Lebanese people
National flag of Lebanon
Total population
4 million
(Lebanon)[1]
4[2][3][4]–14 million
[5][6][7] (Lebanese diaspora)
Regions with significant populations
 Lebanon4,130,000[1]
 Brazil1,000,000[8] - 6,000,000 - 7,000,000[9][10][11]
 Colombia3,200,000[12][13] [14]
 Argentina1,500,000[15]
 Venezuela500,000[16]
 United States440,279[17]
 France300,000[18][19]
 Saudi Arabia300,000[20]
 Canada250,000[21][22][23]
 Australia203,139[24]
 Paraguay200,000[25]
 Ecuador170,000;[26]
 Ivory Coast100,000[27][28] - 300,000[29][30]
 Mexico100,000[25]
 Dominican Republic80,000[31]
 United Arab Emirates80,000[32]
 Uruguay70,000[33]
 Senegal50,000[34][35]
 Germany50,000[36]
 Kuwait40,500[19]
 Guinea40,000[37]
 Chile32,000[38][39]
 Nigeria30,000[40]
 Costa Rica30,000[19]
 Greece27,420[19]
 El Salvador27,400[19]
 Cyprus25,700[19]
 Guatemala22,500[19]
 Cuba20,000[19]
 Honduras20,000[19]
 South Africa20,000[41]
 Belgium11,000[42]
  Switzerland10,000[43]
 Togo8,000[44]
 Gabon8,000[45]
 Cameroon6,000[46]
 Israel3,500[47]
 Sierra Leone3,000[48]
 Benin3,000[49]
 Luxembourg400[42]
Languages
Spoken Vernacular
Lebanese Arabic & Cypriot Maronite Arabic[50]
Diaspora
French, English, Spanish, Portuguese
Religion
Islam (59.5% in Lebanon):2
(Shia,3 Sunni,3 Alawites, Ismailis[51] and Druze)4
Christianity (40.5% in Lebanon; majority of diaspora):1
(Maronite, Greek Orthodox, Melkite and Protestant)
Related ethnic groups
Syrians, Palestinians and Jordanians
Notes:
  1. Lebanese Christians of all denominations constitute the majority of all Lebanese worldwide, but represent only a large minority within Lebanon.
  2. Lebanese Muslims of all denominations represent a majority within Lebanon, but add up to only a large minority of all Lebanese worldwide.
  3. Shias and Sunnis account for 54% of Lebanon's population together, even split in half (27%).
  4. In Lebanon, the Druze quasi-Muslim sect is officially categorized as a Muslim denomination by the Lebanese government.

The Lebanese people (Arabic: الشعب اللبناني / ALA-LC: ash-shaʻb al-Lubnānī, Lebanese Arabic pronunciation: [eʃˈʃæʕeb ellɪbˈneːne]) are the people inhabiting or originating from Lebanon. The term may also include those who had inhabited Mount Lebanon and the Anti-Lebanon Mountains prior to the creation of the modern Lebanese state. The major religious groups among the Lebanese people within Lebanon are Shia Muslims (27%), Sunni Muslims (27%), Maronite Christians (21%), Greek Orthodox Christians (8%), Melkite Christians (5%), Druze (5.2%), Protestant Christians (1%).[52] The largest contingent of Lebanese, however, comprise a diaspora in North America, South America, Europe, Australia and Africa, which is predominantly Maronite Christian.

As the relative proportion of the various sects is politically sensitive, Lebanon has not collected official census data on ethnic background since 1932 under the French Mandate. It is therefore difficult to have an exact demographic analysis of Lebanese society.[53] The largest concentration of people with Lebanese ancestry may be in Brazil, having an estimated population of 5.8 to 7 million. However, it may be an exaggeration given that an official survey conducted by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) showed that less than 1 million Brazilians claimed any Middle-Eastern origin.[8] The Lebanese have always traveled the world, many of them settling permanently within the last two centuries.

Estimated to have lost their status as the majority in Lebanon itself, with their reduction in numbers largely as a result of their emigration, Christians still remain one of the principal religious groups in the country.[54] Descendants of Lebanese Christians make up the majority of Lebanese people worldwide, appearing principally in the diaspora.[55]

Identity

The Lebanese identity is rooted in a shared history and culture. Their rich cultural heritage includes food, music, literature, and art, which is also shaped by the country's location at the crossroads of the Eastern Mediterranean. This has allowed it to be a meeting point for different cultures and traditions.[56][57][58]

Lebanon's religious diversity is also a significant component of the national identity. The country is home to a plurality of religious communities, including Muslims, Christians, and Druze.[59] Each community has its own distinct religious practices, traditions, and customs, which have been passed down through generations.[60][61][62]

