
Connie Peterson41Austin
Ruth Pujol55Copperas Cove
Su-Zann Rashott36Copperas Cove
John Romero, Jr.29Copperas Cove
Thomas Simmons33Copperas Cove
Glen Arval Spivey55Harker Heights
Nancy Stansbury44Harker Heights
Olgica Taylor45Waco
James Welsh75Waco
Lula Welsh75Waco
Iva Juanita Williams64Temple

Perpetrator

George Hennard
Born
George Pierre Hennard

(1956-10-15)October 15, 1956
Sayre, Pennsylvania, U.S.
DiedOctober 16, 1991(1991-10-16) (aged 35)
Killeen, Texas, U.S.
Cause of deathSuicide by gunshot
EducationMayfield High School
OccupationUnemployed

George Pierre Hennard was born on October 15, 1956, in Sayre, Pennsylvania, into a wealthy family.[11] Hennard was the son of a Swiss-born surgeon and a homemaker.[17] He had two younger siblings, brother Alan and sister Desiree.[18] Since the age of 5, Hennard and his family moved across the country as his father worked at several army hospitals.[11] Hennard's family later moved to New Mexico, where his father worked at the White Sands Missile Range near Las Cruces. After graduating from Mayfield High School in 1974, he enlisted in the U.S. Navy and served for three years, until he was honorably discharged.[19] Hennard later worked as a merchant mariner, but was dismissed for drug use.[6] Several months later, Hennard enrolled in a drug treatment program in Houston.[11]

Early in the investigation of the massacre, the Killeen police chief said that Hennard "had an evident problem with women for some reason".[6] After his parents divorced in 1983, his father moved to Houston, and his mother moved to Henderson, Nevada. The Glock 17 and Ruger P89 9mm pistols which Hennard used were purchased in February 1991 at Mike's Gun House, a gun shop in Henderson, Nevada.[10]

Hennard had begun to work at several different jobs, including construction crews in South Dakota and Killeen, while living part-time in Nevada with his mother. In Texas, he lived in a redbrick colonial home in Belton that his family had purchased in 1980 shortly after moving to Fort Hood.[11]

Hennard had stalked two women, sisters 23-year-old Jill Fritz and 19-year-old Jana Jemigan, who lived two blocks away from him in his neighborhood.[11] He sent them a five-page letter in June, part of which said: "Please give me the satisfaction of someday laughing in the face of all those mostly white treacherous female vipers from those two towns [Killeen and Belton] who tried to destroy me and my family" and "You think the three of us can get together some day?"[11][5] He also wrote that he was "truly flattered knowing I have two teenage groupie fans".[20]

Possible motive

Hennard was described as reclusive and belligerent, with an explosive temper. He was discharged from the Merchant Marine on May 11, 1989[7][10] for possession of marijuana and racial incidents. That same month, Hennard's seaman papers were suspended after he had a racial argument with another shipmate.[11] Numerous reports included accounts of Hennard's expressed hatred of women.[1][6][8] An ex-roommate of his said, "He hated blacks and Hispanics. He said women were snakes and always had derogatory remarks about them, especially after fights with his mother."[8] Survivors of the shootings later said Hennard had passed over men to shoot women. Fifteen of the 23 murder victims (65%) were women, as were many of the wounded. He called two of the victims a "bitch" before shooting them.[8]

In 1990, Hennard called Isaiah (Ike) R. Williams, a port agent for the national maritime union in Wilmington, California, stating that he needed a letter of recommendation to regain his papers and rejoin the Merchant Marine. "I don't recall having given him one," Williams claimed. Hennard had learned in mid-February that his attempt to be reinstated had been denied.[21] Several months later, he entered a drug-treatment program in Houston.[7][11]

Around two months before the shooting, Hennard entered a convenience store in Belton to buy breakfast. Mary Mead, the clerk of the store, claimed that Hennard had leaned over the counter and said, "I want you to tell everybody, if they don't quit messing around my house, something awful is going to happen."[7]

A week and a half before the shooting, Hennard collected his paycheck at a concrete company in Copperas Cove and announced he was quitting. Hennard also wondered aloud what would happen if he killed someone. "He got to talking about some of the people in Belton and certain women that had given him problems," coworker Bubba Hawkins claimed. "And he kept saying, 'Watch and see, watch and see'."[11]

On his 35th birthday, October 15, 1991, Hennard spoke with his mother on the phone. Later that evening, while eating a cheeseburger and french fries outside of Belton, Hennard had a sudden outburst of rage as he watched television coverage of Clarence Thomas's confirmation hearings. "When an interview with Anita Hill came on, he just went off," manager Bill Stringer said. "He started screaming, 'You bitch! You bastards opened the door for all the women!'"[11]

Aftermath

The pink granite memorial listing the 23 dead

An anticrime bill was scheduled for a vote in the U.S. House of Representatives the day after the massacre. Some of the Hennard victims had been constituents of Rep. Chet Edwards, and in response, he abandoned his opposition to a gun control provision that was part of the bill.[22][23] The provision, which did not pass, would have banned some weapons and magazines like one used by Hennard.[22]

Families of deceased victims, survivors, and policemen received counseling for grief, shock, and stress.[11]

The Texas State Rifle Association and others preferred that the state allow its citizens to carry concealed weapons.[22] Democratic Governor Ann Richards vetoed such bills, but in 1995, her Republican successor, George W. Bush, signed one into force.[24] The law had been campaigned for by Suzanna Hupp, who was present at the massacre; both of her parents, Alphonse "Al" Gratia and Ursula "Suzy" Gratia, were killed by Hennard.[25] She later testified that she would have liked to have had her .38 revolver,[10] but said, "It was a hundred feet away in my car." (She had feared that if she was caught carrying it she might lose her chiropractor's license.)[23] Hupp testified across the country in support of concealed handgun laws, and was elected to the Texas House of Representatives in 1996.[26]

A pink granite memorial stands behind the Killeen Community Center with the date of the event and the names of those killed.

