Calamba
Component city
City of Calamba
From top, left to right: Skyline, Calamba Giant Clay Pot, Jose Rizal Shrine, St. John the Baptist Parish Church, and Calamba City Hall.
Flag of Calamba
Flag
Official seal of Calamba
Seal
Nicknames: 
  • The Premier City of Growth, Leisure and National Pride
  • Hometown of Jose Rizal
  • Spring Resort Capital of the Philippines[1]
Motto(s): 
Mabuhay ang Calamba!
("Long live Calamba!.")
Map of Laguna with Calamba highlighted
Map of Laguna with Calamba highlighted
OpenStreetMap
Calamba is located in Philippines
Calamba
Calamba
Location within the Philippines
Coordinates: 14°13′N 121°10′E / 14.22°N 121.17°E / 14.22; 121.17
CountryPhilippines
RegionCalabarzon
ProvinceLaguna
District Lone district
FoundedAugust 28, 1742
CityhoodApril 21, 2001
Barangays54 (see Barangays)
Government
 [2]
 • TypeSangguniang Panlungsod
 • MayorRoseller H. Rizal
 • Vice MayorAngelito S. Lazaro Jr.
 • RepresentativeCharisse Anne C. Hernandez
 • City Council
List
 • Electorate332,844 (2022)
Area
[3]
 • Total149.50 km2 (57.72 sq mi)
Highest elevation
1,095 m (3,593 ft)
Lowest elevation
2 m (7 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[4]
 • Total539,671
 • Rank21st
 • Density3,600/km2 (9,300/sq mi)
 • Households
151,604
Demonym(s)Calambeño (Male),
Calambeña (Female),
Calambenean
Economy
 • Income class1st city income class
 • Poverty incidence
1.87
% (2018)[5]
 • Revenue₱ 4,601 million (2020)
 • Assets₱ 13,646 million (2020)
 • Expenditure₱ 4,040 million (2020)
 • Liabilities₱ 2,137 million (2020)
Service provider
 • ElectricityManila Electric Company (Meralco)
Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)
ZIP code
4027, 4028, 4029
PSGC
043405000
IDD : area code +63 (0)49
Native languagesTagalog
Patron saintSaint John the Baptist
Websitewww.calambacity.gov.ph

Calamba, officially the City of Calamba (Filipino: Lungsod ng Calamba), is a 1st class component city in the province of Laguna, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 539,671 people.[4]

Calamba is the regional center of the Calabarzon region. It is situated 50 kilometers (31 mi) south of Manila and 37 kilometers (23 mi) west of Santa Cruz. The city is known as the "Spring Resort Capital of the Philippines"[1] because of its numerous hot spring resorts, which are mostly located in Barangays Pansol, Bucal, Bagong Kalsada, and Lingga.

According to the 2020 census, Calamba has a population of 539,671 people, making it the most populous local government unit in Laguna.[4] It is the fifth-densest city in the province with more than 2,600 people per square kilometer after San Pedro, Biñan, Cabuyao, and Santa Rosa. Based on the overall rankings of the 2014 Cities and Municipalities Index, the city ranked 18th in the overall competitiveness (cities ranking) and first among cities in the Calabarzon region. Calamba is known to be Calabarzon's richest city because of its numerous industries.[6][7]

Calamba is the hometown of the de facto Philippine national hero, José Rizal.[8][9]

Etymology

The name of the city is derived from Tagalog kalamba, meaning a wide-mouthed earthen water jar (also called balanga or banga).[10][11][12] The origin of the name is reflected in the Calamba Jar landmark in city plaza, as well as the city's seal which depicts a water jar superimposed with a profile of José Rizal.[13][14]

History

Early history

Aerial view of Calamba landing field, circa 1940s

The oldest part of Calamba is believed to be Barangay Sucol where its first settlers remained. With the arrival of Spaniards, the whole area was converted into a hacienda, then a part of Tabuco (present-day Cabuyao). In 1639 Calamba was the site of a rebellion of Chinese farmers, who had been forcibly resettled there by Governor Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera. This rebellion spread north of the Pasig River and eventually culminated in the deaths of over 20,000 Chinese in the whole region surrounding Manila. Calamba became an independent pueblo on August 28, 1742, and formed into the town of Calamba in 1770. In 1813, Calamba was placed in the hands of "encargados" by the Dominican Brothers, who divided it into portions and sold the haciendas to the natives during the American regime.[15][16]

World War II

During the Japanese occupation in World War II, Calamba was the location of a massacre committed by the Imperial Japanese Army, in which at least 2,000 civilians were killed.[17] The St. John the Baptist Church, established in 1859, was burned by the Japanese during World War II. It was reconstructed by Fr. Eliseo Dimaculangan. It was the christening site of José Rizal. The original baptismal font has been preserved and refurbished.