However, the identity has also been shaped by a long history of political and social conflict. The country has experienced a series of civil wars, foreign invasions, and political crises, which has deepened divisions between different communities and eroded trust in the government and institutions.[63][64][65]

Lebanon has managed to maintain a sense of national unity and identity. In the face of political and social challenges, the Lebanese people are known for their resilience and their ability to come together in times of crisis which has helped to strengthen their sense of national identity.[66][67]

Among Lebanese Maronites, Aramaic still remains the liturgical language of the Maronite Church, although in an Eastern Aramaic form (the Syriac language,[68] in which early Christianity was disseminated throughout the Middle East), is distinct from the spoken Aramaic of Lebanon, which was a Western Aramaic language. Some Lebanese Christians identify themselves as Lebanese rather than Arab, seeking to draw on "the Phoenician past to try to forge an identity separate from the prevailing Arab culture".[69]

Population numbers

The total Lebanese population is estimated at 8 to 18 million. Of these, the vast majority, or 4[2][3][4]- 14[6] million, constitute part of the Lebanese diaspora (residing outside of Lebanon), with approximately 4.7 million citizens residing in Lebanon itself.[52]

Lebanon

[nb 1][1][1][70]
Ethnic Groups in Lebanon
Ethnicity Percent
Arabs
 
 95%
Armenians
 
 4%
Various other ethnicities:
Mideast (Kurds, Turks, Assyrians, Iranians),
Europeans (Greeks, Italians, French) and others
 
 1%

There are approximately 4.7 million Lebanese citizens in Lebanon.[52]

In addition to this figure, there are an additional 1 million foreign workers (mainly Syrians), and about 470,000 Palestinian refugees in the nation.[71][72]

Lebanon is also a home to various ethnic minorities found refuge in the country over the centuries. Prominent ethnic minorities in the country include the Armenians, the Kurds, the Turks, the Assyrians, the Iranians and some European ethnicities (Greeks, Italians, French).

There are also a small number of nomadic Dom Gypsies (part of the Roma people of South Asian, particularly, Indian descent)

Diaspora

Salma Hayek
Carlos Ghosn

The Lebanese diaspora consists of approximately 4[2][3][4]- 14[6] million, both Lebanese-born living abroad and those born-abroad of Lebanese descent. The majority of the Lebanese in the diaspora are Christians,[73] disproportionately so in the Americas where the vast majority reside. An estimate figure show that they represent about 75% of the Lebanese in total. Lebanese abroad are considered "rich, educated and influential"[74] and over the course of time immigration has yielded Lebanese "commercial networks" throughout the world.[75]

The largest number of Lebanese is to be found in Brazil,[76] where according to the Brazilian and Lebanese governments claim, there are 7 million Brazilians of Lebanese descent.[9][10][11] These figures, however, may be an exaggeration given that, according to a 2008 survey conducted by IBGE, in 2008, covering only the states of Amazonas, Paraíba, São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal, 0.9% of white Brazilian respondents said they had family origins in the Middle East[8]

Large numbers also reside elsewhere in North America, most notably in the United States (489,702)[77] and in Canada, the people of full or partial Lebanese descent are between 190,275 (by ancestry, 2011 Census)[78] to 250,000 based on estimates.[23] In the rest of the Americas, significant communities are found in Argentina,[15] Mexico (400,000);[79] Chile,[80] Colombia[81] and Venezuela, with almost every other Latin American country having at least a small presence.

In Africa, Ghana and the Ivory Coast are home to over 100,000 Lebanese.[82] There are significant Lebanese populations in other countries throughout Western and Central Africa.[83][84] Australia hosts over 180,000 and Canada 250,000. In the Arab world, around 400,000 Lebanese live in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf.[85] More than 2,500 ex-SLA members remain in Israel.[86]

Currently, Lebanon provides no automatic right to Lebanese citizenship for emigrants who lost their citizenship upon acquiring the citizenship of their host country, nor for the descendants of emigrants born abroad. This situation disproportionately affects Christians. Recently, the Maronite Institution of Emigrants called for the establishment of an avenue by which emigrants who lost their citizenship may regain it, or their overseas-born descendants (if they so wish) may acquire it.[87]

The list below contains approximate figures for people of Lebanese descent by country of residence, largely taken from the iLoubnan diaspora map.[19] Additional reliable cites have been provided where possible. Additional estimates have been included where they can be cited; where applicable, these are used in place of the iLoubnan figures. The Figure below uses the data from the list and calculates the amount of Lebanese residents as a percentage of the total population of the respective country.

