Looking Glass Studios, Inc.
Formerly
  • Blue Sky Productions (1990–1992)
  • LookingGlass Technologies, Inc. (1992–1997)
TypePrivate
IndustryVideo games
Founded1990 (1990) in Salem, New Hampshire, U.S.
Founders
DefunctMay 24, 2000 (2000-05-24)
FateDissolved
Headquarters
Cambridge, Massachusetts
,
U.S.
Key people
Paul Neurath (president; 1990–2000)
Number of employees
120 (1999)
ParentAverStar (1997–1999)
Websitewww.lglass.com at the Wayback Machine (archived February 9, 1998)

Looking Glass Studios, Inc. (formerly Blue Sky Productions and LookingGlass Technologies, Inc.) was an American video game developer based in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The company was founded by Paul Neurath with Ned Lerner as Blue Sky Productions in 1990, and merged with Lerner's Lerner Research in 1992 to become LookingGlass Technologies. Between 1997 and 1999, the company was part of AverStar, where it was renamed Looking Glass Studios. Following financial issues at Looking Glass, the studio shut down in May 2000. Notable productions by Looking Glass include the Ultima Underworld, System Shock and Thief series.

History

Foundation and Ultima Underworld (1990–1992)

Prior to founding Looking Glass, Paul Neurath worked with developer Origin Systems, while it was located in Southern New Hampshire, where he led the design on Space Rogue.[1][2] Following the release of the game, Origin moved back to Texas, from where it originated, leaving Neurath with a studio, development tools and funding, using which he founded Blue Sky Productions in 1990 in Salem, New Hampshire.[1][3] Ned Lerner, who had met Neurath in college, acted as founding partner for the company.[1][2] Early on, Neurath hired Doug Church, a programmer from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to aid with Blue Sky's first project.[1] Church created a technological base for this first game, while Doug Wike, formerly of Origin Systems, created an animation sequence of a creature moving towards the player in real time.[1] Blue Sky showcased a demonstration of their game at the 1990 Consumer Electronics Show, attracting Richard Garriott and Warren Spector of Origin, who signed them into a publishing deal.[1] Origin provided Blue Sky with the license for their Ultima series, wherein the game received the name Ultima Underworld: The Stygian Abyss, and Blue Sky received US$30,000 in project funding.[1] The production for Ultima Underworld, which released in 1992, would eventually cost $400,000.[1]

Rebranding and expansion (1992–1995)

In 1992, Blue Sky merged with Lerner Research, a video game company Lerner had founded after graduating from college, and was rebranded as LookingGlass Technologies.[1][4] Neurath considered this a formalization, as the two companies had already been sharing technology and staff for some time.[5] It had also considered using the name "LookingGlass Studios" but decided against using it as it was mostly focused on technology.[6] At the time, the studio had approximately 12 employees in offices located in Lexington, Massachusetts.[2] The first game to be released under the new branding was Ultima Underworld II: Labyrinth of Worlds in 1993.[1][2] By April 1995, the company, now located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, employed over 40 people.[4] When the company was acquired by Intermetrics, the company was legally renamed Intermetrics Entertainment Software, LLC, though received the trade name "Looking Glass Studios".[6] It incorporated as Looking Glass Studios, Inc. when it became independent again.[6]

Closure (2000)

By 2000, Looking Glass's major financial losses and lack of external funding rendered the company unable to continue operating.[1][2] Specifically, deals with Sony and Eidos Interactive fell apart, and a spy game project Deep Cover (to be developed by Irrational Games and published by Microsoft) was cancelled.[7] Losses from Flight Combat and Flight Unlimited III, among many other contributing factors, also plagued the studio.[7]

On Wednesday, May 24, 2000, Neurath called for a meeting attended by all employees.[1] At the meeting, Neurath announced that Looking Glass was being closed down, and all employees left the facility later that day.[1] Steve Pearsall, the project lead for Thief, confirmed the closure to the public on the same day.[8]

Technology

Legacy

In 1997, Ken Levine, Jonathan Chey and Robert Fermier split from Looking Glass to form Irrational Games.[9] Jane's Attack Squadron, a game canceled with the studio's closure, was picked up and finished by Mad Doc Software.[9] Following the closure of Looking Glass, Neurath founded Floodgate Entertainment, also in the Boston area.[10] Floodgate was eventually acquired by Zynga and merged into Zynga Boston.[11] Neurath became creative director of Zynga Boston, which eventually shut down in October 2012, after which Neurath established OtherSide Entertainment in 2013.[12][13]

Games developed

By Lerner Research

Year Title Publisher
1987 Chuck Yeager's Advanced Flight Trainer Electronic Arts
1991 F-22 Interceptor
1992 Car and Driver

By Blue Sky Productions

Year Title Publisher Notes
1992 Ultima Underworld: The Stygian Abyss Origin Systems
John Madden Football '93 EA Sports Sega Genesis version

As LookingGlass Technologies (post-merger)

Year Title Publisher
1993 Ultima Underworld II: Labyrinth of Worlds Origin Systems/Electronic Arts
1994 System Shock Origin Systems
1995 Flight Unlimited LookingGlass Technologies
1996 Terra Nova: Strike Force Centauri
1997 British Open Championship Golf

As Looking Glass Studios (rename)

Year Title Publisher Notes
1997 Flight Unlimited II Eidos Interactive
1998 Thief: The Dark Project
1999 Command & Conquer Nintendo Nintendo 64 port
System Shock 2 Electronic Arts Co-developed with Irrational Games
Flight Unlimited III
Destruction Derby 64 THQ
2000 Thief II Eidos Interactive
2002 Jane's Attack Squadron Xicat Interactive Originally cancelled, finished by Mad Doc Software[14]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Mahardy, Mike (April 6, 2015). "Ahead of its time: The history of Looking Glass". Polygon. Vox Media. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Walker-Emig, Paul (January 17, 2018). "From the Archives: Looking Glass Studios". Retro Gamer. No. 177. Future Publishing. pp. 74–79.
  3. ↑ Neurath, Paul (June 23, 2000). "The Story of Ultima Underworld". TTLG. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  4. 1 2 "Looking Glass". Next Generation. No. 4. Imagine Publishing. April 1995. pp. 60–64.
  5. ↑ "Ultima Underworld 2 Interview". TTLG. Retrieved February 15, 2020.
  6. 1 2 3 Keefer, John (March 31, 2006). "GameSpy Retro: Developer Origins, Page 17 of 19". GameSpy. Archived from the original on June 9, 2007.
  7. 1 2 Sterrett, James (May 31, 2000). "Reasons for the Fall: A Post-Mortem On Looking Glass Studios". TTLG. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  8. ↑ IGN Staff (May 24, 2000). "Looking Glass Broken". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  9. 1 2 Fleming, Jeffrey (September 14, 2009). "Gamescape: A Look at Development in North America's Cities, Page 2 of 8". Gamasutra. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  10. ↑ Fleming, Jeffrey (September 14, 2009). "Gamescape: A Look at Development in North America's Cities, Page 1 of 8". Gamasutra. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  11. ↑ Watts, Steve (March 24, 2011). "Zynga acquires Floodgate Entertainment". Shacknews. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  12. ↑ Orland, Kyle (October 24, 2012). "Zynga lays off 5 percent of workforce, closes 3 offices (updated)". Ars Technica. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  13. ↑ Hester, Blake (April 13, 2018). "Watch First Trailer for Warren Spector's 'Underworld Ascendant'". Variety. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
  14. ↑ Reilly, Luke (April 1, 2013). "5 More Defunct Developers Who Went Out With a Bang". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved July 8, 2019.
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