Euston
King's Cross
Paddington
Liverpool Street
Waterloo
London Bridge
Six terminal stations in London. Clockwise from top left: Euston, King's Cross, Liverpool Street, London Bridge, Waterloo and Paddington.

The London station group is a group of 18 railway stations served by the National Rail network in central London. The group contains all 14 terminal stations in central London, either serving major national services or local commuter routes, and 4 other through-stations that are considered terminals for ticketing purposes. All current stations in the group fall within London fare zone 1. A ticket marked "London Terminals" allows travel to any station in the group via any permitted route, as determined by the National Routeing Guide.

Most London terminal stations were developed in the mid-19th century during the initial boom of rail transport. Many stations were built around the edge of central London, stopping at what is now the London Inner Ring Road, because it was prohibitively expensive to build right into the centre, and because each railway was owned by a private company competing with the others. The creation of the London Underground provided a practical connection to the various terminals, which continues to be the case as of the 21st century. Many of the stations have been upgraded and modernised to provide a greater capacity and connections to the network; the first London terminal, London Bridge has been rebuilt and expanded on numerous occasions, and of the major 19th century terminals, only Broad Street and Holborn Viaduct have closed. The latter was replaced by the nearby City Thameslink.

The London terminals had a significant impact on the local area. Originally, the demolition of poor properties, particularly south of the River Thames, caused blight and deprived areas around the station. This has changed in the 21st century, where development around the main terminals has been well-received and attracted occupants and businesses.

Definition

Map showing the thirteen major railway stations and termini of central London

Until 1970, railway tickets to London were issued to a specific named terminal. From April of that year, Southern Region terminals were grouped together as a "notional common station" called "LONDON S.R.";[1] tickets issued to this destination were valid to Blackfriars, Cannon Street, Charing Cross, Holborn Viaduct, London Bridge, Vauxhall, Victoria, Waterloo and Waterloo East.[2] The concept was extended to the rest of London's terminals with effect from British Rail's fares update of May 1983, when the London station group was created: "as part of the progress towards simplification of routes and a reduction of [separate fares] ... a common origin/destination of LONDON BR has been adopted for most London fares".[3] Tickets to the London station group were issued to "LONDON BR" until January 1989, when the name "LONDON BRIT RAIL" was adopted.[4] After the privatisation of British Rail, the name "LONDON" on its own was used from the end of 1997[5] until April 1998, when the present designation "LONDON TERMINALS" was introduced.[6]

All stations in the London group are in London fare zone 1 and most are at the end of a railway line. This includes major national terminals such as Waterloo, Paddington, Euston and King's Cross, and local commuter terminals such as Cannon Street and Moorgate. In addition, the group includes four stations (City Thameslink, Old Street, Vauxhall and Waterloo East) that are not technically terminals but are used enough as a destination by National Rail to be considered appropriate as a "London Terminal" for ticketing purposes.[7][8][lower-alpha 1] The composition of the group has changed several times since 1983, when 18 stations were included: Blackfriars, Broad Street, Cannon Street, Charing Cross, Euston, Fenchurch Street, Holborn Viaduct, Kings Cross, Kings Cross Midland City, Liverpool Street, London Bridge, Marylebone, Moorgate, Paddington, St Pancras, Vauxhall, Victoria and Waterloo.[3] Waterloo East was included separately from January 1984.[2] Two years later, Moorgate was dropped from the group in favour of Old Street, and Kensington Olympia was included;[9] this was in connection with its upgrade in early 1986 to an InterCity station with regular British Rail services from northwest England to the south coast.[10][11] Moorgate was reinstated as a member of the group in May 1988,[12] and Kensington Olympia was removed from the list in May 1994 as British Rail decided to make fares to and from the station identical to those of neighbouring station Willesden Junction.[13]

