Kyanite
General
CategoryNesosilicate
Formula
(repeating unit)		Al2SiO5
IMA symbolKy[1]
Strunz classification9.AF.15
Crystal systemTriclinic
Crystal classPinacoidal (1)
(same H-M symbol)
Space groupP1
Unit cella = 7.1262(12) Å
b = 7.852(10) Å
c = 5.5724(10) Å
α = 89.99(2)°, β = 101.11(2)°
γ = 106.03(1)°; Z = 4
Identification
ColorBlue, white, rarely green, light gray to gray, rarely yellow, pink, orange, and black, can be zoned
Crystal habitColumnar; fibrous; bladed
TwinningLamellar on {100}
Cleavage[100] perfect [010] imperfect with 79° angle between
FractureSplintery
TenacityBrittle
Mohs scale hardness4.5–5 parallel to one axis
6.5–7 perpendicular to that axis
LusterVitreous to white
StreakWhite
DiaphaneityTransparent to translucent
Specific gravity3.53–3.65 measured; 3.67 calculated
Optical propertiesBiaxial (-); high relief
Refractive indexnα = 1.712 – 1.718 nβ = 1.720 – 1.725 nγ = 1.727 – 1.734
Birefringenceδ = 0.012 – 0.016
PleochroismTrichroic, colorless to pale blue to blue
2V angle78°–83°
References[2][3][4]

Kyanite is a typically blue aluminosilicate mineral, found in aluminium-rich metamorphic pegmatites and sedimentary rock. It is the high pressure polymorph of andalusite and sillimanite, and the presence of kyanite in metamorphic rocks generally indicates metamorphism deep in the Earth's crust. Kyanite is also known as disthene or cyanite.[5]

Kyanite is strongly anisotropic, in that its hardness varies depending on its crystallographic direction. In kyanite, this anisotropism can be considered an identifying characteristic, along with its characteristic blue color. Its name comes from the same origin as that of the color cyan, being derived from the Ancient Greek word κύανος. This is typically rendered into English as kyanos or kuanos and means "dark blue."

Kyanite is used as a raw material in the manufacture of ceramics and abrasives, and it is an important index mineral used by geologists to trace metamorphic zones.

Properties

Deep blue kyanite
Kyanite within quartz, Hunterian Museum, Glasgow

Kyanite is an aluminum silicate mineral, with the chemical formula Al2SiO5. It is typically patchy blue in color, though it can range from pale to deep blue[6] and can also be gray or white or, infrequently, light green.[7] It typically forms sprays of bladed crystals, but is less commonly found as distinct euhedral (well-shaped) crystals, which are particularly prized by collectors.[6] It has a perfect {100} cleavage plane, parallel to the long axis of the crystal, and a second good cleavage plane {010} that is at an angle of 79 degrees to the {100} cleavage plane. Kyanite also shows a parting on {001} at an angle of about 85 degrees to the long axis of the crystal.[7] Cleavage surfaces typically display a pearly luster. The crystals are slightly flexible.[6]

Kyanite's elongated, columnar crystals are usually a good first indication of the mineral, as well as its color (when the specimen is blue). Associated minerals are useful as well, especially the presence of the polymorphs of staurolite, which occurs frequently with kyanite. However, the most useful characteristic in identifying kyanite is its anisotropism. If one suspects a specimen to be kyanite, verifying that it has two distinctly different hardness values on perpendicular axes is a key to identification; it has a hardness of 5.5 parallel to {001} and 7 parallel to {100}.[2][3] Thus, a steel needle will easily scratch a kyanite crystal parallel to its long axis, but the crystal is impervious to being scratched by a steel needle perpendicular to the long axis.[6]

Structure

The kyanite structure can be visualized as a distorted face centered cubic lattice of oxygen ions, with aluminium ions occupying 40% of the octahedral sites and silicon occupying 10% of the tetrahedral sites. The aluminium octahedra form chains along the length of the crystal, half of which are straight and half of which are zigzag, with silica tetrahedra linking the chains together. There is no direct linkage between the silica tetrahedra, making kyanite a member of the nesosilicate class of silicate minerals.[8][9]

Occurrence

Phase diagram of Al2SiO5
(aluminosilicates).[11]

Kyanite occurs in biotite gneiss, mica schist, and hornfels, which are metamorphic rocks formed at high pressure during regional metamorphism of a protolith which is rich in aluminium (a pelitic protolith). Kyanite is also occasionally found in granite and pegmatites[9][12] and associated quartz veins,[13] and is infrequently found in eclogites. It occurs as detrital grains in sedimentary rocks, although it tends to weather rapidly.[7][12] It is associated with staurolite, andalusite, sillimanite, talc, hornblende, gedrite, mullite and corundum.[2]

Kyanite is one of the most common minerals, having the composition Al2SiO5. Minerals with identical compositions but a different, distinct crystal structure are called polymorphs. There are two polymorphs of kyanite: andalusite and sillimanite. Kyanite is the most stable at high pressure, andalusite is the most stable at lower temperature and pressure, and sillimanite is the most stable at higher temperature and lower pressure.[14] They are all equally stable at the triple point near 4.2 kbar and 530 °C (986 °F).[15] This makes the presence of kyanite in a metamorphic rock an indication of metamorphism at high pressure.

