Lihou
Lihou and the nearby L'Eree headland of Guernsey
Lihou is on the far left of the map
Geography
Coordinates49°27′40″N 2°40′04″W / 49.46111°N 2.66778°W / 49.46111; -2.66778
ArchipelagoChannel Islands
Adjacent toEnglish Channel
Area36 acres (15 ha)[1]
Administration
Demographics
Population1 (Warden) [2]
Additional information
Official websitewww.lihouisland.com
Official nameLihou Island and l'Erée Headland, Guernsey
Designated1 March 2006
Reference no.1608[3]

Lihou (/ˈliːuː/) is a small tidal island located just off the west coast of the island of Guernsey, in the English Channel, between Great Britain and France. Administratively, Lihou forms part of the Parish of St. Peter's in the Bailiwick of Guernsey,[1] and is now owned by the parliament of Guernsey (the States of Guernsey), although there have been a number of owners in the past.[4] Since 2006, the island has been jointly managed by the Guernsey Environment Department and the Lihou Charitable Trust. In the past the island was used by locals for the collection of seaweed for use as a fertiliser, but today Lihou is mainly used for tourism, including school trips. Lihou is also an important centre for conservation, forming part of a Ramsar wetland site for the preservation of rare birds and plants as well as historic ruins of a priory and a farmhouse.

Etymology

In common with several nearby islands such as Jethou and Brecqhou, the name contains the Norman suffix "-hou" which means a small hill or a mound.[5] The name could have developed from the Breton words lydd or ligg, which means in or near water.[6] Historically, there have also been a number of alternative forms of the name including Lihoumel, which was attested as early as the twelfth century,[7]: 310 [8]: 61  and Lehowe, which was mentioned in the sixteenth century.[9]

Lihou is also a common family name on Guernsey, with records suggesting that the name has been in use in the Channel Islands since at least the eighteenth century,[10][11] including Royal Navy Captain John Lihou, who discovered and named the Australian Port Lihou Island and Lihou Reef.[12] The name is also attested further afield, in a number of other countries, such as Australia, where for example, Sergeant James Lihou, the son of a migrant from Guernsey, enlisted in the Australian forces in 1916 and was killed in action in 1918 in France.[13] There are also numerous instances of people with the surname having migrated from the Channel Islands to the United States.[14]

Geography and climate

Lihou is the furthest west of the Channel Islands and at low tide it is linked to the nearby L'Erée headland, on Guernsey, by a 400 m (1,300 ft) stone causeway.[4] Apart from shingle beaches, the island has a 20 m (66 ft) high ridge running approximately north–south.[15]: 5  Lihou is mainly composed of weathered rock below which are found granite and gneiss bedrock.[15] The island has a mild oceanic climate like other Channel Islands, due to being buffered by the nearby English and French coastlines.[16] Lihou shares the weather features of Guernsey, with winter temperatures falling to 4.4 °C (39.9 °F) in February and summers with a high of 19.5 °C (67.1 °F) in August.[17]

The Lihou causeway at low tide

Two small islets, close to the island, called Lissroy and Lihoumel, are breeding places for a number of endangered species of birds, including Eurasian oystercatchers and common ringed plovers.[15]: 7 [18]: 2  Numerous other species of birds and plants are found on Lihou such as peregrine falcons and sea storksbill. The Guernsey Environment Department does not allow visitors to go to the two islets and the shingle bank at certain times of the year in order to allow the birds to breed.[18]: 3 [19] Approximately 800 metres (0.50 mi) north of the island is a submerged ledge called Grand Etacre, which was considered to be a hazard to navigation in the nineteenth century.[20][21]

Lihou island was identified as a "Site of Nature Conservation Importance" in 1989, and as part of an "Important Bird Area" which includes parts of the shoreline of Guernsey.[18]: 2  On 1 March 2006, Lihou and the L'Erée headland were designated a part of Guernsey's first Ramsar wetland site, covering about 427 hectares (1,060 acres) of land and sea.[18]: 2 [22][23] This has created a marine reserve for the extensive variety of wildlife including more than 200 species of seaweed on the shores of Lihou,[4][15][24] and more than 150 species of birds observed in the area.[25]

The geology of Lihou Island is rather complex, but closely associated with neighbouring Guernsey.

History

19th-century drawing of the priory ruins

The history of Lihou is closely linked to the history of Guernsey in particular and the Channel Islands in general. The earliest evidence of habitation are Mesolithic era objects recovered from archaeological digs of the 1990s,[26] along with Neolithic era tombs on the nearby mainland.[27][28] The recorded history of Lihou began in 933 AD when the Channel Islands were seized from Brittany by the ruler of Normandy.[29] Lihou and the nearby Neolithic tombs were traditionally believed to have been meeting places for local witches,[27][30] and fairies.[28] This led to conflict with church authorities,[31] especially when a priory was established on Lihou, dedicated to St. Mary (known locally as Our Lady of Lihou).[32]: 137  A number of dates have been suggested for the establishment of the priory, with estimates ranging from as early as 1114,[5][7]: 321 [8]: 68  to as late as 1156.[32]: 38  Records suggest that the priory was an arriére-fief of the Benedictine abbey of Mont St. Michel under whose authority it operated.[5][7][8]: 60  Ownership of the island was granted to the abbey by Robert I, Duke of Normandy, in the early part of the eleventh century.[11]: 492  The priory is thought to have been constructed with contributions from the Guernseymen, who appear to have been fairly affluent at the time.[8]: 68 