Tickets issued to "LONDON TERMINALS" can be used to travel from the station of origin to any London terminal that can be reached via a permitted route as defined by the National Routeing Guide. For example, a journey from Brighton can use such a ticket to take a train to several different London terminals, including London Bridge, London Charing Cross, London Cannon Street, Victoria, Blackfriars, City Thameslink or Waterloo via Clapham Junction.[7] The ticket cannot be used to travel to any station using any non-National Rail modes of transport, including the London Underground, Docklands Light Railway or London Buses. Therefore, a journey from Brighton cannot use a "London Terminals" ticket to travel to Euston or Paddington, as there is no permitted route to them using National Rail services alone.[7][14] The concept of permitted routes did not exist until the National Routeing Guide was introduced: British Rail used the term "reasonable route", and in respect of the London station group merely stated that journeys between the origin station and London were "subject to normal route availabilities".[2]

Background

The first London terminal station, London Bridge, in 1836

The first London terminal stations were built in the late 1830s (starting with London Bridge in 1836) and the early to mid 1840s. Those north of the Thames came up to the edge of richly-developed property that was too expensive to demolish, while property south of the river contained slums and cheap property, making it easier to have terminal stations close to the City and West End, both the main desired areas.[15] The solicitor and railway planner Charles Pearson proposed a main central station at Farringdon, which would connect out to all branch lines.[16] In 1846, the Royal Commission on Metropolitan Railway Termini was established to see if it was appropriate to bring the terminal stations any further and possibly connect with each other, as per Pearson's plans. The report concluded this was unnecessary, a single terminal was undesirable as it would create too much congestion and it was too expensive to demolish remaining property in the way.[17][18]

The Royal Commission recommended that no new stations should be built in the West End of London or the City, and that the New Road should be the northern boundary of railway development.[15][18] This created competition between the individual railway companies, who could promote new terminals with individual financial backers.[19] Exemptions were made for the Great Eastern Railway and North London Railway with Liverpool Street and Broad Street respectively.[20] The only main railway line built across Central London was the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) line connecting Blackfriars to Farringdon via Snow Hill Tunnel in 1866.[21]

The distinctive Gothic architecture of St Pancras railway station survived demolition, unlike neighbouring Euston.

Railway construction in London reached a peak between the mid-1850s and 1870s, where an estimated £40 million (£3,951 million as of 2021) was spent constructing routes around the capital. The competition between terminals led to increased costs and financial overruns. Around £2 million (£198 million as of 2021) was spent constructing the final approach of the GER main line from the original terminal at Bishopsgate to Liverpool Street, while the extension from London Bridge to Cannon Street and Charing Cross cost £4 million (£395 million as of 2021). The construction of the LCDR's line via Blackfriars and Farringdon almost bankrupted the company and left it in financial ruin for the rest of its existence.[22] The 1864 Joint Committee on Railway Schemes (Metropolis) decided that, following the success of the underground Metropolitan Railway, that a circular railway should be built to connect the terminals, which eventually became the Circle line, though it was not completed until 1884.[23]

By 1870, the boom in building London terminals had finished.[24] The final one to open was the Great Central Railway's Marylebone, in 1899.[25] By this time, around 776 acres (1.21 square miles; 3.14 square kilometres), or 5.4% of land in the central zone of London was owned by railway companies, more than the Corporation of London.[26][27]

Broad Street station was one of the few in the London station group to be closed and demolished.

The problem of connecting the various London terminals was ultimately resolved by the development of the Underground. The Metropolitan Railway, which opened in 1863, was designed to connect Paddington with King's Cross.[28] The Circle Line was designed specifically to connect the London terminals together.[29] All terminal stations had at least one underground connection by 1913, except Fenchurch Street, Ludgate Hill and Holborn Viaduct.[30] As an alternative to the tube, buses have connected the various terminals. In 1928, the Southern Railway, London and North Eastern Railway and Great Western Railway began to provide dedicated buses between their terminals for Pullman and Continental trains. These were taken over by the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB) upon its formation in 1933, and replaced with regular bus services. From 1936, the LPTB supplied purpose-build 20-seater coaches for this services, with large luggage boots and a flat fare of 1/- (£3.61 as of 2021). These were suspended during World War II. All stations except Fenchurch Street and Blackfriars provided integrated taxi services on opening. These originally had dedicated access roads to the station platforms when cabs were horse-drawn, while later purpose-built roads were built for road traffic.[31]

