Liao
King of Wu
Reignc. 514 – c. 496 BC
PredecessorLiao
SuccessorFuchai
BornGuang
Diedc. 496 BC
Issue
FatherYumei

Helü (Chinese: 闔閭; pinyin: Hélǘ) or Helu (Chinese: 闔廬; pinyin: Hélú) was from 514 to 496 BC king of the state of Wu[1] toward the end of the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China. His given name was Guang (Chinese: 光); he was initially known as Prince Guang.

Life

"Wu Wang Guang" Bronze Jian. The inscription inside records that Helü commissioned it for his daughter's dowry and provides evidence of a political marriage between families of the Wu and Chu states.

Prince Guang was the son of King Yumei, and the nephew of King Liao.[4] He welcomed the Chu exile Wu Zixu into his entourage and, when he sought to usurp the throne of Wu, was introduced by him to Zhuan Zhu. Zhuan assassinated King Liao in 515 BC and the prince became King Helü. The king assigned Wu Zixu to lead the design and building of his "great city", which forms the basis of Suzhou's present old town.[5]

In 506 BC, Helü, with the help of Wu Zixu and Sun Tzu, the author of The Art of War, launched major offensives against the state of Chu. They prevailed in five battles, one of which was the Battle of Boju, and conquered the capital Ying. During the sack of the capital, Helü attempted to sexually assault the Dowager Queen, but she fought him off with a knife and remonstrated with him, leading to Helü leaving in shame.[6] Chu managed to ask the state of Qin for help, and after he was defeated by Qin, the vanguard general of Wu troops, Fugai, a younger brother of Helü, led a rebellion. After beating Fugai, Helü was forced to leave Chu. Fugai later retired to Chu and settled there.

In 496 BC, upon hearing that Yunchang of Yue had died, he launched an invasion of Yue, but was injured and subsequently died from his injuries while telling his son to avenge him. His son, Fuchai, succeeded him in 495 BC who later annexed Yue and ended up capturing and enslaving their King Goujian. Helü had two other sons named Bo and Shan. Bo was initially his heir but died before him.

Literary sources

References

  1. ↑ 吳王 闔閭 (in Chinese). Retrieved 25 October 2010.
  2. ↑ Sima Qian, Records of the Grand Historian, volume 66. (in Chinese)
  3. ↑ Nienhauser, William H., Junior (2001), "Early Biography", The Columbia History of Chinese Literature, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 514, ISBN 9780231528511{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link).
  4. ↑ Records of the Grand Historian,[2] cited in Nienhauser.[3]
  5. ↑ "Legend for Wu Zixu", eBeijing, Beijing: Beijing Foreign Affairs Information Center, archived from the original on 13 August 2010, retrieved 15 December 2016
  6. ↑ Liu Xiang. "楚平伯赢" [Bo Ying (King Ping of Chu)]. 列女传 [Biographies of Exemplary Women] (in Chinese). Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  7. ↑ Olivia Milburn, The Glory of Yue, 2010:57.
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