Cityhood

After a process of more than seven years, Calamba became the second component city of the Laguna by virtue of Republic Act No. 9024, "An Act Converting the Municipality of Calamba, Province of Laguna into a Component City to be known as the City of Calamba."[18] R.A. 9024 was signed into law by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on March 5, 2001, at the Malacañan Palace. The Commission on Elections (COMELEC) then set the plebiscite for Calamba's cityhood on April 21, 2001, where 15,056 residents participated. 3,413 or 22.67% voted "No" while the remaining 77.33% voted "Yes" to Calamba's conversion into a component city.[19]

Events leading to Cityhood

As early as 1994, the town's Sangguniang Bayan approved Resolution No. 60, Series of 1994 requesting the Senate of the Philippines through its president and the House of Representatives through its speaker to co-sponsor a bill for Calamba's conversion into a city. It was only after two years that another resolution, Resolution No. 115 was passed requesting then Congressman Joaquin M. Chipeco Jr, to co-sponsor a bill for Calamba's cityhood and requesting the Sangguniang Panlalawigan for their comments and recommendations regarding the matter. Another two years passed before House Bill No. 986 and Senate bill Nos. 1630 and 1791 were filed in the House of Representatives by Congressman Chipeco and Senate of the Philippines by Senators Franklin M. Drilon and Sergio Osmeña III, respectively.

It was only in the year 2000 that the motion for Calamba's cityhood was fast-tracked. Then Mayor Severino J. Lajara requested favorable endorsement of House Bill No. 986 from the Sangguniang Panlalawigan on January 3, 2000. The Sangguniang Bayan also endorsed House Bill No. 986 and Senate Bill Nos. 1630 and 1791 and also requested favorable endorsement from the Sangguniang Panlalawigan in the same month. A month passed and Mayor Lajara sent a follow-up letter to then Vice Governor Teresita "Ningning" Lazaro on updates regarding the matter.

On March 8, the House Committee on Local Government approved House Bill No. 986 on 2nd reading at a hearing held at Hotel Rembrandt, Quezon City. The same House Committee conducted a public hearing on House Bill No. 986 at the Calamba Elementary School (Central II) gymnasium on March 23, approving the House Bill in principle. House Bill 986 was deliberated in April by the House of Representatives in plenary session and approved as House Bill No. 10661, which was then filed with the Senate of the Philippines in June.

The year 2001 came and brought about approval on 2nd reading of Senate Bill Nos. 1630 and 1791 and House Bill No. 10661 in a hearing held on February 5 at the Ambrocio Padilla Hall, Senate of the Philippines. Three days later, February 8, Senate Bill Nos. 1630 and 1791 and House Bill No. 10661 was deliberated in Plenary Session and was approved as Republic Act No. 9024.[19]

Designation as regional center

Calamba was declared the regional center of the Calabarzon region by then President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo by virtue of Executive Order No. 246, dated October 28, 2003.[20]

Geography

Aerial view of Calamba

Calamba lies on the northern slopes of Mount Makiling, a dormant volcano. The southern terminus of the South Luzon Expressway is in Calamba and this geographic position makes the city a gateway to the southern provinces of Luzon. The highway at the end of the South Luzon Expressway leads east to the other towns of Laguna and south towards the provinces of Batangas and Quezon.

The city is bordered by Cabuyao to the north and to the west, Los Baños to the east, by the province of Batangas and Cavite to the south, specifically the cities of Tanauan, Santo Tomas and the City of Tagaytay in Cavite. Laguna de Bay, the country's largest lake, forms the city's northeast border. The provincial capital, Santa Cruz, is located 37 kilometers (23 mi) by road to the east.

Calamba covers a total land area of 14,950 hectares (36,900 acres), making it is the second-largest city in Laguna province in terms of land area after San Pablo.