Amal Clooney
Country Lower Estimate Upper Estimate Region Country article in English Wikipedia Name List of personalities of Lebanese origin
 Brazil 2,000,000 according to a research conducted by IBGE in 2008, covering only the states of Amazonas, Paraíba, São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso and Distrito Federal, 0.9% of white Brazilian respondents said they had family origins in the Middle East[8] 5,800,000[19] -7,000,000[88] (Brazilian/Lebanese governments)[89] Latin America Lebanese Brazilian Brazil
 Argentina 1,200,000[19][15] 3,500,000[15] Latin America Lebanese Argentine Argentina
 Colombia 800,000[19] 3,200,000[90] Latin America Lebanese Colombian Colombia
 United States 500,000[91][note 1] 506,150[92][note 2] North America Lebanese American United States
 Venezuela 341,000[19] 500,000[93] Latin America Lebanese Venezuelan Venezuela
 Australia 271,000[94][95] 350,000[96] Oceania Lebanese Australian Australia
 Mexico 240,000[19] 400,000[97] - 505,000 Latin America Lebanese Mexican Mexico
 Canada 190,275[98] 250,000[99] - 270,000[19] North America Lebanese Canadian Canada
 Saudi Arabia 120,000[19] 269,000[100] Arab World Lebanese people in Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia
 Syria 114,000 Arab World Lebanese people in Syria Syria
 France 275,000[101][102] 290,000 European Union Lebanese French France
 Ecuador 98,000[19] 250,000 Latin America Lebanese Ecuadorian Ecuador
 Dominican Republic 80,000[103] Latin America Lebanese Dominican
 United Arab Emirates 80,000[104] 156,000 Arab World Lebanese people in the United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates
 Uruguay 53,000[19] 70,000[105] Latin America Lebanese Uruguayan Uruguay
 Germany 50,000[106] European Union Lebanese German Germany
 Ivory Coast 50,000[107] 90,000[108] Sub-saharan Africa Lebanese people in Ivory Coast
 Kuwait 41,775[109] 106,000[110] Arab World Lebanese people in Kuwait
 Senegal 30,000[111][112] Sub-Saharan Africa Lebanese Senegalese
 Sweden 26,906[113] European Union Lebanese people in Sweden Sweden
 Denmark 26,705[114] European Union Lebanese people in Denmark Denmark
 Qatar 25,000[115] 191,000 Arab World Lebanese people in Qatar
 Spain 11,820[19] European Union Lebanese Spanish Spain
 New Zealand 8,500[19] Oceania Lebanese New Zealander
 South Africa 5,100 20,000[41] Sub-Saharan Africa Lebanese people in South Africa South Africa
 Belgium 2,400 5,000 European Union Lebanese people in Belgium Belgium
Caribbean[note 3] 545,200[19] Latin America Lebanese Jamaican Caribbean  · Cuba  · Haiti  · Jamaica
Rest of Latin America, ex. Caribbean[note 4] 181,800[19] Latin America Lebanese Chileans Chile  · Guatemala  · Dutch Antilles
Scandinavia 108,220[19] European Union Lebanese Swedish Sweden  · Denmark
Rest of GCC[note 5] 105,000[19] Arab World
Rest of European Union[note 6] 96,780[19] European Union Lebanese British  · Lebanese Bulgarian**  · Lebanese Greek Bulgaria  · Cyprus  · Germany  · Italy  · Monaco  · Netherlands  · Switzerland  · UK
Rest of Sub-Saharan Africa[note 7] 42,510[19] Sub-Saharan Africa Lebanese Sierra Leonean Ghana  · Sierra Leone
North Africa[note 8] 14,000[19] North Africa Lebanese Egyptian Egypt
Asia[note 9] 2,600[19] Asia
Lebanese residents as a percentage of country's total population

Note: An important percentage of Arabs in Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela, Bulgaria, Romania, Italy, Portugal and Spain are of Lebanese ancestry. They are denoted ** for this purpose.

Religion

Lebanese Muslims[52][116] [117][118][119][120][121]
Year Percent
1932
 
 49%
1985
 
 56%
2010
 
 61%
2014
 
 65%
Lebanese Christians[116][117][118][119][120]
Year Percent
1932
 
 51%
1985
 
 44%
2010
 
 39%
2014
 
 35%

Lebanon has several different main religions. The country has the most religiously diverse society in the Middle East, encompassing 17 recognized religious sects.[122] The main two religions among the Lebanese people are Christianity (the Maronite Church, the Greek Orthodox Church, the Melkite, the Protestant Church) and Islam (Shia and Sunni). The third-largest religion is Druze.

