Libyan House of Representatives

مجلس النواب

Majlis al-Nuwaab
History
Founded4 August 2014 (2014-08-04)
Preceded byGeneral National Congress
Leadership
Speaker
Aguila Saleh Issa[1] (Independent)
since 5 August 2014
Deputy-Speakers
Imhemed Shaib
Ahmed Huma
since 5 August 2014
Rapporteur
Musaab al-Abed[2]
Seats200
Elections
Parallel voting; 40 seats through first-past-the-post in single-member constituencies, 80 seats through single non-transferable vote in 29 multi-member constituencies, and 80 seats through proportional representation
Last election
25 June 2014
Meeting place
Dar al-Salam Hotel
Tobruk, Libya;[3]
Rixos al-Nasr Hotel
Tripoli, Libya[4]
Islamic Dawa Building,
Benghazi, Libya[5]
Website
https://parliament.ly

The Libyan House of Representatives (HoR; Arabic: مجلس النواب, romanized: Majlis al-Nuwaab, lit. 'Council of Deputies') is the legislature of Libya resulting from the 2014 Libyan parliamentary election, which had an 18% turnout.[6][7] On 4 August 2014, in the course of the progressing August 2014 Islamist coup in the capital Tripoli in the context of the Libyan Civil War, the House of Representatives relocated itself to Tobruk in the far east of Libya. Several HoR sessions were held in Tripoli in May 2019 while Tripoli was under armed attack, electing an Interim Speaker for 45 days.[4][2] Between 2014 and 2021, the House of Representatives supported the Tobruk-based government led by Abdullah al-Thani before supporting the incumbent Government of National Unity led by Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh. In September 2021, the House of Representatives passed a no-confidence motion against the interim GNU government and later appointed a rival Government of National Stability (GNS).[8]

History

Formation

The Libyan House of Representatives officially became a legislative body on 4 August 2014, following an election on 25 June 2014, replacing the General National Congress.[9][10] Turnout at the election was 18%,[11] down from 60% in the first post-Gaddafi election of July 2012.[12] Because of security concerns no voting took place in some locations.[13]

As of 2014, the chairman was Aguila Saleh Issa.[14][1][15] As of 2014, the deputy presidents of the Council of Deputies were Imhemed Shaib and Ahmed Huma.[16] As of 2019, the HoR's associated executive authority was the Second Al-Thani Cabinet, led by Prime Minister Abdullah al-Thani, based in Bayda, Libya.[17]

The Tripoli-based Libyan Supreme Constitutional Court ruled on 6 November 2014 that the June elections were unconstitutional and that the House of Representatives should be dissolved. The House of Representatives rejected the ruling, saying that the ruling was made "at gunpoint", with the court being controlled by armed militias.[18]

On 23 August 2014, a rival parliament in Tripoli was restored, the General National Congress (GNC).[19][20] The House of Representatives did not recognize the new GNC, and voted on 6 October 2015, 112 out of 131, "to extend its term beyond 20 October", given the inability to hold elections.[19]

Shift to Tobruk

On 4 August 2014, following the occupation of Tripoli by armed Islamist groups during the Second Libyan Civil War, the House of Representatives relocated to Tobruk in the far east of the country. Since there was not enough housing for them, they initially hired a car ferry[21] from a Greek shipping company, the Elyros of ANEK Lines, for members to live and meet in.[22][23] Later the HoR relocated to the Dar al-Salam Hotel in Tobruk.[24][25]

Skhirat agreement

In October 2015, the UN envoy for Libya, Bernardino León, announced a proposal for the House of Representatives to share power with the rival new GNC government, under a compromise prime minister, Fayez al-Sarraj. However, the terms of the final proposal were not acceptable to either side, and both rejected it.[26] Nonetheless, the proposal did spark a revised proposal put together by Fayez al-Sarraj and others, which was subsequently supported by the United Nations.[27] On 17 December 2015 members of the House of Representatives and the new General National Congress signed this revised political agreement, generally known as the "Libyan Political Agreement" or the "Skhirat Agreement".[28][29] Under the terms of the agreement, a nine-member Presidency Council and a seventeen-member interim Government of National Accord would have been formed, with a view to holding new elections within two years.[28] The House of Representatives would have continued to exist as a legislature and an advisory body, to be known as the High Council of State, would have been formed with members nominated by the New General National Congress.[30] On 31 December 2015, Chairman of the House of Representatives, Aguila Saleh Issa declared his support for the Libyan Political Agreement.[29]