Land uses

Classification[21] Land Area (hectares)
Urban Redevelopment Zone2,080
Growth Management Zone 14,199
Growth Management Zone 22,460
Upland Conservation Zone3,401.22
Forest Buffer Zone333
Makiling Forest Reservation Zone579.78
Agricultural Development Zone1,427
Shoreland Area–
Total Land Area14,480
Urban Expansion Area8,562.7 ha

Barangays

Calamba is politically subdivided into 54 barangays.[22] Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

Barangays of Calamba
No. Barangay Barangay Chairman Land Area (hectares) Population (2020) Population (2015) Classification Zoning Classification
1Bagong KalsadaClemente M. Manato157.83,8923,488UrbanUrban Redevelopment Zone
2BañaderoAries B. Hizon190.012,64710,412UrbanAgricultural Development Zone
3BanlicJanuary Y. Paraso274.918,33513,681UrbanAgricultural Development Zone
4BarandalCristina H. Rosales189.318,07612,526RuralGrowth Management Zone 1
5Barangay 1 (Poblacion)Lino Tuballas29.25,8235,834UrbanUrban Redevelopment Zone
6Barangay 2 (Poblacion)Joanne M. De Mesa17.110,6277,788UrbanUrban Redevelopment Zone
7Barangay 3 (Poblacion)Donnie P. Alvarez29.84,5374,775UrbanUrban Redevelopment Zone
8Barangay 4 (Poblacion)Joseph L. Emergo4.53,3013,238UrbanUrban Redevelopment Zone
9Barangay 5 (Poblacion)Matthew B. Rizal25.65,8586,486UrbanUrban Redevelopment Zone
10Barangay 6 (Poblacion)Carlo Lazaro42.31,6932,250UrbanUrban Redevelopment Zone
11Barangay 7 (Poblacion)Victor Opaco81.82,3573,086UrbanUrban Redevelopment Zone
12BatinoPio C. Dimapilis110.51,6161,274RuralGrowth Management Zone 1
Urban Redevelopment Zone
13BubuyanMadell Donna C. Manaig196.03,1932,164RuralUpland Conservation Zone
14BucalGil Rimas265.014,28912,818UrbanUpland Conservation Zone
Urban Redevelopment Zone
Agricultural Development Zone
15BunggoGeorge F. Cabrera556.64,4373,261RuralUpland Conservation Zone
16BurolKenneth Evangelista258.23,5512,296RuralUpland Conservation Zone
17CamaliganVictor E. de Castro106.51,3451,235RuralGrowth Management Zone 2
18CanlubangLarry O. Dimayuga3,912.060,29254,943UrbanGrowth Management Zone 1 & 2
19HalangAries O. Silva166.78,5827,169UrbanUrban Redevelopment Zone
Agricultural Development Zone
20HornalanJune M. Oña22.02,0531,736RuralUpland Conservation Zone
21Kay-AnlogNemar G. Mendoza272.020,48713,946RuralGrowth Management Zone 2
22La MesaEduardo R. Silva294.117,56914,892UrbanUpland Conservation Zone
Urban Redevelopment Zone
Growth Management Zone
23LaguertaEduardo M. Sanque314.95,4612,332RuralUpland Conservation Zone
24LawaEmmanuel F. Nido146.612,24511,186UrbanUrban Redevelopment Zone
25LecheriaRommel Casintahan157.510,9079,108UrbanUrban Redevelopment Zone
Agricultural Development Zone
26LinggaDarwin C. Retusto45.06,1936,056UrbanAgricultural Development Zone
27LoocRustan T. Miranda179.126,81921,754UrbanAgricultural Development Zone
28MabatoLuisito G. Manguiat273.1724687RuralUpland Conservation Zone
29Majada LabasRowel G. Fajardo180.210,5716,471UrbanGrowth Management Zone 1
30MakilingAigrette P. Lajara465.712,50810,760RuralGrowth Management Zone 1 & 2
31MapagongGil N. Naredo320.87,2546,014RuralUrban Redevelopment Zone
Agricultural Development Zone
Growth Management Zone 1
32MasiliRhonell Malabanan32.13,8273,680UrbanUrban Redevelopment Zone
33MaunongJoel Estrada399.24,3952,164RuralUpland Conservation Zone
Growth Management Zone 1 & 2
34MayapaVictoria Torres Sumbillo116.328,30226,211UrbanGrowth Management Zone 1
35MilagrosaRandy M. Sulit209.49,6876,904UrbanGrowth Management Zone 1 & 2
36Paciano RizalNapoleon V. Baradas126.815,67915,081UrbanGrowth Management Zone 2
37PalingonJeffrey Gotengco15.35,2495,685UrbanAgricultural Development Zone
38Palo-AltoNelson C. Unico273.718,87415,208RuralGrowth Management Zone 1
39PansolJoel DR. Martinez528.211,62310,171UrbanUpland Conservation Zone
Urban Redevelopment Zone
Forest Buffer Zone
Agricultural Development Zone
40ParianRodnie P. Perez112.025,55822,082UrbanAgricultural Development Zone
Urban Redevelopment Zone
41PrinzaMarvin D. Atienza95.35,2843,741RuralUrban Redevelopment Zone
Growth Management Zone 1
42PuntaJustino P. Carandang331.07,3214,175RuralGrowth Management Zone 1 & 2
43Puting LupaAllan S. Pedraja542.02,3891,783RuralUpland Conservation Zone
Growth Management Zone 2
Forest Buffer Zone
44RealFlorencio A. Morales, Jr.132.916,37114,394UrbanUrban Redevelopment Zone
45SaimsimJun Manalo194.56,1665,828RuralGrowth Management Zone 1
46SampiruhanJP Dumalaon81.09,4669,410UrbanAgricultural Development Zone
47San CristobalIrineo Logo119.014,88113,690UrbanUrban Redevelopment Zone
48San JoseReginald C. Oliva89.64,0613,718UrbanUrban Redevelopment Zone
49San JuanDanilo Q. Amparo15.34,8264,403UrbanUrban Redevelopment Zone
50Sirang LupaRoy M. Contreras198.412,9388,807UrbanGrowth Management Zone 1
51SucolEdgie Balagtas31.65,2335,146UrbanUrban Redevelopment Zone
52TurbinaRodel V. Manalo51.56,2685,252UrbanUrban Redevelopment Zone
53UlangoAndro M. Evangelista227.61,060768RuralUpland Conservation Zone
54UwisanLina P. Aldabe78.02,9712,519UrbanAgricultural Development Zone

