Kingdom of Hereti
ჰერეთის სამეფო
893–1020s
situation in the Caucasus in 850s (Hereti's greatest extent)
situation in the Caucasus in 850s
(Hereti's greatest extent)
StatusKingdom
CapitalShaki
41°11′31″N 47°10′14″E / 41.19194°N 47.17056°E / 41.19194; 47.17056
Common languagesGeorgian
Caucasian Albanian
Religion
Georgian Orthodox Church
Oriental Orthodox
King 
Historical eraEarly Middle Ages
• Established
893
• Disestablished
1020s
Succeeded by
Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti
Today part of
Countries today

The Kingdom of Hereti (Georgian: ჰერეთის სამეფო heretis samepo) was a medieval monarchy which emerged in Caucasus on the Iberian-Albanian frontier. Nowadays it roughly corresponds to the southeastern corner of Georgia's Kakheti region and a portion of Azerbaijan's northwestern districts.

According to traditional accounts, the name of the province originated from the legendary patriarch "Heros", the son of Thargamos, who founded the city of Hereti (later known as Khoranta) at the Alazani River.

Background

From the earliest times, Hereti came under the rule of the Caucasian Albania.[1] With the decline of Caucasian Albania, the area was gradually incorporated into the Iberian kingdom forming one of its duchies (saeristavo) in the 5th century and its peoples were eventually assimilated into the Georgians proper. It was when the name Hereti first appeared in the Georgian sources. Hereti was populated by Caucasian Albanians, Dagestani, Armenians, Persians and Georgians. It had flourishing towns that traded with Persia and Armenia.[1]

As a reward for the contribution in struggle against the Arab occupation, the Iberian ruler (erismtavari) Archil gave Hereti to the noble family of Bagrationi in the 740s–750s. After the death of the last Iberian princes John and Juansher, the Heretian lords extended their fiefdoms and, in 787, established an independent principality (samtavro) with the capital in Shaki.

History

Its first recorded ruler, Sahl Smbatean, slaughtered the Caucasian Albanian (Mihranids) royal family in 822 and declared himself "Shah of Arran", currying favour with the Caliphate by betraying the Zoroastrian Babak Khorramdin he was recognized as the ruler of Arran. Sahl later incurred Arab distrust, was arrested and sent to Baghdad; he was succeeded by his son Adarnase I and grandson, Grigol Hamam. The principality gained significant strength and prestige by 893, allowing Prince Grigol Hamam to be crowned as the king.[2]

Alarmed by the increasing power of the Heretian kingdom, Kvirike I, the ruler of the neighbouring Kakhetian principality, allied himself with King Constantine III of Abkhazia and, in 915, campaigned against King Adarnase II Patrikios. The allies occupied and divided the country but for a short time as Adarnase Patrikios soon reconquered what had been lost. The kingdom survived Kakhetian attacks, but lost Caucasian Albania to its Sallarid (Iranian Azerbaijan) neighbour. Adarnase married Queen Dinar, a daughter of Adarnase III of Tao, with whom he had son Ishkhanik.

Queen regnant Dinar.

Ishkhanik, a son and successor of Adarnase Patrikios, ruled together with his mother Queen regnant Dinar. Under them, Hereti was forced to recognize the supremacy of the stronger neighbour, Principality of Daylam, ruled by the Salarid dynasty. According to The Georgian Chronicles Queen Dinar, along with her son Ishkhani converted Hereti to the Eastern Orthodox confession and abandoned the Oriental Orthodox confession in the 10th century. In 950, Ishkhanik took advantage of the bitter power struggle in the Sallarid state, and ceased to pay tribute effectively restoring his independence.

The next Heretian ruler, John (Ioane Senekerim, 951–959), during his reign kingdom of Hereti reached a climax of power and prestige, mainly after annexation of right bank of Caucasian Albania. Armenian historian Movses Kaghankatvatsi calls him "restorer of the Kingdom of Albania". Later he annexed parts of Kakheti and adopted the title of "King of the Tsanars". John had a good relations towards the representatives of the Sallaried Dynasty and with David III Kuropalates of Tao. Like his father and his grandmother Queen Dinar, he contributed a lot to the conversion of his kingdom. He died in 959 without heir.

After his death, a local dynasty seems to have ceased to exist, and the kingdom fell under Kvirike II, Chorepiscopus of Kakheti (c. 929–976). The area then was contested between his successor, David (c. 976–1010), and the Georgian king Bagrat III who sought to bring all Georgian lands into a single monarchy. The next Kakhetian ruler, already titled as the king, Kvirike III the Great (1010–1037) finally absorbed Hereti into his Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti in the 1020s. When the Georgian king David the Builder brought the kingdom under his control in 1104, Hereti became a saeristavo (i.e. a duchy) within the Georgian realm. Georgian rule of Hereti was interrupted by Atabegs of Azerbaijan, Khwarezmid Empire and Ilkhanid rule. After the final disintegration of the unified Georgian monarchy in 1466, Hereti came under the Kakhetian crown. Afterwards the name of the province itself has gradually disappeared from the historic records and public usage due to successively Kara Koyunlu, Aq Qoyunlu, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman rules.

Rulers of Hereti

Ruler Reign title Notes
1. Sahl Eṙanshahik 815–840 Prince
2. Adarnase (I) 840–865 Prince
3. Grigol Hamam 865–897 King (since 893)
4. Adarnase (II) 897–943 King
5. Ishkhanik 943–951 King co-ruler: Queen regnant Dinar
6. John Senekerim 951–959 King became "King of the Tsanars"
995–997 briefly occupied by David of Kakheti
– 997–1020s – interregnum
1020s annexed by Kvirike III of Kakheti

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Rayfield, Donald. Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia. p. 60.
  2. ↑ Каганкатваци, кн. III, гл. XXII

Literature

  • Papuashvili, T. Problems of Heretian history. Tbilisi, 1970. (in Georgian)
  • Papuashvili, T. Kingdom of the Rans and Kakhs. Tbilisi, 1982. (in Georgian)
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