Louvre Pyramid
Pyramide du Louvre (French)
The Louvre Pyramid in 2012
General information
Town or cityParis
CountryFrance
Coordinates48°51′39.6″N 02°20′09.1″E / 48.861000°N 2.335861°E / 48.861000; 2.335861
Completed1989
Design and construction
Architect(s)I. M. Pei

The Louvre Pyramid (French: Pyramide du Louvre) is a large glass-and-metal structure designed by the Chinese-American architect I. M. Pei. The pyramid is in the main courtyard (Cour Napoléon) of the Louvre Palace in Paris, surrounded by three smaller pyramids. The large pyramid serves as the main entrance to the Louvre Museum. Completed in 1989 as part of the broader Grand Louvre project,[1][2] it has become a landmark of Paris.

Design and construction

Inside pictures: the view of the Louvre Museum in Paris from the underground lobby of the pyramid.

The Grand Louvre project was announced in 1981 by François Mitterrand, then President of France. In 1983 the Chinese-American architect I. M. Pei was selected as its architect. The pyramid structure was initially designed by Pei in late 1983 and presented to the public in early 1984. Constructed entirely with glass segments and metal poles, it reaches a height of 21.6 metres (71 ft).[3] Its square base has sides of 34 metres (112 ft) and a base surface area of 1,000 square metres (11,000 sq ft).[4] It consists of 603 rhombus-shaped and 70 triangular glass segments.[3] The sides' angle relative to the base is 51.52 degrees, an angle similar to that of Ancient Egyptian pyramids.[5]

The pyramid structure was engineered by Nicolet Chartrand Knoll Ltd. of Montreal (pyramid structure / design consultant) and Rice Francis Ritchie of Paris (pyramid structure / construction phase).[6]

The pyramid and the underground lobby beneath it were created because of deficiencies with the Louvre's earlier layout, which could no longer handle the increasing number of visitors on an everyday basis. Visitors entering through the pyramid descend into the spacious lobby then ascend into the main Louvre buildings.

For design historian Mark Pimlott, "I.M. Pei’s plan distributes people effectively from the central concourse to myriad destinations within its vast subterranean network... the architectonic framework evokes, at gigantic scale, an ancient atrium of a Pompeiian villa; the treatment of the opening above, with its tracery of engineered castings and cables, evokes the atria of corporate office buildings; the busy movement of people from all directions suggests the concourses of rail termini or international airports."[7]

Several other museums and commercial centers have emulated this concept, most notably the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago and Pioneer Place in Portland, designed by Kathie Stone Milano with ELS/Elbasani and Logan, Architects from Berkeley, California. The Dolphin Centre, featuring a similar pyramid, was opened in April 1982, by Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester.[8] The construction work on the pyramid base and underground lobby was carried out by the Vinci construction company.[9]

Aesthetic and political debate over its design

The construction of the pyramid triggered many years of lively aesthetic and political debate.[10] Criticisms tended to fall into four areas:

  1. The modernist style of the edifice being inconsistent with the classic French Renaissance style and history of the Louvre
  2. The pyramid being an unsuitable symbol of death from ancient Egypt
  3. The project being megalomaniacal folly imposed by then-President François Mitterrand
  4. Chinese-American architect I.M. Pei being insufficiently familiar with the culture of France to be entrusted with the task of updating the treasured Parisian landmark.[11]

Those criticizing the aesthetics said it was "sacrilegious" to tamper with the Louvre's majestic old French Renaissance architecture, and called the pyramid an anachronistic intrusion of an Egyptian death symbol in the middle of Paris.[12] Meanwhile, political critics referred to the structure as Pharaoh François' Pyramid.[11] Writing in The Nation, Alexander Cockburn ridiculed Pei's rationale that the structure would help visitors locate the entrance: "What Pei really meant was that in our unfolding fin de siècle, public institutions need an area (...) where rich people can assemble for cocktail parties, banquets and kindred functions, to which the word 'charity' is attached to satisfy bodies such as the IRS."[13] Some still feel the modernism of the edifice is out of place.[14][15][16]

Number of panes

The pyramid has a total of 673 panes, as confirmed by the Louvre,[3] 603 rhombi and 70 triangles. Three sides have 171 panes each: 18 triangular ones on the edges and 153 rhombic ones arranged in a triangle;[17] the fourth side, with the entrance, has nine fewer rhombic and two fewer triangular ones, giving 160.[18] Some commentators report that Pei's office counts 689.[19]

However, a longstanding rumor claims that the pyramid includes exactly 666 panes, "the number of the beast", often associated with Satan. The story of the 666 panes originated in the 1980s, when the official brochure published during construction cited this number twice. The number 666 was also mentioned in various newspapers. One writer on esoteric architecture asserted that "the pyramid is dedicated to a power described as the Beast in the Book of Revelation.... The entire structure is based on the number six."[20]

The myth resurfaced in 2003, with the protagonist of the best-selling novel The Da Vinci Code saying: "this pyramid, at President Mitterrand's explicit demand, had been constructed of exactly 666 panes of glass — a bizarre request that had always been a hot topic among conspiracy buffs who claimed 666 was the number of Satan."[21] In fact, according to Pei's office, Mitterrand never specified the number of panes.[19]

Comparison of approximate profiles of the Louvre Pyramid with other notable pyramidal or near-pyramidal buildings. Dotted lines indicate original heights, where data are available. In its SVG file, hover over a pyramid to highlight and click for its article.

