Korean ballad, also known as K-ballad (often simply referred to by South Koreans as ballad; Korean: 발라드), is a style of music in South Korea and a genre in which soul and rhythm and blues music is transformed to suit Korean sentiment.[1][2] It became popular in the 1980s, and has influenced and evolved into many different music styles.

Background

Stemming from the international sentimental ballad, the Korean popular ballad has become a nationally recognized and supremely popular music style in Korea. Power ballads from the West, including songs from Barbra Streisand and Lionel Richie, nurtured the growth and popularity of ballads as a genre in Korea.[3] Gaining popularity alongside trot in the 1960s, the ballad is distinguished as "a slow love song built on a Western seven-note scale".[3] However, it was not until the 1980s that the ballad song style became popularized in mainstream Korean culture. From its popularity throughout Korean media, the Korean ballad has influenced and evolved into many different music styles.

Popular balladeer Lee Sun-hee.

According to an analysis of ballad songs in Made in Korea: Studies in Popular Music, ballads tend to have the following music style:

"intro-A (verse)-A-B-chorus-interlude-A (B)-chorus-bridge-chorus-outro.....[where]...The verse, or section A, was usually composed of eight bars, and its repetition was labeled as A. Section A usually began quietly and transitioned into section B, or the chorus. The bridge before the last chorus helped to escalate the emotions by modulating to a different key or through a grander arrangement. Lastly, in the outro, the accompaniment would come to a full stop or fade out."

While still maintaining themes relating to love and loss, songs at the intersections of ballad and other genres can include nontypical instruments or vary in musical style and level of expression.

Popular ballad singers in Korean history include Lee Moon-se, Hye Eun-yi, and Lee Sun-hee.

Early popular Korean ballad songs[3]
Song Artist Year Songwriter
"I Don't Know Yet" Lee Moon-se 1985 Lee Young-hoon
"Being on My Own" Byun Jin-sub 1988 Ha Kwang-hun
"Empty Heart" Lee Seung-hwan 1989 Oh Tae-ho
"Invisible Love" Shin Seung-hun 1991 Un­known
"You Reflected in a Smile"
"To Heaven" Jo Sung-mo 1998

Intersections with other music styles

Ballad and trot

As the "background music of the Park era" (in reference to the Park Chung-hee dictatorship from 1963 to 1979), trot music was also an extremely popular music style in Korea.[4] Having gained popularity during the Japanese colonial period of Korea, its foreign influences included Western instruments and the Japanese pentatonic minor scale.[4] Popular trot singers notably include Cho Yong-pil, and used a faster paced and fun music style that evolved many times throughout modern Korean history to gain popularity amongst consumers.[3] Due to the skills necessary to sing trot songs, popular singers moved towards ballads for their "easy-listening" style.[5] Unlike trot songs, which derive singing techniques like vibration and pitch changes from older styles like pansori, ballad songs are slow yet simplistic in singing style.

Ballad and pop

Debuting in 1976, Hey Eun-yi's pop ballad "You Wouldn't Know" (당신은 모르실거야), with its slow, melancholic rhythm, became extremely well-received.[4]

Ballad and rock

With a stronger emphasis on the rhythm, along with the inclusion of instruments more closely related to the rock genre, such as the drums and guitar, rock ballads can ramp up to a faster pace and higher power than classic sentimental ballads. Yim Jae-beom's song "For You" (임재범 너를 위해; 2000), begins softly with a keyboard accompanying his singing. However, the song quickly builds with each refrain getting louder than before along with the inclusion of drum accompaniment. As the song continues, the emotion of the song is portrayed by an electric guitar solo. Other popular rock ballad groups include Boohwal.

The initial wave of popularity in response to rock music in Korea ended before the rise of ballads in the 1980s. However, revivals of the genre since that have allowed to new experimentation within the genre.

Other intersections

Folk music in Korea arose from anti-government movements in the 1970s which consisted largely of college students.[4] Because of its simplistic nature (use of few instruments), it was easy to perform, alluding to its popular name t'ong g'ita ("barrel guitar") named after the barrel which people would sit on while playing instruments.[4]

Ballad & folk

Popular balladeer Lee Sun-hee has numerous songs that represent a "Korean interpretation of American folk music" through the emphasis of acoustic guitar, such as her song "If You Love Me" (그대가 나를 사랑하신다면; 1991).[6] This song elaborates on how someone should feel if they were truly in love and how that should manifest into their actions toward their loved one (the singer). Throughout the song, a piano melody accompanies Lee Sun-hee until breaks into slower, more melancholic refrains where the soft twang of an acoustic guitar takes the place of the piano.

References

  1. ↑ Writer Kim, (Korean-)pop music critic. (5 September 2017). "흑인 음악" [Black music]. Kyunghyang Shinmun (in Korean). Retrieved 11 October 2021. ... K팝을 말할 때 힙합 비트를 빼놓을 수 없고, 음원 차트에서 강세인 발라드 음악도 솔과 리듬앤드블루스(R&B)를 근간으로 한다. ... [... Hip-hop beats are indispensable when talking about K-pop, and ballad music, which is strong on the music charts, is also based on soul and rhythm & blues (R&B). ...]
  2. ↑ "태연, 소녀는 그렇게 '디바'가 됐다". 스타투데이 (in Korean). 1 November 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Shin Hyunjoon, Lee Seung-Ah (2017). Made in Korea: Studies in Popular Music. New York City: Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 9781138793033.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 John, Lie (31 October 2014). K-pop : popular music, cultural amnesia, and economic innovation in South Korea. Oakland, California. ISBN 9780520283114. OCLC 893686334.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  5. ↑ Jung, Eun-Young (2011). "The Place of Sentimental Song in Contemporary Korean Musical Life". Korean Studies. 35 (1): 71–92. doi:10.1353/ks.2011.0005. ISSN 1529-1529. S2CID 163117315.
  6. ↑ King1, Craig2, Richard1, Timothy J2 (2002). Global Goes Local : Popular Culture in Asia. Vancouver, B.C.: UBC Press. ISBN 9780774808743.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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