In the early 20th century, stations were expanded and upgraded to fit demand.[32] Six terminal stations (Victoria, Waterloo, Euston, Cannon Street, Blackfriars and London Bridge) have been completely rebuilt and London Bridge has seen multiple rebuilds.[33] Although the modern concept of listed buildings had been introduced with the 1947 Town and Country Planning Act 1947, stations were not high priority to be listed.[34] While some had impressive facades and entrances, Victorian stations were not looked upon favourably in the 1960s and had become gradually neglected.[33][35] One of the most significant examples was the demolition of the Euston Arch in 1962 as part of modernisation works to the station, while the area around Kings Cross became run-down. An important exception was the Victorian Gothic structure of St Pancras, which became a Grade I listed building in 1967 after being threatened with demolition.[36][37] Similarly, King's Cross and Paddington became Grade I listed in 1954 and 1961 respectively.[38][39]

In 1986, Broad Street, which had been a major London terminal for local and commuter services, closed.[40] It was feared that Marylebone and St Pancras would follow, but both have been revitalised; the former became an alternative terminal for services to Oxford and Birmingham[41] while the latter is now the main entry point for Eurostar services via the Channel Tunnel.[42]

Cultural impact

The building of railway lines into London took up a substantial amount of land, particularly south of the Thames.

The various terminal stations began to affect their surrounding area once built. Those displaced by the railways crammed into whatever existing accommodation was available, creating slums, and the immediate area around the stations were filled with cheap souvenir shops and prostitutes. Conversely, the middle class moved out into suburbs which now had easy access to Central London via train, and railway traffic increased.[43] Around 76,000 people lost their homes between 1853 and 1901 as a direct result of rail expansion.[44] The area around Waterloo had already become notorious for prostitution by the time the station was built, which was eventually cleared away in 1867 when the London and South Western Railway made a compulsory purchase order for the properties and demolished them, to accommodate an expanded station.[45] A significant exception was the later-constructed Marylebone, while Charing Cross was less affected by slum building than neighbouring stations.[43]

Around Battersea and New Cross, railway lines and interchanges occupied about 300 acres (120 ha) of available space. The low-income property that was destroyed by building the stations was generally not replaced, and consequently the remaining accommodation became overcrowded.[24] The proliferation of railway lines south of the Thames is why the Underground has more lines north of the river, as it did not have alternative overground services.[46]

In contrast to the 19th century impact of stations, newer developments have seen gentrification of the areas around them. Both Kings Cross and St Pancras stations have been modernised in the 21st century, and are now better regarded. Many goods sheds have been removed, and the area surrounding the stations includes a natural swimming pool, and numerous new apartments.[47][48]

The four former London and North Eastern Railway terminals (King's Cross, Marylebone, Fenchurch Street and Liverpool Street) are the stations on a standard British Monopoly board.[49]