There are other non-Lebanese Christian minorities such as Armenians (Armenian Apostolic Church and Armenian Catholic Church), French-Italians (Latin Catholic Lebanese), Assyrians (Assyrian Church of the East, Syriac Catholic Church, Syriac Orthodox Church, Chaldean Catholic Church) and Copts (Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria), who immigrated to Lebanon over the years.[123]

No official census has been taken since 1932, reflecting the political sensitivity in Lebanon over confessional (i.e. religious) balance.[124]

A study conducted by Statistics Lebanon, a Beirut-based research firm, cited by the United States Department of State found that of Lebanon's population of approximately 4.3 million is estimated to be:[52]

There are also very small numbers of other religions such as Judaism, Mormons, Baháʼí Faith, and also religions practiced by foreigner workers like Buddhism and Hinduism.[52]

The CIA World Factbook estimates (2020) the following , though this data does not include Lebanon's sizable Syrian and Palestinian refugee populations: Muslim 67.8% (Sunni, Shia and smaller percentages of Alawites and Ismailis), Christian 32.4% (mainly Maronite Catholics are the largest Christian group), Druze 4.5%, and very small numbers of Jews, Baha'is, Buddhists, and Hindus.[127]

The International Foundation for Electoral Systems provides source for the registered voters in Lebanon for 2011[128] (it has to be noted that voter registration does not include people under 18 and unregistered voters) that puts the numbers as following: Sunni Islam 27.65%, Shia Islam 27.34%, Maronite Catholic 21.05%, Greek Orthodox 7.34%, Druze 5.74%, Melkite Catholic 4.76%, Armenian Apostolic 2.64%, other Christian Minorities 1.28%, Alawite Shia Islam 0.88%, Armenian Catholic 0.62%, Evangelical Protestant 0.53%, and other 0.18% of the population.

With the diaspora included, the Christians are an absolute majority. Lebanon has a population of Mhallamis also known as Mardinli), most of whom migrated from northeast Syria and southeast Turkey are estimated to be between 75,000 and 100,000 and considered to be part of the Sunni population. These have in recent years been granted Lebanese citizenship and, coupled with several civil wars between Islamic extremists and the Lebanese military that have caused many Christians to flee the country, have re-tipped the demographic balance in favour of the Muslims and the Sunnis in particular.[129] In addition, many thousands of Arab Bedouins in the Bekaa and in the Wadi Khaled region, who are entirely Sunnis, were granted Lebanese citizenship. Lebanon also has a Jewish population, estimated at less than 100.

Though Lebanon is a secular country, family matters such as marriage, divorce and inheritance are still handled by the religious authorities representing a person's faith. Calls for civil marriage are unanimously rejected by the religious authorities but civil marriages held in another country are recognized by Lebanese civil authorities.

Legally registered Muslims form around 54% of the population (Shia, Sunni, Alawite). Legally registered Christians form up to 41% (Maronite, Greek Orthodox Christian, Melkite, Armenian, Evangelical, other). Druze form around 5%. A small minority of 0.1% includes Jews, and foreign workers who belong to Hindu and Buddhist religions.

Non-religion is not recognized by the state, however in 2009, the Minister of the Interior Ziad Baroud made it possible to have the religious sect removed from the Lebanese identity card, this does not, however, deny the religious authorities complete control over civil family issues inside the country.[130][131]

Genetics

Y-DNA haplogroups

A Druze family of the Lebanon, late 1800s
Christian men from Mount Lebanon, late 1800s
Metouali (Shia) Woman of the Beqaa Valley, 1970's

In a 2011 genetic study by Haber et al. which analyzed the male-line Y-chromosome genetics of the different religious groups of Lebanon, revealed no large genetic differentiation between the Maronites, Greek Orthodox Christians, Greek Catholic Christians, Sunni Muslims, Shia Muslims, and Druze of the country in regards to the more frequent haplogroups. Major differences between Lebanese groups were found among the less frequent haplogroups.[132]

Autosomal DNA

In a 2020 study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, authors showed that there is substantial genetic continuity in Lebanon and the Levant since the Bronze Age (3300–1200 BC) interrupted by three significant admixture events during the Iron Age, Hellenistic, and Ottoman period, each contributing 3%–11% of non-local ancestry to the admixed population. The admixtures were tied to the Sea Peoples of the Late Bronze Age collapse, South or Central Asians, and Ottoman Turks, respectively.[133]

Relationship with other populations

One study by the International Institute of Anthropology in Paris, France, confirmed similarities in the Y-haplotype frequencies in Lebanese, Palestinian, and Sephardic Jewish men, identifying them as "three Near-Eastern populations sharing a common geographic origin."[134] The study surveyed one Y-specific DNA polymorphism (p49/Taq I) in 54 Lebanese and 69 Palestinian males, and compared with the results found in 693 Jews from three distinct Jewish ethnic groups; Mizrahi Jews, Sephardi Jews, and Ashkenazi Jews.