As of April 2016, the Libyan National Elections Commission was still considering its recommendations on legislation to implement the next election of the House of Representatives.[31]

A new round of talks that started in October 2017 in Tunis broke down a month later without a deal. On 17 December 2017, general Khalifa Haftar declared the "so-called" Skhirat agreement void.[32]

2019 Tripoli meetings

Early in April 2019, during the 2019–20 Western Libya campaign, 31 members of the House of Representatives made a public statement supporting the attack on Tripoli and 49 members made a public statement opposing the attack.[33] On 2 May, 51 members of the HoR held a session at the Rixos al-Nasr Hotel. They stated that their session was not intended to split up the HoR nor Libya and called other members of the HoR to attend another Tripoli session planned for 5 May. They opposed the use of military force, called for a political solution to the offensive, and called for the Presidential Council, in its role as the head of the Libyan armed forces, to appoint a new head of the army[4] to replace Khalifa Haftar, who had been appointed by the HoR on 2 March 2015.[34]

On 5 May, a Tripoli session of 47 members of the House of Representatives elected al-Sadiq al-Kehili as Interim Speaker, Musaab al-Abed as a rapporteur and Hammuda Siala[35] as a spokesperson, for a period of 45 days, with 27 votes in favour.[36][2] In the 2014 Libyan parliamentary election, al-Kehili was elected with 1596 votes in electorate 56, Tajura; Musaab al-Abed (Musab Abulgasim) was elected with 2566 votes in electorate 59, Hay al-Andalus; and Sayala (Siyala) was elected with 6023 votes in electorate 58, Tripoli Central.[37] On 8 May, another session was held in Tripoli, creating an Internal Code Review committee, to review HoR decisions made since 2014, under Article 16 of the Skhirat Agreement; an International Communication committee; a Secretarial Office; and a Crisis committee, to "follow" the work of the emergency committee created by the Presidential Council in relation to the 2019 Western Libya offensive.[38] Sayala stated in a televised interview that solving the crisis in Libya would require a political agreement in which the HoR is "restored" as the highest legislative authority in Libya.[36]

Disappearances

On 17 July 2019, one of the Benghazi members of the House of Representatives, Seham Sergewa, well-known for her documentation of rape as a weapon of war during the 2011 Libyan Civil War,[39] was detained by the Libyan National Army (LNA).[40] As of 20 July 2019, her location was unknown.[40]

Government of National Unity

On 10 March 2021, the House of Representatives met in the central city of Sirte to formally approve the formation of a Government of National Unity (GNU) led by Mohamed al-Menfi as chairman of the Presidential Council and Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh as Prime Minister. 121 members of the House voted to approve the formation of the unity government.[41] The Government of National Unity was seeking to unify the rival Government of National Accord based in Tripoli and the Second Al-Thani Cabinet based in Tobruk.

On 21 September, the House of Representatives passed a no-confidence vote against the GNU led by Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh after 83 out of the 113 members present voted for the motion, thus practically acknowledging support for the Government of National Stability.[8]

Government of National Stability

On 10 February 2022, the House of Representatives selected Fathi Bashagha as prime minister-designate, after HoR Speaker Aguila Saleh announced the only other candidate, Khalid Al-Baybas, withdrew his candidacy.[42] However, Al-Baybas has denied withdrawing from the race.[43] Prime Minister of the GNU Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh rejected Bashagha's appointment as prime minister, stating that he will only hand power after a national election.[42] Khalifa Haftar and his Libyan National Army welcomed Bashagha's appointment.[44] Civilian and military leaders in Misrata rejected the formation of a new government and declared support for the GNU.[45] Egypt's foreign ministry supported the “new government,” but the United Nations said it continued to recognize Mr. Dbeiba's leadership.[46]