Group members

Current stations

Station Image Location Coordinates Original owner Managed
by		 London
services		 National services Annual entry/exit (millions) (as of 2022/23)[50][lower-alpha 2] Opening
date		 Platforms[lower-alpha 3] Category[lower-alpha 4]
Terminal Through
Blackfriars City of London 51°30′40″N 0°06′11″W / 51.511°N 0.103°W / 51.511; -0.103 (Blackfriars) London, Chatham and Dover Railway[52] Thameslink NW, N, S, SE Thameslink, Gatwick Airport, Luton Airport 12.905 Increase 10 May 1886[52] 2[53] 2[53] A[54]
Cannon Street City of London 51°30′36″N 0°05′24″W / 51.510°N 0.090°W / 51.510; -0.090 (Cannon Street) South Eastern Railway[52] Network Rail[8] SE Kent, East Sussex 6.723 Decrease 1 September 1866[52] 7[55] 0 A[54]
Charing Cross Westminster 51°30′25″N 0°07′23″W / 51.507°N 0.123°W / 51.507; -0.123 (Charing Cross) South Eastern Railway[52] Network Rail[8] SE Kent, East Sussex 16.191 Increase 11 January 1864[52] 6[56] 0 A[54]
City Thameslink City of London 51°30′58″N 0°06′11″W / 51.516°N 0.103°W / 51.516; -0.103 (City Thameslink) British Rail (Network SouthEast) Thameslink NW, N, S, SE Thameslink, Gatwick Airport, Luton Airport 6.439 Increase 30 May 1990[57] 0 2[58] D[59]
Euston Camden 51°31′41″N 0°07′59″W / 51.528°N 0.133°W / 51.528; -0.133 (Euston) London and Birmingham Railway[52] Network Rail[8] NW West Coast Main Line 31.318 Increase 20 July 1837[52] 18[60] 0 A[54]
Fenchurch Street City of London 51°30′40″N 0°04′41″W / 51.511°N 0.078°W / 51.511; -0.078 (Fenchurch Street) London and Blackwall Railway[52] c2c E Southend-on-Sea 10.208 Increase 2 August 1841[52] 4[61] 0 A[54]
Kings Cross Camden 51°31′55″N 0°07′23″W / 51.532°N 0.123°W / 51.532; -0.123 (Kings Cross) Great Northern Railway[52] Network Rail[8] N East Coast Main Line 23.287 Increase 14 October 1852[52] 12[62] 0 A[54]
Liverpool Street City of London 51°31′05″N 0°04′52″W / 51.518°N 0.081°W / 51.518; -0.081 (Liverpool Street station) Great Eastern Railway[52] Network Rail[8] E, NE East of England, Elizabeth line, Stansted Airport, 80.408 Increase 2 February 1874[52] 18[63] 0 A[54]
London Bridge Southwark 51°30′18″N 0°05′10″W / 51.505°N 0.086°W / 51.505; -0.086 (London Bridge) London and Greenwich Railway[52] Network Rail[8] S, SE, N, NW Kent, East Sussex, Gatwick Airport 47.657 Increase 14 December 1836[52] 6[64] 9[64] A[54]
Marylebone Westminster 51°31′19″N 0°09′47″W / 51.522°N 0.163°W / 51.522; -0.163 (Marylebone) Great Central Railway[52] Chiltern Railways NW Birmingham, Chiltern Main Line 10.308 Increase 15 March 1899[52] 6[65] 0 A[54]
Moorgate City of London 51°31′05″N 0°05′17″W / 51.518°N 0.088°W / 51.518; -0.088 (Moorgate) Metropolitan Railway[66] London Underground N Hertfordshire 5.588 Increase 23 December 1865[66] 2[67] 0 E[68]
Old Street Islington 51°31′30″N 0°05′13″W / 51.525°N 0.087°W / 51.525; -0.087 (Old Street) City and South London Railway[69] London Underground N Hertfordshire 5.437 Increase 17 November 1901[69] 0 2[70] E[68]
Paddington Westminster 51°31′01″N 0°10′37″W / 51.517°N 0.177°W / 51.517; -0.177 (Paddington) Great Western Railway[52] Network Rail[8] W Great Western Main Line, Elizabeth line, Heathrow Airport 59.183 Increase 16 January 1854[52] 14[71] 0 A[54]
St Pancras Camden 51°31′48″N 0°07′30″W / 51.530°N 0.125°W / 51.530; -0.125 (St Pancras) Midland Railway[52] Network Rail,[8] HS1 Ltd.,[72] Eurostar International Limited[73] N, NW, S, SE Midland Main Line, Thameslink, Gatwick Airport, Luton Airport, High Speed 1 (Kent), Eurostar (Belgium, France, Netherlands) 33.296 Increase 1 October 1868[52] 13[74] 2[74] A/C[lower-alpha 5][54]
Vauxhall Lambeth 51°29′06″N 0°07′19″W / 51.485°N 0.122°W / 51.485; -0.122 (Vauxhall) London and South Western Railway[76] South Western Railway SW Surrey 13.012 Increase 11 July 1848[77] 0 8[78] B[79]
Victoria Westminster 51°29′46″N 0°08′38″W / 51.496°N 0.144°W / 51.496; -0.144 (Victoria) Victoria Station and Pimlico Railway[52] Network Rail[8] S, SE Kent, Sussex, Gatwick Airport, Surrey, Hampshire 45.564 Increase 10 October 1860[52] 19[80] 0 A[54]
Waterloo Lambeth 51°30′11″N 0°06′47″W / 51.503°N 0.113°W / 51.503; -0.113 (Waterloo) London and South Western Railway[52] Network Rail[8] SW South West England, Surrey, Hampshire 57.790 Increase 11 July 1848[52] 24[81] 0 A[54]
Waterloo East Lambeth 51°30′14″N 0°06′36″W / 51.504°N 0.110°W / 51.504; -0.110 (Waterloo East) South Eastern Railway[82] Southeastern SE Kent, East Sussex 5.430 Increase 1 January 1869[82] 0 4[83] B[79]