Notable individuals

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 26% of 1.9m Americans of Arab descent
  2. ↑ 26% of 3,665,789 Americans of Arab descent
  3. ↑ Includes Cuba, Guadalupe & Haiti
  4. ↑ Belize, Bolivia, Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru
  5. ↑ Excludes Saudi Arabia & Kuwait, includes Iraq & Jordan
  6. ↑ Belgium, Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Monaco, Switzerland, United Kingdom
  7. ↑ Burkina Faso, Gambia, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria & Sierra Leone
  8. ↑ Egypt, Libya & rest of North Africa
  9. ↑ Iran & Philippines

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 CIA, the World Factbook (2018). Archived 11 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 International Migration and the Lebanese Diaspora. Co-éditions. Presses de l’Ifpo. 3 October 2019. pp. 42–43. ISBN 9782351595497. Archived from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 "Methods of Finding Population Statistics of Lebanese Migration Throughout the World". 4 February 2015. Archived from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 "Annuario Pontificio 2017" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 October 2018.
  5. ↑ "Bassil promises to ease citizenship for expatriates". Archived from the original on 2 September 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 "Country Profile: Lebanon". FCO. 3 April 2007. Archived from the original on 31 July 2003. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  7. ↑ Fielding-Smith, Abigail (5 June 2009). "From Brazil to Byblos, Lebanese diaspora pours in for vote". thenational. Archived from the original on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2009.
  8. 1 2 3 4 IBGE. IBGE: Características Étnico-Raciais da População Archived 20 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
  9. 1 2 "Lebanese Republic". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  10. 1 2 "Embaixada do Líbano no Brasil". Libano.org.br. Archived from the original on 12 November 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  11. 1 2 "News - Politics - Sleiman meets Brazilian counterpart, Lebanese community". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  12. ↑ "Estimación de la mortalidad, 1985-2005" [Estimation of mortality, 1985-2005] (PDF). Postcensal Studies (in Spanish). Bogotá, Colombia: DANE. March 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  13. ↑ Randa Achmawi (21 July 2009). "Colombia awakens to the Arab world". Brazil-Arab News Agency. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  14. ↑ "Proyecciones nacionales y departamentales de población. 2006-2020" [National and departmental population projections. 2006-2020] (PDF) (in Spanish). DANE National Statistical Service, Colombia. September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  15. 1 2 3 4 "Argentinian President's visit to the Lebanese Parliament". The Lebanese Parliament. 7 June 2007. Archived from the original on 7 June 2007.
  16. ↑ Amor por Venezuela: La emigración libanesa, Notitarde, 9 August 1999. Retrieved 21 July 2020. Cite (in spanish): "En Venezuela residen actualmente unos quinientos mil ciudadanos libaneses o de origen libanés".
  17. ↑ "The Arab Population: 2000" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  18. ↑ "Henry Laurens : " la France et le Liban sont comme les membres d'une famille recomposée "". 7 October 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 iLoubnan (2009). "Geographical distribution of Lebanese diaspora". Ya Libnan. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 17 May 2021.
  20. ↑ "Interview with Lebanese Ambassador to Saudi Arabia". Archived from the original on 22 July 2020. Retrieved 30 March 2020.
  21. ↑ "Profil du recensement, recensement de la population de 2021". canada.ca. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  22. ↑ "Communauté libanaise du Québec". lapresse.ca. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
  23. 1 2 Canada and Lebanon, a special tie Archived 21 July 2006 at the Wayback Machine, CBC News
  24. ↑ "The People of Australia – Statistics from the 2011 Census" (PDF). Australian Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2015.
  25. 1 2 Más de 10 millones de libaneses empujan el crecimiento social y económico de América Latina Archived 7 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Infobae, 24 de junio de 2014. Consultado el 23 de diciembre de 2019.
  26. ↑ de 2020, 16 de Octubre (16 October 2020). "El Guayaquil que acogió a los migrantes extranjeros". El Telégrafo. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  27. ↑ "Des investisseurs libanais à Abidjan pour investir en Afrique". VOA. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  28. ↑ "Côte d'Ivoire : insubmersibles Libanais – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  29. ↑ "Côte d'Ivoire - World Directory of Minorities & Indigenous Peoples". Minority Rights Group. 30 January 2018. Archived from the original on 15 November 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
  30. ↑ "Minorities in Côte d'Ivoire". Minority Rights. 2018. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 23 December 2021. Lebanese in Côte d'Ivoire are one of the largest Lebanese communities outside Lebanon, though their exact numbers are unknown, with estimates ranging from tens of thousands to as high as 300.000