Climate

Calamba has a tropical monsoon climate (type Am), with a short dry season and a longer rainy season. The dry season lasts only from January to April, and the rest of the year is characterized by high levels of rainfall.

Climate data for Calamba (averages 1982–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.3
(84.7)		 30.3
(86.5)		 31.9
(89.4)		 33.3
(91.9)		 33.5
(92.3)		 32.4
(90.3)		 31.4
(88.5)		 31
(88)		 31.1
(88.0)		 30.9
(87.6)		 30.3
(86.5)		 29.3
(84.7)		 31.2
(88.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 25.4
(77.7)		 25.9
(78.6)		 27
(81)		 28.5
(83.3)		 28.9
(84.0)		 28.2
(82.8)		 27.5
(81.5)		 27.3
(81.1)		 27.3
(81.1)		 27.1
(80.8)		 26.6
(79.9)		 25.7
(78.3)		 27.1
(80.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 21.5
(70.7)		 21.5
(70.7)		 22.2
(72.0)		 23.5
(74.3)		 24.2
(75.6)		 24
(75)		 23.6
(74.5)		 23.6
(74.5)		 23.5
(74.3)		 23.3
(73.9)		 22.9
(73.2)		 22.2
(72.0)		 23.0
(73.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 54
(2.1)		 26
(1.0)		 29
(1.1)		 36
(1.4)		 160
(6.3)		 199
(7.8)		 290
(11.4)		 265
(10.4)		 245
(9.6)		 248
(9.8)		 141
(5.6)		 79
(3.1)		 1,772
(69.6)
Source: Climate-data.org[23]

Demographics

The population of Calamba is fast-growing with an intercensal growth rate of 5% from 1995 to 2000, repeated and more in subsequent decades (except for 2007 to 2010 census).