Former stations

Station Image Location Coordinates Original owner Opening
date		 Ending
date		 Fate
Broad Street City of London 51°31′08″N 0°05′00″W / 51.519°N 0.0833°W / 51.519; -0.0833 (Broad Street) North London Railway 1 November 1865[84] 30 June 1986[85] Closed
Holborn Viaduct City of London 51°30′58″N 0°06′13″W / 51.5162°N 0.1036°W / 51.5162; -0.1036 (Holborn Viaduct) London, Chatham and Dover Railway 2 March 1874[86] 26 January 1990[87] Closed[88]
Kensington (Olympia) Hammersmith and Fulham[lower-alpha 6] 51°29′55″N 0°12′39″W / 51.4986°N 0.2108°W / 51.4986; -0.2108 (Kensington (Olympia)) West London Railway 27 May 1844[90] 1994[91] Still open
Kings Cross Thameslink Camden 51°31′51″N 0°07′13″W / 51.5308°N 0.1202°W / 51.5308; -0.1202 (Kings Cross Thameslink) Metropolitan Railway 10 January 1863[92] 9 December 2007[93][94] Closed[95]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Although Farringdon is permitted as a stop on a ticket for a journey on any Thameslink service, it is not valid on any "London Terminals" ticket unlike the neighbouring stations on that route.[7]
  2. ↑ The figure shows a green "up" arrow for an increase from the previous year, and a red "down" arrow for a decrease.
  3. ↑ Not including London Underground
  4. ↑ The category is set by the Department for Transport and runs in decreasing order of importance from A (national hub) to F (unstaffed).[51]
  5. ↑ International and domestic category A; Thameslink category C[75]
  6. ↑ While the majority of the station is in Hammersmith and Fulham, the eastern part is in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea[89]