  31. ↑ González Hernández, Julio Amable (11 August 2012). "Registro de Inmigrantes de El Líbano". Cápsulas Genealógicas en Areíto (in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Instituto Dominicano de Genealogía. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2014. Se calcula que en República Dominicana existen unos 80,000 descendientes de esos inmigrantes que una vez dejaron sus tierras para buscar una vida mejor.
  32. ↑ "Lebanese Living in UAE Fear Deportation". 21 January 2013. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014. Retrieved 25 February 2015.
  33. ↑ "Les Libanais d'Uruguay" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2009. En Uruguay, ils sont actuellement quelque 70 000 habitants d'origine libanaise.
  34. ↑ "The most representative ethnic groups of Senegal". Archived from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 25 December 2022. On estime la communauté libanaise recensée au Sénégal à plus de 50 000 personnes (non nés au Sénégal).
  35. ↑ Immigrants Boost West African Commerce Archived 24 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Voice of America, 10 July 2007. Retrieved 4 November 2011.
  36. ↑ "What is it about Lebanon and German football?". Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  37. ↑ "Le Liban meurtri, compte sur la solidarité de son importante diaspora dans le monde, dont 1,2 million de personnes en Afrique". FTVInfo. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  38. ↑ Ghosh P. (2013). "Arabs In The Andes? Chile, The Unlikely Long-Term Home Of A Large Palestinian Community". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  39. ↑ J. Códoba-Toro (2015). "Árabes en Chile". Iberoamérica Social. Archived from the original on 28 April 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2020.
  40. ↑ "The population of Lebanese in Nigeria at 30,000, many of whom are third generation Lebanese-Nigerians who now hold the Nigerian passport". thenationonlineng. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  41. 1 2 "The Struggle Of The Christian Lebanese For Land Ownership In South Africa". The Marionite Research Institute. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015.
  42. 1 2 "Le Liban et la Belgique : Une vision commune". ambassadeliban. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  43. ↑ "Les immigrés libanais en Suisse présents dans de nombreux secteurs". lorientlejour. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  44. ↑ "Investissements libanais massifs". lorientlejour. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  45. ↑ "Le Gabon, foyer de la plus grande communauté libanaise d'Afrique centrale". lorientlejour. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  46. ↑ "Au Cameroun, l'importante présence du Hezbollah suscite des interrogations". icibeyrouth. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  47. ↑ "These Young Israelis Were Born in Lebanon – but Don't Call Them Arabs". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  48. ↑ "At its height in the 1970s, Liberia's Lebanese community was 17,000 strong, according to BBC News Now, after Liberia's long civil war, it numbers around 3,000". liberianobserver. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  49. ↑ "La diaspora libanaise de Cotonou". lorientlejour. Archived from the original on 3 January 2024. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
  50. ↑ Owens, Jonathan (2000). Arabic as a Minority Language. Walter de Gruyter. p. 347. ISBN 978-3-11-016578-4.
  51. ↑ Syria and the Palestinians: The Clash of Nationalisms - Page 113, Ghada Hashem Talhami - 2001
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Lebanon 2017 International Religious Freedom Report" (PDF). United States Department of State. 20 May 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 May 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  53. ↑ "Lebanon: A Country Study". US Library of Congress. Section: Population. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
  54. ↑ "CNEWA Canada - The Maronite Catholic Church". Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
  55. ↑ "Senior Seminar: Transnational Migration and Diasporic Communities". Hamline University. 18 December 2002. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009.
  56. ↑ "Lebanese Culture - Fanack.com". The MENA Chronicle | Fanack. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  57. ↑ "Beirut in Books | Lebanese Writers | Literature from Lebanon". L'Hôte Libanais. 22 April 2017. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  58. ↑ VIBRANTlab. "How Has Art Been Affected By Lebanese Culture And Who We Are?". Brummana High School. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  59. ↑ "International Center for Law and Religion Studies | @Lebanon: Country Info". Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  60. ↑ Chamie, Joseph (1980). "Religious Groups in Lebanon: A Descriptive Investigation". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 11 (2): 175–187. doi:10.1017/S0020743800054374. ISSN 0020-7438. JSTOR 162283. S2CID 144510231. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  61. ↑ Lebanon: Its Stand in History Among the Near East Countries at Google Books By Salim Wakim, 1996.
