Kerala is a state on the southwestern coast of India. It is known for its high literacy rate, low infant mortality rate, and long life expectancy. Kerala has also been a pioneer in the field of decentralization and participatory local democracy.

In 1994, the Kerala government enacted the Kerala Panchayat Raj Act and the Kerala Municipality Act. These acts established a three-tier system of local government in Kerala, consisting of gram panchayats (village councils), block panchayats, and district panchayats. The acts also gave these local governments a wide range of powers and responsibilities, including providing basic civic amenities, promoting economic development, and providing social welfare services.

Since the enactment of these acts, Kerala has been experimenting with decentralization and participatory local democracy. This has led to a number of positive developments, including:

• Increased participation of people in local governance
• Improved delivery of basic services
• Increased transparency and accountability of local governments
• Reduced corruption

Kerala's experiment with decentralization and participatory local democracy has been widely praised by experts. It is seen as a model for other states in India and around the world.

Here are some of the specific benefits of decentralization and participatory local democracy in Kerala:

• Increased participation of people in local governance: The Kerala Panchayat Raj Act and the Kerala Municipality Act have made it easier for people to participate in local governance. This has led to a more informed and engaged citizenry.
• Improved delivery of basic services: Decentralized local governments have been more effective in delivering basic services such as water, sanitation, and roads. This has improved the quality of life for people in Kerala.
• Increased transparency and accountability of local governments: Decentralized local governments are more transparent and accountable to the people they serve. This has reduced corruption and improved the efficiency of local governments.

Kerala's experiment with decentralization and participatory local democracy is still ongoing. However, it has already had a significant impact on the state. It has helped to improve the quality of life for people in Kerala and it has set a model for other states in India and around the world.

Types of Local Self-Government Institutions

District Wise Data

Kerala has 941 Village Panchayats (Grama panchayats), 152 Block Panchayats and 14 District Panchayats; in the urban areas, it has 87 Municipalities and 6 Corporations, a total of 1200 Local Self Government Institutions. The list of number of local government institutions from the period 1995-2015 is given below:^[5]

The President of the Panchayat Raj Institutions(PRIs) has been declared as the executive authority. The senior most officials of various departments brought under the control of the Panchayat Raj Institutions have been declared as ex-officio Secretaries for that subject. The Panchayats have full administrative control including powers of disciplinary action over its own staff as well as staff transferred to it. To encourage a healthy relationship between officials and elected Members, the Act prescribes a code of conduct that lays down principles of polite behavior, respect for elected authorities, and protection of the freedom of the civil servant to render advice freely and fearlessly. All these features are there in the Kerala Municipality Act as well.

The Kerala Panchayat Raj Act and Kerala Municipalities Act 1994 were thoroughly restructured in 1999 and several innovative features laying strong legal foundation for evolving genuine institutions of Local Self Government were built in. The list of various local self governments in the state of Kerala are given below:^[6][7][8]

Local body elections results

• Bold indicates most wins

Grama Sabha

Kerala has created a three-tier in the form of Grama Sabhas equated with the electoral constituency of a Village Panchayat All the electors of the Ward are members of the Grama Sabha. It is an attempt to create a new set up for direct democracy – involving the people of the ward. The Grama Sabhas have been given clear rights and responsibilities with absolute powers for identification of beneficiaries, strong advisory powers for prioritizing developmental needs and wide powers of social audit.^[9]

Functions of local governments

The 11th Schedule of the Constitution of India lists out developmental areas where local governments should have a role in planning for economic development and social justice and in the implementation of such plans. Unlike many other States, Kerala State defined the functional areas of the different tiers of local governments so precisely. In infrastructure and management of public institutions, the functional differentiation is sharp and clear, but in productive sectors the functions could not be earmarked clearly for each tier. There is a clear recognition that there is a role-range for local governments as Agent, Adviser, Manager, Partner and Actor – with the objective being to reduce the agency role and expand the autonomous – actor role. The Kerala Act classifies functions as mandatory functions, general functions and sector-wise functions. in its schedules.