Inverted Pyramid

The Inverted Pyramid (Pyramide Inversée) is a skylight in the Carrousel du Louvre shopping mall in front of the Louvre Museum. It looks like an upside-down and smaller version of the Louvre Pyramid.

Renovation

Designed for a museum that then attracted 4.5 million visitors a year, the pyramid eventually proved inadequate, as the Louvre's attendance had doubled by 2014. Over the next three years, the layout of the foyer area in the Cour Napoleon beneath the glass pyramid underwent a thorough redesign, including better access to the pyramid and the Passage Richelieu.[22]

Pei's other glass pyramids

Prior to designing the Louvre Pyramid, Pei had included smaller glass pyramids in his design for the National Gallery of Art's East Building in Washington, D.C., completed in 1978. Multiple small glass pyramids, along with a fountain, were built in the plaza between the East Building and the pre-existing West Building, acting as a unifying element between the two properties and serving as skylights for the underground atrium that connected the buildings.[23] The same year the Louvre Pyramid opened, Pei included large glass pyramids on the roofs of the IBM Somers Office Complex he designed in Westchester County, New York.[24] Pei returned again to the glass pyramid concept at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, opened in 1995.[24]

Precursor at the Louvre

In 1839, according to one newspaper account, in ceremonies commemorating the July Revolution of 1830, "The tombs of the Louvre were covered with black hangings and adorned with tricolored flags. In front and in the middle was erected an expiatory monument of a pyramidal shape, and surmounted by a funeral vase."[25]

According to the memoirs of the Duke of Sully, a 20 foot high pyramid, which stood opposite the Louvre with only a street between them, was torn down in 1605 because the Jesuits objected to an inscription on a pillar.[26]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Simons, Marlise (28 March 1993). "5 Pieces of Europe's Past Return to Life: France; A vast new exhibition space as the Louvre renovates". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 7 October 2008.
  2. ↑ Calder, Barnabas (23 November 2023). "Louvre Pyramid". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 6 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. 1 2 3 "Architecture: Louvre Pyramid". Glass on the Web. June 2005. Archived from the original on 12 January 2002. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  4. ↑ Official Press Release, Louvre. ""Pyramid" Project Launch: The Musée du Louvre is improving visitor reception (2014-2016)" (PDF). Louvre. p. 10. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 November 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  5. ↑ "Chapter 12: Le Grand Louvre". Archived from the original on 5 June 2023. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  6. ↑ "Grand Louvre: Phase I". Pei Cobb Freed & Partners. Archived from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  7. ↑ Pimlott, Mark (2007). "The Grand Louvre & I.M. Pei". Without and Within: Essays on Territory and the Interior (Excerpt). Rotterdam: Episode Publishers. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2012 – via artdesigncafe.
  8. ↑ Steer, Phil. "Dolphin Centre: Brief History". Romford Now & Then. Archived from the original on 23 November 2011.
  9. ↑ "History". Vinci. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  10. ↑ Tempest, Rone (30 March 1989). "Controversial New Pyramid Entrance to the Louvre Opens in Paris". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  11. 1 2 Bernstein, Richard (24 November 1985). "I.M. Pei's Pyramid: A Provocative Plan for The Louvre". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  12. ↑ Goldberger, Paul (29 March 1989). "Pei Pyramid and New Louvre Open Today". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  13. ↑ Cockburn, Alexander (26 April 1986). "The Private Use of Public Spaces". The Nation.
  14. ↑ Stamberg, Susan. "Landmark At The Louvre: The Pyramid Turns 20". NPR. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.,
  15. ↑ Carbone, Ken (20 April 2009). "Viva Le Louvre! At 20, I.M. Pei's Controversial Pyramid Defies Critics". Fast Company. Mansueto Ventures, LLC. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  16. ↑ Souza, Eduardo (18 November 2010). "AD Classics: Le Grande Louvre / I.M. Pei". Arch Daily. Plataforma Networks Broadcasting Architecture Worldwide. Archived from the original on 28 May 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  17. ↑ the 17th triangular number is
  18. ↑ The Glazing manufucturer, Saint-Gobain, states that there are "675 lozenges and 118 triangles," making 793 total glass panes ("A Raw Diamond Cut From Glass" Archived 1 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine, Saint Gobain website). However, these numbers appear to also include the panes in the three smaller pyramids on the north, east, and south sides of the main pyramid.
  19. 1 2 Secrets of the Code, edited by Dan Burstein, p. 259.
  20. ↑ Dominique Setzepfandt, François Mitterrand, Grand Architecte de l'Univers, 1998, ISBN 290976902X
  21. ↑ Dan Brown. The Da Vinci Code, p. 21.
  22. ↑ Pes, Javier (28 April 2014). "Louvre's Director Makes Unblocking Pyramid Bottleneck a Priority". The Art Newspaper. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  23. ↑ Sveiven, Megan (18 December 2010). "AD Classics: East Building, National Gallery of Art / I.M. Pei". ArchDaily. Archived from the original on 5 December 2022. Retrieved 5 December 2022.
  24. 1 2 "How I.M. Pei—renowned architect who died at 102—reinvented the pyramid". 16 May 2019. Archived from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
  25. ↑ "The Paris Sketch Book Of Mr. M. A. Titmarsh". Project Gutenberg. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  26. ↑ Memoirs of the Duke of Sully, Book 20 vol. 3, published by ULAN Press.
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