  62. ↑ "Identity is complex for Lebanon's Christian Palestinian camp". AP NEWS. 23 December 2022. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  63. ↑ Middlemiss, Sarah (20 May 2021). "All trends pointing to a downward spiral, searching for hope in Lebanon's compounding crises". International Alert. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  64. ↑ "10 Conflicts to Worry About in 2022: Lebanon". ACLED. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  65. ↑ "Instability in Lebanon". Global Conflict Tracker. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  66. ↑ Human Rights Watch (14 December 2021), "Lebanon: Events of 2021", English, archived from the original on 30 May 2023, retrieved 24 April 2023
  67. ↑ "Poverty, Inequality and Social Protection in Lebanon". Oxfam Policy & Practice. Archived from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.
  68. ↑ St. George Maronite Church Archived 18 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
  69. ↑ Perry, Tom (10 September 2007). "In Lebanon DNA may yet heal rifts". Reuters. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2017.
  70. ↑ "The cultural situation of the Kurds". Archived from the original on 24 November 2006. Retrieved 24 November 2006.
  71. ↑ Business Portal to Lebanon Archived 4 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
  72. ↑ "Middle East :: Lebanon — The World Fact book - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2019.
  73. ↑ "Senior Seminar: Transnational Migration and Diasporic Communities". Archived from the original on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
  74. ↑ "The invisible occupation of Lebanon". The Christian Science Monitor. 18 May 2005. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  75. ↑ "Background Note: Lebanon". US Department of State. 1 December 2011. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
  76. ↑ "How the Lebanese conquered Brazil". Executive. 13 July 2014. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  77. ↑ Bureau, U. S. Census. "American FactFinder - Results". factfinder.census.gov. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  78. ↑ Statistics Canada (8 May 2013). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables". Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2014.
  79. ↑ "The biggest enchilada". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2015. The Mexican-Lebanese community now numbers around 400,000 but punches way above its weight in commerce...
  80. ↑ Hassan, Waïl (2017). The Oxford Handbook of Arab Novelistic Traditions. Oxford University Press. p. 592. ISBN 978-0199349807.
  81. ↑ "Brazil-Arab News Agency - Colombia awakens to the Arab world". .anba.com.br. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  82. ↑ "Ivory Coast - The Levantine Community". Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
  83. ↑ Lebanese man shot dead in Nigeria Archived 19 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News
  84. ↑ Lebanese nightmare in Congo Archived 16 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Al-Ahram Weekly.
  85. ↑ One in three Lebanese want to leave Archived 4 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Reuters
  86. ↑ Lebanon's refugees in Israel Archived 16 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, Elias Bejjani - 28 October 2008.
  87. ↑ "News - Politics - Sfeir tells new Maronite group emigrants 'deserve' Lebanese nationality". The Daily Star. 24 July 2008. Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  88. ↑ "Lebanese Republic". www.itamaraty.gov.br. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  89. ↑ "Sleiman meets Brazilian counterpart, Lebanese community". The Daily Star. 23 April 2010. Archived from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  90. ↑ "Colombia awakens to the Arab world". Brazil-Arab News Agency. 21 July 2009. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 13 May 2010.
  91. ↑ "Demographics". Arab American Institute. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010.
  92. ↑ "Demographics". Arab American Institute. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015.
  93. ↑ historico.notitarde.com/1999/08/09/memoria/memoria6.html "In Venezuela currently reside five hundred thousand Lebanese citizens or of Lebanese ancestry..." (SPANISH)
  94. ↑ "Australian Population: Ethnic Origins". Monash University. 1999.
  95. ↑ "Lebanese in Australia: Facts & Figures". General Consulate of Lebanon in Melbourne. 21 January 2021. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  96. ↑ "Lebanon country brief". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. March 2013. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  97. ↑ "The biggest enchilada". The Sunday Telegraph. 8 July 2007. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  98. ↑ Statistics Canada (2011). "2011 National Household Survey: Data tables". Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2017.
  99. ↑ "Canada and Lebanon, a special tie". CBC News. 1 August 2006. Archived from the original on 21 July 2006. Retrieved 5 July 2008.
  100. ↑ Project, Joshua. "Arab, Lebanese in Saudi Arabia". joshuaproject.net. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  101. ↑ "Painting a Picture of Exile". New York Times. 27 November 2009. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  102. ↑ "The Lebanese in the World: An Entrepreneurial Minority". RMIT University. February 2004.
  103. ↑ "Instituto Dominicano de Genealogía, Inc" (in French). Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  104. ↑ Lebanese Living in UAE Fear Deportation Archived 16 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine Al-Monitor, accessed 2 December 2013