The ruins of St Mary's Priory

In the early fourteenth century, Lihou may have become the origin of a local legend about a wealthy Bailiff of Guernsey who attempted to have an innocent peasant executed on false charges of theft of silver cups.[33] In either 1302[33] or 1304,[34]: 217  a priory servant called Thomas le Roer was alleged to have murdered one of the monks. The Bailiff and several assistants attempted to apprehend Le Roer but he did not surrender and was subsequently killed by Ranulph Gautier, one of the Bailiff's assistants.[33] Gautier tried to find sanctuary in a nearby church and eventually fled to England, before returning to Guernsey when the king pardoned him.[33] However, some years later Gautier was tortured to death in Castle Cornet, but it is not known why.[33]

The priory was seized in 1414 by King Henry V of England along with a number of alien priories.[30] In the first three centuries, there were several Priors appointed, sometimes with short tenures, but in 1500 Ralph Leonard was installed as Prior for life.[5] However, within decades the Priory was abandoned, with evidence of Thomas de Baugy being the final Prior around 1560.[5] There is also evidence that the priory was allocated to John After in 1566, who had also been appointed as the Dean of Guernsey.[9]

The remains of walls on Lihou

In 1759 the Governor of Guernsey, John West,[35] had the priory destroyed to prevent French forces from capturing the island during the Seven Years' War.[5] In the early nineteenth century, a farmhouse was built on Lihou,[5] and the island was listed as being owned by Eleazar le Marchant, who held the post of lieutenant bailiff of Guernsey.[7]: 322  Eleazar made an ultimately unsuccessful attempt, in 1815, to suppress the seaweed industry based around Lihou.[11]: 189  In a book published in the same year, William Berry noted the presence of an "iron hook of a gate hinge" on some rocks, approximately three miles out at sea from Lihou, along with the remains of old roads, and surmised that Lihou may have been significantly larger in the past but that the sea had eroded a considerable portion.[8]: 134–135  Through the remainder of the nineteenth century and the start of the twentieth century, the island changed hands between a succession of owners including James Priaulx in 1863, Arthur Clayfield in 1883, and Colonel Hubert de Lancey Walters in 1906.[5]

During World War II, the Channel Islands were occupied by the Germans from 1940 to 1945, and Lihou was used for target practice by the German artillery,[4] causing the farmhouse to collapse completely.[5] During the summer of 1952, the ruins of the priory were studied in some detail by John and Jean Le Patourel.[36]: 127  In 1961, Lieutenant-Colonel Patrick Wootton purchased Lihou. Wootton had plans to develop the island, beginning in the following year first by clearing the area of the old farmhouse, in preparation for the building of a new farmhouse, with construction work continuing into 1963.[5] He organized summer camps for young adults on the island and imported sheep from the Orkney Islands which could consume seaweed.[36]: 172  In 1983 Wootton decided to emigrate to Prince Edward Island, in Canada, and the island was sold to Robin and Patricia Borwick.[34]: 219  In 1995 the island was bought by the States of Guernsey.[37] The ruins of the priory are possibly the most extensive religious relic in Guernsey.[4] There have been several studies and excavations of the ruins, including archaeological investigations in 1996,[38] and in 1998, when several twelfth-fourteenth century graves were unearthed.[39]

Economy

The Lihou farmhouse

Historically, Lihou was an important location for a commercially significant industry based around the harvesting of seaweed (or vraic in the local language, Guernésiais). Records suggest considerable activity as early as the beginning of the nineteenth century.[11]: 492  The value of the seaweed as a fertiliser was so great that in 1815 Eleazor Le Marchant, lieutenant bailiff of Guernsey and owner of Lihou, initiated a court case to prevent islanders from drying seaweed on the beaches of Lihou.[5] The case eventually led to new regulations issued in 1818 by the Bailiwick legislature, known as the Chief Pleas at the time, based on a review of ancient royal decrees.[11]: 189  However, the Royal Court of Guernsey ruled in favour of the islanders in 1821, with the effect that permission to harvest seaweed on Lihou was granted to inhabitants of the parishes of St Peters and St Saviours.[5] More than a century later, in 1927, a factory was established on the island to produce iodine from the seaweed.[5][40]

The economic mainstay of the island is now ecological tourism, based around the farmhouse, which is operated by the Lihou Charitable Trust, although overall responsibility for the island remains with the Environment Department of the States of Guernsey.[41] Lihou and several other small Channel Islands such as Herm and Sark, issued their own stamps until 1969, when the States of Guernsey assumed responsibility for postal services in the Bailiwick, which had previously been provided by the UK Government.[32]: 158 [42]

Protection

The whole of the building known as the Priory of St Mary, Lihou and surrounding area was listed as a Protected Monument on 26 March 1938, reference PM236.[43] From 1 March 2006, Lihou and the L'Erée headland were designated a part of Guernsey's first Ramsar wetland site.