Kyanite is often used as an index mineral to define and trace a metamorphic zone that was subject to a particular degree of metamorphism at great depth in the crust. For example, G. M. Barrow defined kyanite zones and sillimanite zones in his pioneering work on the mineralogy of metamorphic rocks. Barrow was characterizing a region of Scotland that had experienced regional metamorphism at depth. By contrast, the metamorphic zones surrounding the Fanad pluton of Ireland, which formed by contact metamorphism at a shallower depth in the crust, include andalusite and sillimanite zones but no kyanite zone.[16]

Kyanite is potentially stable at low temperature and pressure. However, under these conditions, the reactions that produce kyanite, such as:

muscovite + staurolite + quartz → biotite + kyanite + H2O

never take place, and hydrous aluminosilicate minerals such as muscovite, pyrophyllite, or kaolinite are found instead of kyanite.[17]

Bladed crystals of kyanite are very common, but individual euhedral crystals are prized by collectors.[6] Kyanite occurs in Manhattan schist, formed under extreme pressure as a result of a continental collision during the assembly of the supercontinent of Pangaea.[18] It is also found in pegmatites of the Appalachian Mountains and in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Splendid specimens are found at Pizzo Forno in Switzerland.[6]

Kyanite can take on an orange color, which notably occurs in Loliondo, Tanzania.[19] The orange color is due to inclusions of small amounts of manganese (Mn3+) in the structure.

Uses

Kyanite is used primarily in refractory and ceramic products, including porcelain plumbing and dishware. It is also used in electronics, electrical insulators and abrasives.[20]

At temperatures above 1100 °C, kyanite decomposes into mullite and vitreous silica via the following reaction:

3(Al2O3·SiO2) → 3Al2O3·2SiO2 + SiO2

This transformation results in an expansion.[21] Mullitized kyanite is used to manufacture refractory materials.[20]

Kyanite has been used as a semiprecious gemstone, which may display cat's eye chatoyancy, though this effect is limited by its anisotropism and perfect cleavage. Color varieties include orange kyanite from Tanzania.[19] The orange color is due to inclusions of small amounts of manganese (Mn3+) in the structure.[22]

References

Specific citations
  1. ↑ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.
  2. 1 2 3 "Kyanite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. 2001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-05-08. Retrieved 2018-01-01.
  3. 1 2 "Kyanite". MinDat. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
  4. ↑ "Kyanite Mineral Data". Webmineral.com. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
  5. ↑ Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). Glossary of geology (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. ISBN 0922152349.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Sinkankas, John (1964). Mineralogy for amateurs. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand. pp. 528–529. ISBN 0442276249.
  7. 1 2 3 Nesse, William D. (2000). Introduction to mineralogy. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 319. ISBN 9780195106916.
  8. ↑ Winter, J.K.; Ghose, S. (1979). "Thermal expansion and high-temperature crystal chemistry of the Al 2 SiO 5 polymorphs". American Mineralogist. 64 (5–6): 573–586. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  9. 1 2 Nesse 2000, p. 315.
  10. Whitney, D.L. (2002). "Coexisting andalusite, kyanite, and sillimanite: Sequential formation of three Al2SiO5 polymorphs during progressive metamorphism near the triple point, Sivrihisar, Turkey". American Mineralogist. 87 (4): 405–416. doi:10.2138/am-2002-0404.
  11. ↑ Whitney, D.L. (2002). "Coexisting andalusite, kyanite, and sillimanite: Sequential formation of three Al2SiO5 polymorphs during progressive metamorphism near the triple point, Sivrihisar, Turkey". American Mineralogist. 87 (4): 405–416. doi:10.2138/am-2002-0404.
  12. 1 2 "Geology Page - Kyanite". Geology Page. 2014-05-16. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
  13. ↑ Sinkankas, John (1964). Mineralogy for amateurs. Princeton, N.J.: Van Nostrand. p. 529. ISBN 0442276249.
  14. ↑ Nesse 2000, p. 76.
  15. ↑ Bohlen, S.R.; Montana, A.; Kerrick, D.M. (1991). "Precise determinations of the equilibria kyanite⇌ sillimanite and kyanite⇌ andalusite and a revised triple point for Al2SiO5 polymorphs". American Mineralogist. 76 (3–4): 677–680. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  16. ↑ Yardley, B. W. D. (1989). An introduction to metamorphic petrology. Harlow, Essex, England: Longman Scientific & Technical. pp. 8–10. ISBN 0582300967.
  17. ↑ Yardley 1989, p. 68-69.
  18. ↑ Quinn, Helen (6 June 2013). "How ancient collision shaped New York skyline". BBC Science. BBC.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-06-13. Prof Stewart was keeping an eye out for a mineral known as kyanite, a beautiful blue specimen commonly seen in the Manhattan schist. 'Kyanite is a key mineral to identify, we know it only forms at very deep depths and under extensive pressure,' he said. 'It's like a fingerprint, revealing a wealth of information.' The presence of this mineral reveals that the Manhattan schist was compressed under incredibly high pressure over 300 million years ago. The schist formed as a result of two enormous landmasses coming together to form a supercontinent, known as Pangaea.
  19. 1 2 M. Chadwick, Karen; R. Rossman, George (2009-01-01). "Orange kyanite from Tanzania". Gems and Gemology. 45.
  20. 1 2 Nesse 2000, p. 316.
  21. ↑ Speyer, Robert (1993). Thermal Analysis of Materials. CRC Press. p. 166. ISBN 0-8247-8963-6.
  22. ↑ M. Gaft; L. Nagli; G. Panczer; G. R. Rossman; R. Reisfeld (August 2011). "Laser-induced time-resolved luminescence of orange kyanite Al2SiO5". Optical Materials. 33 (10): 1476–1480. Bibcode:2011OptMa..33.1476G. doi:10.1016/j.optmat.2011.03.052.
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