Population census of Calamba
YearPop.±% p.a.
1903 8,058—    
1918 18,062+5.53%
1939 32,363+2.82%
1948 36,586+1.37%
1960 57,715+3.87%
1970 82,714+3.66%
1975 97,432+3.34%
1980 121,175+4.46%
1990 173,453+3.65%
1995 218,951+4.46%
2000 281,146+5.51%
2007 360,281+3.48%
2010 389,377+2.87%
2015 454,486+2.99%
2020 539,671+3.44%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[4][24][25][26][27]
Population density
YearDensity
19901,160/km2
19951,460/km2
20001,900/km2
20072,400/km2
20102,600/km2
20153,000/km2
20203,600/km2

According to the 2020 census, Calamba has a population of 539,671 inhabitants, making it the most populated city in Laguna province, followed by Santa Rosa, Biñan, San Pedro City, Cabuyao, and San Pablo. Calamba is the 24th most populated city in the Philippines.

Calamba is predominantly Roman Catholic (84.22%), followed by Members Church of God International (MCGI or ADD)(4.5%), Protestants (3.43%), Iglesia Ni Cristo (3.14%), and Islam (0.26%).[15]

Economy

Poverty Incidence of Calamba
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[28][29]
[30][31][32][33][34]

Calamba is known today as the "Richest City in Calabarzon", (according to the 2014 Commission on Audit Annual Audit Report), as it registered a total income of ₱2,501,048,126.00.[35] Calamba is also considered one of the "Next Wave Cities" for outsourcing firms.[36]

The major income sources comes from manufacturing and economic plants, tourism, agriculture and services. There are many manufacturing and economic plants located in upland barangays like Canlubang, Real, La Mesa, Milagrosa, Makiling, Punta, Barandal, Batino and Prinza.

Income

Year Total income (COA)[37] Growth % Total Iincome (BLGF)[38] Growth %
2002 ₱810,569,652.58 ₱809,806,000.00
2003 ₱847,402,297.32 Increase 4.54% ₱1,046,621,000.00 Increase 29.24%
2004 ₱872,473,683.19 Increase 2.96% ₱921,272,904.23 Decrease −11.98%
2005 ₱1,035,488,459.60 Increase 18.68% ₱1,094,639,552.79 Increase 18.82%
2006 ₱1,110,330,981.73 Increase 7.23% ₱1,110,330,981.73 Increase 1.43%
2007 ₱1,161,438,445.76 Increase 4.60% ₱1,162,050,643.28 Increase 4.66%
2008 ₱1,338,299,724.69 Increase 15.23% ₱1,338,769,422.02 Increase 15.21%
2009 ₱1,580,699,818.00 Increase 18.11% ₱1,586,541,340.26 Increase 18.51%
2010 ₱1,634,025,898.00 Increase 3.37% ₱1,699,391,678.99 Increase 7.11%
2011 ₱1,952,122,303.00 Increase 19.47% ₱1,887,800,323.68 Increase 11.09%
2012 ₱2,023,350,771.00 Increase 3.65% ₱2,023,350,600.11 Increase 7.18%
2013 ₱2,191,286,734.00 Increase 8.30%
2014 ₱2,501,048,126.00 Increase14.14%

Banking

As of December 31, 2013, there are 83 banking offices operating in the city that offers banking services to businesses and residents according to Philippine Deposit Insurance Corporation. Calamba is the top city in Calabarzon with total deposits amounting to 29,632,884 in thousand pesos from 374,122 accounts.[39]

Industries and manufacturing

Calamba Premiere International Park

The city is a haven for industries. Considered the heart of Calabarzon due to the number of companies housed in its area, Calamba is one of the premiere industrial hubs outside of Metro Manila. Some of the industrial parks located in the city are:[40]

  • Allegis IT Park (Barangay Milagrosa)
  • Calamba Premiere International Park (Barangays Batino, Barandal and Prinza)
  • Canlubang Industrial Estate (Barangay Canlubang)
  • Carmelray Industrial Park 1 (Barangays Canlubang)
  • Carmelray Industrial Park 2 (Barangays Milagrosa & Punta)
  • Carmelray International Business Park (Barangay Canlubang)
  • Filinvest Technology Park (Barangays Punta, Burol, and Bubuyan)
  • Light Industry and Science Park of the Philippines II (Barangays Real and La Mesa)
  • NYK-TDG IT Park (Barangay Canlubang)
  • SMPIC Special Economic Zone (Barangay Paciano Rizal)
  • YTMI Realty Special Economic Zone (Barangay Makiling)

Information technology

Calamba is also considered one of the "Next Wave Cities" for outsourcing firms and call centers, among them are Accenture and SPi Technologies.