Present site

The restaurant reopened five months after the massacre, but closed permanently on September 9, 2000.[27] In 2006, a buffet called "Yank Sing" occupied the former Luby's. The restaurant remains open as of October 2023.[28]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Jankowski, Philip (October 16, 2011). "Survivors reflect on Oct. 16, 1991, Luby's shooting". Killeen Daily Herald. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
  2. ↑ Mass Murderers. True Crime. Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books. 1993. ISBN 978-0783500041. Retrieved December 3, 2015. huberty.
  3. ↑ "Deadliest Mass Shootings in Modern US History Fast Facts". CNN. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
  4. ↑ Hart, Lianne; Wood, Tracy (October 17, 1991). "23 Shot Dead at Texas Cafeteria". Los Angeles Times. p. 1.
  5. 1 2 3 Hayes, Thomas C. (October 17, 1991). "Gunman Kills 22 and Himself in Texas Cafeteria". The New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2007.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Kennedy, J. Michael; Serrano, Richard A. (October 18, 1991). "Police May Never Learn What Motivated Gunman: Massacre: Hennard was seen as reclusive, belligerent. Officials are looking into possibility he hated women". Los Angeles Times. p. 1.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Terry, Don (1991-10-18). "Portrait of Texas Killer: Impatient and Troubled". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chin, Paula (November 4, 1991). "A Texas Massacre". People. 36 (17). Retrieved January 13, 2012.
  9. ↑ Spellman, Jim (November 9, 2009). "Fort Hood attack stirs painful memories for '91 massacre survivor". CNN. Retrieved June 23, 2015.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "The Luby's Cafeteria Massacre of 1991 Crime Magazine". crimemagazine.com. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 "A Texas Massacre". People. Retrieved 2021-06-03.
  12. ↑ Woodbury, Richard (October 28, 1991). "Crime: Ten Minutes in Hell". Time. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
  13. ↑ Dawson, Carol (1 January 2010). House of Plenty: The Rise, Fall, and Revival of Luby's Cafeterias. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. pp. 176–177. ISBN 978-0-292-78234-1.
  14. ↑ Blankenship, Kyle (October 15, 2016). "25 Years Later: Memories of Luby's shooting fade but don't die". Killeen Daily Herald. Retrieved January 24, 2023.
  15. ↑ Stone, Michael H.; Brucato, Gary (2019). The New Evil: Understanding the Emergence of Modern Violent Crime. Amherst, New York: Prometheus. pp. 44–45.
  16. ↑ "Victims of the Texas Cafeteria Massacre With AM-Cafeteria Massacre". Associated Press. October 19, 1991. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
  17. ↑ Dawson, Carol (1 January 2010). House of Plenty: The Rise, Fall, and Revival of Luby's Cafeterias. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-292-78234-1.
  18. ↑ "A Texas Massacre – Vol. 36 No. 17". people.com. 1991-11-04. Retrieved 2016-11-04.
  19. ↑ "Texas massacre had eerie link to movie 'The Fisher King'". NY Daily News. Retrieved 2016-11-04.
  20. ↑ Kennedy, J. Michael; Serrano, Richard A. (October 18, 1991). "Police May Never Learn What Motivated Gunman: Massacre: Hennard was seen as reclusive, belligerent. Officials are looking into possibility he hated women". Los Angeles Times. p. 2.
  21. ↑ Terry, Don (October 18, 1991). "Portrait of Texas Killer: Impatient and Troubled". The New York Times.
  22. 1 2 3 Douglas, Carlyle C. (October 20, 1991). "Dead: 23 Texans and 1 Anti-Gun Measure". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2008.
  23. 1 2 Kopel, David B. (2012). "Killeen, Texas, Massacre". In Carter, Gregg Lee (ed.). Guns in American Society. Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. pp. 648–650. ISBN 978-0-313-38671-8.
  24. ↑ Duggan, Paul (March 16, 2000). "Gun-Friendly Governor". Washington Post. Retrieved June 22, 2015.
  25. ↑ Ruddy, Jim (1992). "The Luby's Massacre – Interview with Suzanna Gratia Hupp (1992)". Texas Archive of the Moving Image. Retrieved 2018-10-25.
  26. ↑ "National Advisory Committee on Violence Against Women, Biographical Information" (PDF). justice.gov. June 19, 2006. p. 5. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
  27. ↑ "Luby's in Killeen, Texas, site of 1991 massacre, closes its doors". CNN. Associated Press. September 11, 2000. Archived from the original on April 23, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2017.
  28. ↑ Nathan, Robert (October 15, 2006). "Luby's tragedy: 15 years later". Killeen Daily Herald.
  29. ↑ Kennedy, J. Michael; Serrano, Richard A. (October 18, 1991). "Police May Never Learn What Motivated Gunman: Massacre: Hennard was seen as reclusive, belligerent. Officials are looking into possibility he hated women". Los Angeles Times. p. 3.

Further reading

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