Citations

  1. ↑ "Season and associated tickets from 40 years of commuting". Journal of the Transport Ticket Society (565): 63. February 2011. ISSN 0144-347X.
  2. 1 2 3 "2.2: Journeys from or to London". Selective Prices Manual Number 28. London: British Railways Board. p. A2.
  3. 1 2 "1.5: Routeing of Tickets". Selective Prices Manual Number 27. London: British Railways Board. 22 May 1983. p. A3.
  4. ↑ "Section 4.1: "London Brit Rail"". British Rail Sales Circular. Swindon: British Rail Sales Communications Unit (published 15 June 1989) (124): 7. 21 January 1989.
  5. ↑ "Station Groups". Journal of the Transport Ticket Society (409): 59. February 1998. ISSN 0144-347X.
  6. ↑ "Station Groups". Journal of the Transport Ticket Society (413): 218. June 1998. ISSN 0144-347X.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "'London Terminal' stations". Network Rail. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Stations Run by Network Rail". Network Rail. 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
  9. ↑ "2.12: Common "BR" Stations". National Fares Manual Number 32. London: British Railways Board. 12 January 1986. p. A3.
  10. ↑ "Kensington Olympia". Journal of the Transport Ticket Society (266): 78. February 1986. ISSN 0144-347X.
  11. ↑ "Kensington Olympia Returns to the InterCity Network". Journal of the Transport Ticket Society (271): 291. July 1986. ISSN 0144-347X.
  12. ↑ "A: Using the National Fares Manual". National Fares Manual Number 39. London: British Railways Board. 15 May 1988. p. A5.
  13. ↑ "General Notes". National Fares Manual Number 57. London: British Railways Board. 29 May 1994. Unpaginated.
  14. ↑ "Travel to/from London Terminals & London Thameslink and tickets with "Cross-London" validity" (PDF). Newsrail Express. London: Association of Train Operating Companies (published 16 July 2006) (319): 3–4. 22 July 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 February 2021.
  15. 1 2 Jackson 1984, p. 17.
  16. ↑ Martin 2013, p. 22.
  17. ↑ Jackson 1984, pp. 16–17.
  18. 1 2 Martin 2013, p. 24.
  19. ↑ Ball & Sunderland 2002, p. 213.
  20. ↑ Jackson 1984, p. 19.
  21. ↑ Jackson 1984, p. 23.
  22. ↑ Ball & Sunderland 2002, pp. 213–214.
  23. ↑ Jackson 1984, pp. 19, 21.
  24. 1 2 Ball & Sunderland 2002, p. 215.
  25. ↑ Davies & Grant 1983, p. 36.
  26. ↑ Ball & Sunderland 2002, p. 214.
  27. ↑ Woodall, Ann (15 May 2017). What Price the Poor?: William Booth, Karl Marx and the London Residuum. Routledge. p. 132. ISBN 978-1-351-87316-1.
  28. ↑ Wolmar 2012, p. 30.
  29. ↑ Wolmar 2012, pp. 69–70.
  30. ↑ Jackson 1984, p. 21.
  31. ↑ Jackson 1984, p. 22.
  32. ↑ Jackson 1984, p. 26.
  33. 1 2 Jackson 1984, p. 27.
  34. ↑ Minnis 2011, p. 27.
  35. ↑ Minnis 2011, p. 13.
  36. ↑ Jackson 1984, p. 29.
  37. ↑ Historic England. "St Pancras Station and Former Midland Grand Hotel, Euston Road (1342037)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  38. ↑ Historic England. "King's Cross Station (1078328)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  39. ↑ Historic England. "Paddington Station (1066881)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
  40. ↑ Butt 1995, p. 191.
  41. ↑ Simmons & Biddle 1997, p. 33.
  42. ↑ "The opening of St Pancras International Station". The Guardian. 7 November 2007. Retrieved 5 February 2018.
  43. 1 2 Jackson 1984, p. 24.
  44. ↑ Nilsen, M (2008). Railways and the Western European Capitals: Studies of Implantation in London, Paris, Berlin, and Brussels. Springer. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-230-61577-9.
  45. ↑ White, Jerry (2006). London in the Nineteenth Century: 'a Human Awful Wonder of God'. Random House. p. 296. ISBN 978-1-84-792447-6.
  46. ↑ Wolmar 2012, p. 14.
  47. ↑ Self, Will (4 October 2016). "Why King's Cross is London's new center of cool". CNN. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  48. ↑ Barkham, Patrick (6 February 2017). "Luxury flats instead of birdsong: can regeneration ever be the right thing?". The Guardian. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  49. ↑ Moore 2003, p. 159.
  50. ↑ "Station usage". Office of Rail and Road. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
  51. ↑ Part A: Consistent Standards (PDF). Better Rail Stations (Report). Department for Transport. 2009. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Davies & Grant 1983, p. 51.
  53. 1 2 "Blackfriars". National Rail Enquiries. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Station stewardship measure for category A stations". Office of Rail and Road. Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  55. ↑ "London Cannon Street". National Rail Enquiries. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  56. ↑ "London Charing Cross". National Rail Enquiries. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  57. ↑ "City rail link inaugurated". The Times. London, England. 31 May 1990. p. 25. Retrieved 14 August 2017.
  58. ↑ "City Thameslink". National Rail Enquiries. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  59. ↑ "Station stewardship measure for category D stations". Office of Rail and Road. Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  60. ↑ "London Euston". National Rail Enquiries. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  61. ↑ "London Fenchurch Street". National Rail Enquiries. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  62. ↑ "London King's Cross". National Rail Enquiries. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  63. ↑ "London Liverpool Street". National Rail Enquiries. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  64. 1 2 "London Bridge". National Rail Enquiries. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  65. ↑ "London Marylebone". National Rail Enquiries. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  66. 1 2 Day 1979, p. 14.
  67. ↑ "Moorgate". National Rail Enquiries. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  68. 1 2 "Station stewardship measure for category E stations". Office of Rail and Road. Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  69. 1 2 Day 1979, p. 47.
  70. ↑ "Old Street". National Rail Enquiries. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  71. ↑ "London Paddington". National Rail Enquiries. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  72. ↑ "St Pancras International station – High Speed 1". February 2013. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  73. ↑ "St Pancras Station". Eurostar International Ltd. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  74. 1 2 "London St Pancras". National Rail Enquiries. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  75. ↑ "Part D: Annexes" (PDF). Better Rail Stations. Department for Transport. 2009. p. 100. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2010.
  76. ↑ Jackson 1984, p. 213.
  77. ↑ Jackson 1984, pp. 213, 215.
  78. ↑ "Vauxhall". National Rail Enquiries. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  79. 1 2 "Station stewardship measure for category B stations". Office of Rail and Road. Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  80. ↑ "London Victoria". National Rail Enquiries. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  81. ↑ "London Waterloo". National Rail Enquiries. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  82. 1 2 Jackson 1984, p. 217.
  83. ↑ "London Waterloo East". National Rail Enquiries. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  84. ↑ Jackson 1984, pp. 95–97.
  85. ↑ Holland 2013, p. 61.
  86. ↑ Jackson 1984, p. 196.
  87. ↑ Mogridge 1990, p. 239.
  88. ↑ replaced by City Thameslink
  89. ↑ "Royal Borough Map" (PDF). Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
  90. ↑ "Survey of London". 42. 1986: 325. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  91. ↑ NFM 57. National Fares Manuals. London: British Railways Board. May 1994. Section A.
  92. ↑ Day & Reed 2010, p. 8.
  93. ↑ "St Pancras International". First Capital Connect. Archived from the original on 17 May 2007.
  94. ↑ NFM 97. National Fares Manuals. London: Association of Train Operating Companies (ATOC Ltd). May 2007. Section A.
  95. ↑ replaced by St Pancras