Commerce and trade

Shopping malls
Checkpoint Mall in Paciano Rizal
iMall in Canlubang
SM City Calamba in Real

Aside from the Crossing area in Barangay Uno, Barangays Real and Parian are also bustling with business structures, including SM City Calamba, and Liana's Discount Center Calamba.

Notable shopping centers and travel agencies in Calamba also include Southern Sky Travel & Tours (Calamba Headquarters), Walter Mart Makiling, Puregold Halang, Puregold Calamba-Crossing, Puregold Calamba-Bayan, Checkpoint Mall, and iMall Canlubang among others.

Food processing plants in Calamba like Zenith Foods Corp. (central commissary of Jollibee Foods Corporation), where its sauces and food products (i.e. burger, pies, fries, etc.) are first made before distributing to Jollibee outlets is currently the most advanced food processing plant in the Philippines and one of the best in Asia. Other food and beverage processing plants in Calamba are Rebisco, RC Cola, Monde M.Y. San Corporation and Zest-O Corporation.

Some of the semiconductor companies are also located in Calamba. To name a few, they are Samsung Electro-Mechanics Philippines, Continental Temic Electronics Philippines, Toshiba Storage Device Philippines Inc., ST Microelectronics (formerly Philips Electronics), Fuji Electric Philippines, NEC Tokin Electronics, NEC Toppan Circuit Solutions and Austriamicrosystems Phils.

Automobile manufacturers that have plants located in Calamba are Asian Transmission Corporation and Suzuki Philippines Inc.

Avon, the leading global beauty company has a manufacturing plant (Avon Products Manufacturing), is located at Calamba Premiere International Park.

Infrastructure

Transportation

Jeepneys at the Calamba Central Terminal
Calamba PNR Station

Tricycles, buses, jeepneys, and UV Express are popular modes of transportation in Calamba.

Calamba is served by the Philippine National Railways (PNR) Metro Commuter Line. Stations include:

Roads

The only expressway currently operational in Calamba is the South Luzon Expressway (SLEX), which passes through the city with four exits. SLEX is part of AH26 up to Calamba Exit.

Main national highways include the Manila South Road, the Pan-Philippine Highway (also known as Maharlika Highway, Daang Maharlika, or National Highway), which passes through the city and curves toward Santo Tomas in Batangas, and Calamba–Pagsanjan Road (also called "National Highway") links Calamba with Los Baños and Santa Cruz.

Other arterial roads includes Chipeco Avenue and its Extension, which passes near the city hall, Tagaytay–Calamba Road, which picks up near Tagaytay Highlands, and Mayapa–Canlubang Cadre Road, a spur of Maharlika Highway serving Canlubang and Canlubang/Mayapa Exit (Exit 47)[41]

Proposed expressways include the Calamba–Los Baños Expressway, which spurs from SLEX, traverses along Laguna de Bay and ends on a national highway at Bay, and Laguna Lakeshore Expressway Dike, an expressway and dike that will run on the coast of Laguna de Bay. The projects will cost an estimated ₱5.9 billion ($131.11 million) and ₱18.59 billion ($413 million).[42]

Health care

CMC Medical Center & Tower in Barangay Real

There are 9 private and 1 government-run hospitals in Calamba. Some of the health centers in the city are the Calamba Medical Center, Calamba Doctors' Hospital, Pamana Golden Care Hospital, St. John the Baptist Hospital, San Jose Hospital and Trauma Center, St. Marks Hospital Medical Center, Holy Angel General Hospital, CH Garcia Medical and Diagnostic Center, Dr. Jose Rizal Memorial Hospital, and Jose Yulo Foundation Canlubang Industrial Hospital...

Utilities and communication

Communication concerns are managed by different agencies found in the city: postal affairs rests on the Philippine Postal Corp. with three operating offices located in Barangays. Canlubang, Mayapa and the main office located at the back of City Hall. Telecommunications as well as internet connections are under the four major telecom companies such as PLDT (Smart Communications), Globe Telecom, Dito Telecommunity and Converge ICT Solutions Inc., commonly referred to as Converge Aside from these, print and radio services are also present, with Calambalita DZLN-AM and DZJV – a local radio station catering to the whole Calabarzon area.