References

  1. 1 2 Equivalent to 89 vergées, a local measure of area. See Guernsey Facts and Figures (PDF). States of Guernsey. 2006. p. 3. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  2. ↑ "The Channel Islands". Whitaker's Concise Almanack 2012 (144 ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. 2011. p. 314. ISBN 9781408142301.
  3. ↑ "Lihou Island and l'Erée Headland, Guernsey". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 "Lihou Island". States of Guernsey. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "History of Little Lihou". BBC. 3 April 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  6. ↑ Guernsey Society of Natural Science and Local Research (1900). "Report and Transactions". 3. Guernsey Star and Gazette Company: 318. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. 1 2 3 4 Samuel Lewis (1833). A Topographical Dictionary of England. S. Lewis and Co.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 William Berry (1815). The History of the Island of Guernsey. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown.
  9. 1 2 Darryl Mark Ogier (1996). Reformation and Society in Guernsey. Rochester, NY: Boydell Press. ISBN 9780851156033. OCLC 44958657.
  10. ↑ "Lihou – 1841 Channel Islands Census". Ancestry.co.uk. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 John Jacob (1830). Annals of Some of the British Norman Isles Constituting the Bailiwick of Guernsey. Paris: J. Smith.
  12. ↑ John Marshall (1835). Royal Naval Biography. Vol. 4. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Green and Longman. p. 487. OCLC 85749387.
  13. ↑ R. C. H. Courtney (1986). "Lihou, James Victor (1895–1918)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Australian National University. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  14. ↑ "Matching passenger records". Statue of Liberty- Ellis Island Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  15. 1 2 3 4 Joint Nature Conservation Committee (2006). "Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands" (PDF). UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (defunct). Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  16. ↑ "Climate of the Channel Islands". Meteorological Observatory, Guernsey Airport. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  17. ↑ "Guernsey". World Weather Information Service. World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  18. 1 2 3 4 "Lihou Island". Environment Department, States of Guernsey. October 2012. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  19. ↑ "FAQs". Lihou Charitable Trust. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  20. ↑ Martin White (1835). Sailing Directions for the English Channel. Admiralty Hydrographic Office. p. 104.
  21. ↑ "London Gazette" (PDF). 22 May 1896. p. 3068. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  22. ↑ "List of Wetlands of International Importance" (PDF). Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. p. 29. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  23. ↑ Paul Chambers (2008). Channel Island Marine Molluscs. Charonia Media. p. 18. ISBN 9780956065506.
  24. ↑ "The Annotated Ramsar List: United Kingdom". Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  25. ↑ "Guernsey's L'Eree wetland is vital eco system". BBC. 2 February 2010. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  26. ↑ "Archaeology Collections in Detail". Guernsey Museums and Galleries. 19 July 2012. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  27. 1 2 "Le Trépied". BBC. 7 January 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  28. 1 2 "Le Creux ès Faïes". BBC. 8 December 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  29. ↑ Julia Sallabank (2002). "Writing in an unwritten language: the case of Guernsey French" (PDF). Reading Working Papers in Linguistics. University of Reading. p. 1. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  30. 1 2 "Lihou Island-Priory". States of Guernsey. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  31. ↑ Geoff Daniel (2003). Landscapes of Guernsey: With Alderney, Sark and Herm (3 ed.). Sunflower Books. ISBN 9781856912273.
  32. 1 2 3 Raoul Lemprière (1979). Portrait of the Channel Islands. Hale. ISBN 9780709176244.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 "Gautier de la Salle: a "most notorious" henchman". BBC. February 2004. p. 2. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  34. 1 2 Channel Islands. APA Productions. 1988. OCLC 225913106.
  35. ↑ "The London Gazette" (PDF). The Stationery Office (part of the UK National Archives). December 1752. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  36. 1 2 James Marr (1984). Guernsey people. Phillimore. ISBN 9780850335293.
  37. ↑ "Billet d'État". G.R. Rowland, Bailiff of Guernsey. 28 November 2007. p. 12. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  38. ↑ Sebine H. (1997). "The priory of Notre Dame, Lihou Island, Guernsey". La Société Guernesiaise. pp. 153–164. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  39. ↑ Heather Sebire (1999). "Archaeology Section report for 1999: Lihou Priory archaeological excavations, 1998 and 1999 seasons". Report and Transactions of la Société Guernesiaise. 24.
  40. ↑ Edward C. C. Stanford (1862). "On the Economic Applications of Seaweed". Journal of the Society of Arts: 185–189.
  41. ↑ "Lihou House – in partnership with the island". Lihou Charitable Trust. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  42. ↑ "Guernsey and Alderney stamps". Philatelic Bureau, Guernsey Post. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2014.
  43. ↑ "PM236". States Of Guernsey.
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