According to a study Dr Martin Patrick (Chief Economist) CPPR, "Gram panchayats are performing better when compared to their performance three decades earlier but they are still not meeting expected standards in generating own funds with which they can plan their own special projects, s Steps need to be taken to generate own assets by collecting more non-tax revenue, particularly collecting potential building and professional tax"^[10]

Committee System

All Village and Block Panchayats have three Standing Committees and the District Panchayat five Standing Committees. The Standing Committees are constituted in such a way that every Member of the Panchayat gets a chance to function in one Standing Committee or the other. Each Standing Committee is assigned certain subjects and these Committees are expected to go into the subject areas both at the planning and implementation stage in great detail. For the purpose of co-ordination, a steering committee is constituted consisting of the President and Vice President of the Panchayat and the Chairpersons of Standing Committees. In addition, there are Functional Committees for different subjects which can include experts and practitioners and the Panchayats are free to constitute Sub Committees to assist the Standing Committee or Functional Committee. There is also provision for constitution of Joint Committees with neighbouring Local Governments.

The Role of State Government

The amended Kerala Panchayat Raj & Municipality Acts drastically reduces the powers of direct governmental control over Panchayat Raj Institutions. While Government can issue general guidelines regarding national and State policies it cannot meddle in day-to-day affairs or individual decisions. The Government can cancel resolutions of the Panchayat only through a process and in consultation with the Ombudsman or Appellate Tribunal according to the subject matter of the resolution. Similarly a Panchayat can be dissolved directly by government, only if it fails to pass the budget or if majority of its members have resigned. In all other cases a due process has to be followed and the Ombudsman has to be consulted before dissolution takes place. This is a unique feature which does not exist even in Center-State relations. In Kerala, Local Self-Government Institutions have been meaningfully empowered through massive transfer of resources as well as administrative powers.

The state government plays an important role in supporting and overseeing the functioning of local self-government institutions, which include Grama Panchayats, Block Panchayats, District Panchayats, Corporations and Municipalities. The Local Self-Government Department (LSGD) is the government department responsible for the administration and oversight of the local self-government institutions in the state. It is responsible for implementing government policies and programs related to local governance, decentralization, rural development and urban development.^[11] Some of the key field departments under the Local Self-Government Department in Kerala include:

• Directorate of Panchayats, responsible for implementing policies, programs, and schemes related to Grama Panchayats, Block Panchayats, and District Panchayats. It provides administrative support, technical guidance, and training to the elected representatives and officials of the Panchayati Raj institutions.
• Directorate of Urban Affairs, focuses on urban local bodies, including Municipalities and Corporations. It formulates policies and programs for urban development, infrastructure planning, and service delivery.
• Department of Rural Development
• Town and Country planning Department
• Engineering wing
• Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA), autonomous institution dedicated to research, training, and capacity building of elected representatives and officials of local self-government institutions.
• Suchitwa Mission, specialised agency for waste management and sanitation.

Independent Oversight Institutions

To reduce governmental control and foster growth of self-government as envisaged in the Constitution, the Act provides for creation of independent institutions to deal with various aspects of local government functioning. They are listed below:-^[12]

• The State Election Commission. The Election Commission has been given powers which go beyond those required for the conduct of elections. It is empowered to involve in delimitation of Wards as a member of the Delimiation Committee. Delimitation of wards was formerly done through the executive. The Commission has been given powers to disqualify defectors.
• The State Finance Commission. This has been given the mandate as required by the Constitution. The first SFC was constituted in 1994 and the second SFC in 1999.
• Ombudsman for Local Governments. This is a high power institution which has been given vast powers to check malfeasance in local governments in the discharge of developmental functions.
• Tribunal for Local Governments. These are to be constituted at the Regional/District level to take care of appeals by citizens against decisions of the local government taken in the exercise of their regulatory role like issue of licence, grant of permit etc.
• State Development Council. This is headed by the Chief Minister and consists of the entire Cabinet, Leader of opposition, Vice-Chairman of the State Planning Board, the Chief Secretary, all the District Panchayat Presidents who are also Chairperson of District Planning Committee and representatives of other tiers of local governments. This institution is expected to take the lead in policy formulation and in sorting out operation issues.