Sources

  • Ball, Michael; Sunderland, David T. (2002). An Economic History of London 1800–1914. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-54030-3.
  • Butt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M.
  • Davies, R.; Grant, M.D. (1983). London and its Railways. David & Charles. ISBN 0-7153-8107-5.
  • Day, John R (1979) [1963]. The story of London's Underground (6th ed.). London Transport. ISBN 0-85329-094-6.
  • Day, John R.; Reed, John (2010) [1963]. The Story of London's Underground (11th ed.). Capital Transport. ISBN 978-1-85414-341-9.
  • Holland, Julian (2013). Dr Beeching's Axe: 50 Years on : Illustrated Memories of Britain's Lost Railways. David & Charles. ISBN 978-1-446-30267-5.
  • Jackson, Alan (1984) [1969]. London's Termini (New Revised ed.). London: David & Charles. ISBN 0-330-02747-6.
  • Martin, Andrew (2013). Underground Overground: A Passenger's History of the Tube. Profile books. ISBN 978-1-846-684784.
  • Minnis, John (2011). Britain's Lost Railways. Arum Press. ISBN 978-0-7112-6162-4.
  • Mogridge, Martin J.H. (1990). Travel in Towns: Jam yesterday, jam today and jam tomorrow?. Springer. ISBN 978-1-349-11798-7.
  • Moore, Tim (2003). Do Not Pass Go. Vintage. ISBN 978-0-09-943386-6.
  • Simmons, Jack; Biddle, Gordon (1997). The Oxford Companion to British Railway History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-019-211697-0.
  • Wolmar, Christian (2012) [2004]. The Subterranean Railway (2nd ed.). Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-0-857-89069-6.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.