On 1 March, the House of Representatives voted to give confidence to Bashagha's Government of National Stability (GNS). According to HoR Speaker Saleh, 92 out of 101 attending members voted for the new government.[47] A HoR member raised questions about the validity of the vote by stating that 10 votes from absent members were cast via voice messages sent to the Speaker.[48] The High Council of State rejected "unilateral" steps by the HoR and regards the HoR decision to grant confidence to a new government a violation of the Libyan Political Agreement.[49] The United Nations has voiced concerns over the vote due to reports on lack of transparency and procedure, and acts of intimidation prior to the HoR session.[50]

On 16 May 2023, Finance Minister Osama Hamada was appointed acting Prime Minister of Libya by the House of Representatives.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "Jurist elected Libya parliament speaker". Middle East Online. 5 August 2014. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 Assad, Abdulkader (5 May 2019). "Libya's House of Representatives elects Interim Speaker in Tripoli". The Libya Observer. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
  3. ↑ "Libya's parliament allies with renegade general, struggling to assert authority". Ahram Online. AFP. 20 October 2014. Archived from the original on 7 October 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  4. 1 2 3 Zaptia, Sami (2 May 2019). "Anti Tripoli war HoR members hold Tripoli session". Libya Herald. Archived from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  5. ↑ "معالي النائب الثاني رفقة معالي رئيس الديوان يقومان بجولة تفقدية لمقر مجلس النواب بمبنى الدعوة الإسلامية" [His Excellency the Second Deputy, accompanied by His Excellency the Chief of Staff, they are conducting an inspection tour of the House of Representatives headquarters in the Islamic Call Building]. 6 August 2021. Archived from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 23 June 2023.
  6. ↑ "Libyans mourn rights activist amid turmoil". Al-Jazeera. 26 June 2014. Archived from the original on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  7. ↑ "Jabal Nefusa towns declare boycott of the House of Representatives". Libya Herald. 19 August 2014. Archived from the original on 21 August 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  8. 1 2 "Libya's parliament passes no-confidence vote in unity government". Al Jazeera. 21 September 2021. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  9. ↑ Lamloum, Imed. "Libya power handover agreed as airport battle rages on". Agence France-Presse (AFP). Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  10. ↑ "Libya's new parliament meets in Tobruk". Libya Herald. 4 August 2014. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  11. ↑ "Libyans mourn rights activist amid turmoil". Al Jazeera English. 26 June 2014. Archived from the original on 16 January 2018. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  12. ↑ "Braving Areas of Violence, Voters Try to Reshape Libya". New York Times. 7 July 2012. Archived from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  13. ↑ Jawad, Rana (26 June 2014). "Libyan elections: Low turnout marks bid to end political crisis". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  14. ↑ "Ageela Issa elected as president of House of Representatives". Libya Herald. 5 August 2014. Archived from the original on 7 August 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
  15. ↑ "New Parliament Elects East Libya Jurist As Speaker". Haberler. 5 August 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  16. ↑ "Parliament elects deputy presidents". Libya Herald. 5 August 2014. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  17. ↑ "Chaos in Libya: A Background Who is Who in Libya". February 2017. Archived from the original on 26 August 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2017.
  18. ↑ "Libyan court rules elected parliament illegal". Al Jazeera English. 6 November 2014. Archived from the original on 11 February 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  19. 1 2 "Libya's parliament extends mandate". BBC News. 6 October 2015. Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  20. ↑ "Rival Libyan lawmakers sign proposal for peace deal". Yahoo. Reuters. 6 December 2015. Archived from the original on 9 December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  21. ↑ Stephen, Chris (9 September 2014). "Libyan parliament takes refuge in Greek car ferry". the Guardian. Archived from the original on 16 September 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  22. ↑ "Libya: Cruise ship hired as 'floating hotel for MPs'". BBC News. 21 August 2014. Archived from the original on 13 September 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
  23. ↑ Goldhammer, Zach (13 September 2014). "On the Greek Ferry Housing Libya's Government". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