Extent of Decentralization

The extent of decentralization and its nature can be gauged from the following facts:^[13][14]

• In the Health sector all institutions other than medical colleges and big regional speciality hospitals have been placed under the control of the local governments. Kerala's public health care system has undergone tremendous decentralisation. Institutions for providing public health care, such as primary health centres (PHCs), community health centres (CHCs), taluk hospitals (THs), and district hospitals (DHs), have been given to local governments. District hospitals are run by district panchayats, taluk hospitals by block panchayats, taluk headquarters hospitals (THQHs) by municipalities, and primary health centres (PHCs) by panchayats. Community health centres (CHCs) are controlled by block panchayats. Urban primary health centres are managed by the respective urban local bodies. Management of community health centres and taluk hospitals within the municipal area in all systems of medicine is the responsibility of the respective municipality.^{[15][16][17][18]}
• In the Education sector, in rural areas the upper primary schools, high schools and higher secondary schools have been transferred to the District Panchayats and the primary schools have been transferred to Gram Panchayats; in urban areas, all government schools have been transferred to the urban local governments. As part of this initiative, urban local bodies, such as Corporations and municipalities, have been entrusted with the management and administration of all schools within their respective limits. This includes lower primary schools, upper primary schools, high schools, and higher secondary schools. Under this model, the urban local bodies take direct responsibility for the administration, infrastructure development, and overall management of all schools in their jurisdiction. Local governments have control over the overall functioning of schools, including infrastructure development and day-to-day operations. However, the recruitment, appointment, and payment of teachers and staffs remain under the jurisdiction of the general education department of the state government.
• The entire responsibility of poverty alleviation has gone to the local governments; all the centrally sponsored anti-poverty programmes are planned and implemented through them.
• As regards Social welfare, barring statutory functions relating to juvenile justice, the entire functions have gone to local governments. The ICDS is fully implemented by Village Panchayats and Urban Local Governments. Care of the disabled, to a substantial degree has become a local government responsibility.
• In the Agriculture and allied sectors, the de facto and de jure local government functions are Agricultural extension including farmer oriented support for increasing production and productivity, Watershed management and minor irrigation, Dairy development, Animal Husbandry including veterinary care & Inland fisheries.
• Barring highways and major district roads, connectivity has become local government responsibility.
• The whole of sanitation and most of rural water supply have moved over to local governments.
• Promotion of tiny, cottage and small industries is mostly with the local governments.
• All the welfare pensions are administered by the local governments.^[19]

Present scenario

In short, most of the responsibilities relating to human and social development have been passed down to local governments. Welfare and poverty reduction are now largely dependent on local governments who also have considerable area of responsibility in the primary sector.

Local infrastructure creation is also largely in the domain of Panchayats and Nagarapalikas. Critical institutions of public service like hospitals, schools, anganwadis, veterinary institutions, Krishi Bhawans, hostels for Scheduled Castes and Care institutions for different disadvantaged groups have been transferred to local governments on as is where is condition. The responsibility of local governments which are typical of a non-plan nature in respect of these institutions include -

1. routine and heavy maintenance of infrastructure
2. upkeep and maintenance of equipment
3. replenishment of consumables
4. administrative charges relating to telephone, water, electricity, fuel etc.
5. noon-meal cost in schools.

Proposed reforms

The Second Administrative Reforms Commission, set up on 31 August 2005 to prepare a detailed blue print for revamping the public administration system, suggested measures to achieve a proactive, responsive, accountable, sustainable and efficient administration at all levels of the country in the country, including the local government system, submitted its sixth report exclusively on local governance under the title Local Governance: An Inspiring Journey into the future . A brief summary of the report is there in the article^[20]

Kerala Grama Panchayat Association

Kerala has a Grama Panchayath Association, formed under the Kerala Government Order No 85191/pt.sppl.1/66 & R D D on 29 December 1966 as an association of Grama Panchayaths. All Grama Panchayaths are affiliated to the Grama Panchayath Association. The Kerala Grama Panchayath Association has responsibility in strengthening decentralization process and local governance in Kerala. For the purpose, the association organizes necessary research activities, Studies, action Researches, some study models and conduct discussions, seminars, training etc., on issues confronting panchayaths in the state.

E-Governance

See also

• Administrative reforms in Kerala
• Gram panchayat
• District Planning in Kerala
• Municipalities of Kerala
• NREGS (Kerala)
• Peoples Planning in Kerala
• Local government in Maharashtra

Notes

References

External links

• Official website of Local Self Government Department, Government of Kerala
• An Introduction to LOCAL SELF GOVERNMENTS IN KERALA