  105. ↑ "INTERVIEW - L'ambassadeur Jorge Jure (Khoury) raconte son pays et ses propres origines" (PDF). Embassy of Uruguay (Lebanon) (in French). 19 February 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
  106. ↑ "What is it about Lebanon and German football? - Sports, Football - THE DAILY STAR". www.dailystar.com.lb. Archived from the original on 7 July 2021. Retrieved 29 March 2015.
  107. ↑ "Lebanese Émigré Enclaves in Africa Await Presidential Visit". Al-Akhbar. 6 February 2013. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  108. ↑ "Lebanese business makes up 35 percent of Ivory Coast economy". The Daily Star. 23 May 2011. Archived from the original on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  109. ↑ "الصفحة غير موجودة - Alraimedia.com". www.alraimedia.com. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  110. ↑ "The Global Financial Crisis: Impact on Lebanese Expatriates in the Gulf" (PDF). LERC. December 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  111. ↑ "Lebanese Immigrants Boost West African Commerce". Voice of America. 1 November 2009. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  112. ↑ "Suleiman Tells Lebanese Expats in Senegal that he Rejects Sectarian Vote Law". Naharnet. 14 March 2013. Archived from the original on 25 May 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
  113. ↑ "Utrikes födda efter födelseland, kön och år". www.scb.se. Statistiska Centralbyrån. Retrieved 25 May 2017.
  114. ↑ "FOLK1C: Population at the first day of the quarter by region, sex, age (5 years age groups), ancestry and country of origin". Statistics Denmark. Archived from the original on 10 December 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
  115. ↑ "Qatar´s population by nationality". bq magazine. 7 December 2014. Archived from the original on 22 December 2013.
  116. 1 2 "Contemporary distribution of Lebanon's main religious groups". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 7 January 2013. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  117. 1 2 "CIA World Factbook, Lebanon". Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  118. 1 2 Najem, T. (1998). "The collapse and reconstruction of Lebanon" (PDF). University of Durham Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  119. 1 2 "International Religious Freedom Report 2010 - Lebanon". US State Department. 17 November 2010. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  120. 1 2 "Contemporary Religious distribution of Lebanon's main religions". theodora.com. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2014.
  121. ↑ "Lebanon" Archived 11 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine. (July 2014 est.)
  122. ↑ Alfred B. Prados (8 June 2006). "Lebanon" (PDF). The Library of Congress. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
  123. ↑ Daily Star. Minority sects demand greater representation in Parliament Archived 27 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine
  124. ↑ Country Studies. "Lebanon Population" Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 25 November 2006.
  125. ↑ Jonas, Margaret (2011). The Templar Spirit: The Esoteric Inspiration, Rituals and Beliefs of the Knights Templar. Temple Lodge Publishing. p. 83. ISBN 9781906999254. [Druze] often they are not regarded as being Muslim at all, nor do all the Druze consider themselves as Muslim
  126. ↑ Yazbeck Haddad, Yvonne (2014). The Oxford Handbook of American Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 142. ISBN 9780199862634.
  127. ↑ "Lebanon — The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency, United States. Archived from the original on 11 January 2021. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
  128. ↑ "Elections in Lebanon" (PDF). International Foundation for Electoral Systems. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
  129. ↑ International Journal of Kurdish Studies, Jan 2002 by Lokman I. Meho "The Kurds in Lebanon: a social and historical overview" Archived 27 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  130. ↑ AsiaNews.it. "LEBANON Religious affiliation to disappear from Lebanese documents". Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  131. ↑ Religious Affiliation Can Be Removed From Lebanese ID Cards Archived 11 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  132. ↑ Haber, M; Platt, DE; Badro, DA; et al. (2011). "Influences of history, geography, and religion on genetic structure: the Maronites in Lebanon". European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (3): 334–40. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.177. PMC 3062011. PMID 21119711.
  133. ↑ Haber, Marc; Nassar, Joyce; Almarri, Mohamed A.; Saupe, Tina; Saag, Lehti; Griffith, Samuel J.; Doumet-Serhal, Claude; Chanteau, Julien; Saghieh-Beydoun, Muntaha; Xue, Yali; Scheib, Christiana L.; Tyler-Smith, Chris (2020). "A Genetic History of the Near East from an aDNA Time Course Sampling Eight Points in the Past 4,000 Years". American Journal of Human Genetics. 107 (1): 149–157. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.05.008. PMC 7332655. PMID 32470374.
  134. ↑ Lucotte, Gérard; Mercier, Géraldine (1 January 2003). "Y-chromosome DNA haplotypes in Jews: comparisons with Lebanese and Palestinians". Genet. Test. 7 (1): 67–71. doi:10.1089/109065703321560976. PMID 12820706.

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Many Christian Lebanese do not identify themselves as Arab but rather as descendants of the ancient Canaanites and prefer to be called "Phoenicians"
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.