  24. ↑ Laessing, Ulf (2 October 2014). "Insight - Libya's runaway parliament seeks refuge in Tobruk bubble". Reuters UK. Archived from the original on 18 January 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  25. ↑ "Libya's government holed up in a 1970s hotel". BBC News. 16 October 2014. Archived from the original on 29 November 2015. Retrieved 26 December 2015.
  26. ↑ "Libyan officials reject UN-proposed unity deal with rival government". The Guardian. Benghazi. Associated Press. 19 October 2015. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  27. ↑ UN Security Council Resolution 2259 of 23 December 2015
  28. 1 2 Kingsley, Patrick (17 December 2015). "Libyan politicians sign UN peace deal to unify rival governments". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 December 2015.
  29. 1 2 Zaptia, Sami (1 January 2016). "Ageela Salah now supports UN-brokered Skhirat agreement: Kobler". Libya Herald. Archived from the original on 24 February 2016.
  30. ↑ "Libyan deal on course, but who is on board?". Al Arabiya. 25 December 2015. Archived from the original on 28 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2015.
  31. ↑ "The Audit Committee for reviewing and developing electoral legislations continue to hold meetings". Libyan High National Elections Commission. 15 April 2016. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016.
  32. ↑ "Q&A: What's happening in Libya?". Al Jazeera. 20 December 2017. Archived from the original on 20 December 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2017.
  33. ↑ Assad, Abdulkader (29 April 2019). "Parliament members who oppose Haftar's war on Tripoli to hold session Thursday". The Libya Observer. Archived from the original on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
  34. ↑ al-Warfalli, Ayman (2 March 2015). "Libya's Haftar appointed army chief for recognized government". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  35. ↑ "Hammouda Sayala re-elected as Speaker of Parliament in Tripoli for second term | The Libya Observer". www.libyaobserver.ly. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2020.
  36. 1 2 "Tripoli trio in control of parallel parliament". The Libyan Address Journal. 8 May 2019. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  37. ↑ Paton, Callum; Seraj, Essul (22 July 2014). "ELECTIONS 2014: Final results for House of Representative elections announced". Libya Herald. Archived from the original on 23 July 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
  38. ↑ Assad, Abdulkader (8 May 2019). "Libya's HoR continues holding sessions in Tripoli". The Libya Observer. Archived from the original on 8 May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  39. ↑ Squires, Nick (29 August 2011). "Gaddafi and his sons 'raped female bodyguards'". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 21 March 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  40. 1 2 Lister, Tim; Bashir, Nada (20 July 2019). "She's one of the most prominent female politicians in her country. A few days ago she was abducted from her house". CNN. Archived from the original on 22 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  41. ↑ "Libya lawmakers approve interim govt in key step towards elections". Archived from the original on 10 March 2021. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  42. 1 2 "Libya rifts deepen as new PM named, incumbent refuses to yield". Reuters. 10 February 2022. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  43. ↑ Assad, Abdulkader (13 February 2022). "Al-Baybas denies withdrawing from PM candidacy contrary to HoR Speaker's remarks". Libya Observer. Archived from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2022.
  44. ↑ "Libya: Tobruk parliament names new PM, fuelling division". Al Jazeera. 10 February 2022. Archived from the original on 10 February 2022. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  45. ↑ Alharathy, Safa (12 February 2022). "Misrata rejects Parliament decision to form 'parallel government'". Libya Observer. Archived from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  46. ↑ Yee, Vivian; Abdusamee, Mohammed (10 February 2022). "Libya Slides Deeper Into Chaos as Parliament Picks New Government". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
  47. ↑ Assad, Abdulkader (1 March 2022). "Libya's Parliament gives confidence to Bashagha's government". Libya Observer. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  48. ↑ "Libya parliament backs new government as crisis deepens". Reuters. 1 March 2022. Archived from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2022.
  49. ↑ Alharathy, Safa (1 March 2022). "HCS: Granting confidence to a new government violates Political Agreement". Libya Observer. Archived from the original on 2 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022.
  50. ↑ "UN voices concern over vote on new Libyan prime minister". Al Jazeera. 3 March 2022. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
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