A major part of the city is currently served by Meralco, with two substations of the company located in Brgys Mayapa and Brgy 1 facilitate the flow of power throughout the entire city. All the 54 barangays are equipped with electricity, with only a few barangays such as part of Canlubang, Pansol, Bucal and Lecheria under NAPOCOR.

A big part of the city is served by the Calamba Water District, providing water to 23,655 households, 1,238 commercial establishments and 53 public buildings. Most of the city's water supply comes from the faucet community water system.

Government

Local government

City Mayor of Calamba, Laguna
Incumbent
Roseller H. Rizal
since June 30, 2022
Style(Mr.) Mayor, Mayor
ResidenceNew Calamba City Hall Building, Real, Calamba, Laguna
AppointerElected via popular vote
Term length3 years (maximum of three consecutive terms)
Inaugural holderMateo Elojorde
Formation1901

Like other cities in the Philippines, Calamba is governed by a city mayor and city vice mayor who are elected to three-year terms. The city mayor is the executive head who leads the city's departments in the execution of city ordinances and in the delivery of public services. The city vice mayor heads a legislative council that is composed of 14 members: 12 councilors and two ex-officio offices: one for the Sangguniang Kabataan Federation President, representing the youth sector, and one for the Association of Barangay Chairmen President as the barangay sectoral representative. The council is in charge of creating the city's policies in the form of ordinances and resolutions.

By virtue of Republic Act no. 11078, Calamba has been separated from the 2nd District of Laguna to form its own, the Lone district of the City of Calamba.[43]

Elected officials

The 2022 local elections in Calamba, held on May 9, 2022, replaced some members of the city government, primarily on the members of the city council. The mayor and vice mayor are term limited.

Elected officials for the 2022–2025 term are:

Calamba city officials (2022–2025)
NameParty
House of Representatives
Charisse Anne C. Hernandez-Alcantara Lakas
City Mayor
Roseller H. Rizal PDP–Laban
City Vice Mayor
Angelito S. Lazaro, Jr. PDP–Laban
City Councilors
Joselito G. Catindig Nacionalista
Saturnino J. Lajara Nacionalista
Leeanne P. Aldabe-Cortez Nacionalista
Dyan DV. Espiridion Nacionalista
Juan C. Lazaro Nacionalista
Pursino C. Oruga Nacionalista
Moises E. Morales Nacionalista
Doreeen May F. Cabrera Nacionalista
Gerard R. Teruel PDP–Laban
Arvin L. Manguiat Nacionalista
Edison M. Natividad Nacionalista
Maria Kathrina V. Silva PDP–Laban
Ex Officio City Council Members
ABC President Eduardo R. Silva (La Mesa)
SK President Kenneth P. Delas Llagas (Barangay 4)

List of former chief executives

Jose Rizal wrote a manuscript called Jefes del pueblo de Calamba (ang nangagsipagpuno sa bayan ng Calamba: sapol ng maging bayan, hangan sa panahon, 28 de Agosto, 1742 - hasta 1891) that is now kept in the National Library of the Philippines. It lists the names of local chief executives of Calamba since its founding as a town independent from Cabuyao.[44] Their names were:

  • Juan de la Cruz (1742–1743)
  • Juan Macasadia (1743–1744)
  • Marcos de los Santos (1744–1745)
  • Santiago de Leon (1745–1746)
  • Balthazar Hocson (1746–1747)
  • Ygnacio Hilario (1747–1748)
  • Andres de Ocampo (1748–1749)
  • Domingo de los Santos (1749–1750)
  • Melchor de los Reyes (1750–1751)
  • Juan de la Cruz Punga (1751)
  • Cristobal de Leon (1752)
  • Francisco Kalangitan (1753)
  • Pedro Blas (1754)
  • Francisco Alipio (1755)
  • Juan Ariliano (1756)
  • Martin de los Santos (1757)
  • Fernando de los Santos (1758)
  • Apolinario de Ribera (1759; 1766; 1779–1780)
  • Jose Acagada (1760)
  • Luis Rufino (1761; 1763)
  • Antonio Matangihan (1762)
  • Mariano Alcantara (1764)
  • Pedro Atanacio Bance (1765)
  • Tomas de la Cruz (1767)
  • Manuel de la Cruz (1768)
  • Jose del Espiritu Santo (1769–1770)
  • Mateo (Lis.), Melchor (Alv.), Alejo (Ale.), de Torres, Domingo Feliciano (Ale. Ll.) - (1770-1771)
  • Baltazar Paseo (Pacio) - (1771-1772)
  • José de Sta. Ana (Alv.) de Sta. María (Ale.) - (1772-1773)
  • Pablo de S. José (1773-1774)
  • Pedro Claudio (1774-1775)
  • Juan Mariano Rufino (1775-1776)
  • Salvador José Montero (Ale.) Monterey (Alv.) Alontereyes (Ll.) - (1776-1777)
  • Mateo Marcos (1777-1778)
  • Ygnacio de los Santos (1778-1779)
  • Antonio Matangihan (1780-1781)
  • Mateo Marcos (1781-1782)
  • Santiago Rufino (1782-1783)
  • Juan Francisco (1783-1784)
  • José Diego (1784-1785)
  • Pedro Pablo de San José (1785-1786)
  • Antonio Villanueva (1786-1788)
  • Baltazar Paseo (1787-1789)
  • José de los Reyes (1788-1790)
  • Vicente Feliz Cocson (1789-1791)
  • Agustín Tolentino (1790-1792)
  • Manuel de Santo Tomás (1791-1793)
  • Agustín de la Cruz (1793-1794)
  • Feliz de la Cruz (1794-1795)
  • Feliciano Celisuerte (1795-1796)
  • Ventura del Espíritu Santo (1796-1797)
  • Manuel Jauregui (1797-1798)
  • Alejandro Gatsalian (1798-1799)
  • Eugenio de San Gabriel (1799-1800)
  • Esteban de los Santos (1800-1801)
  • Romualdo Roberto (1801-1802; 1809-1810)
  • Leonardo Feliciano (1802-1803)
  • Juan Rufino Manuel (1803-1804)
  • Agustín Alejandro (1804-1805)
  • Juan Aragón (1805-1806)
  • Vicente Pabalan (1806-1807)
  • Bernardino Antonio (1807-1808)
  • Eugenio de San Gabriel (1808-1809)
  • Juan Manuel Rufino (1810-1811)
  • Policarpo Cuevas (1811-1812)
  • Adriano Felix (1812-1813)
  • Zacarias Sarmiento (1813-1814)
  • Carlos de Leon (1814-1815)
  • Leonardo Feliciano (1815-1816)
  • Gaspar de los Reyes (1816-1817)
  • Pedro Francisco (1817-1818)
  • Francisco Eugenio (1818-1819)
  • Ysidoro de la Cruz (1819-1820)
  • Adriano Felix (1820-1821)
  • Juan Ygnacio (1821-1822)
  • Mariano Quintero and Juan Aragón (1822-1823)
  • Santiago Eulalia and Florentino Ustaris (1823-1824)
  • Atanasio Jauregui and Pedro Eugenio (1824-1825)
  • Joseph Salgado (1825-1826)
  • Mariano Quintero (1826-1827)
  • Atanasio Jauregui (1827-1828;1831-1832)
  • Pedro Francisco (1828-1829)
  • Santiago Eulalia (1829-1830)
  • Elias Ustaris (1830-1831)
  • Juan de Villanueva (Alv.) (1832)
  • Florentino Ustaris (1833; 1841)
  • Juan Villanueva de Aragón (1834)
  • Francisco de San Diego (1832-1834)
  • Juan de los Angeles (1835; 1840; 1843; 1855)
  • Ysidoro Villanueva (1836)
  • Mariano Quintero (1837)
  • Aniceto Julian (1838)
  • Domingo Feliciano (1839)
  • Crispín Gabino (1842)
  • Ambrosio Pabalan (1844; 1858)
  • Elias Ustaris (1845)
  • Juan de Villanueva (1846)
  • Paulino Quintero (1847;1852)
  • Bruno de San Gabriel (1848)
  • Juan Bernaldo (1849-1850)
  • Tranquilino Gonzalez Hervosa (1851;1856)
  • Gisberto Jauregui (1853)
  • Juan Salgado (1854; 1857; 1863-1864)
  • Francisco Elefaño (1859;1861; 1865-1866; 1875-1876)
  • Estanislao Hervosa (1860)
  • Juan Banatin (1862; 1867-1868)
  • Gervasio Alviar (1869-1870; 1883)
  • Calixto Llamas (1871)
  • Andres Salgado (1872)
  • Lucas Quintero (1873-1874; 1891)
  • Francisco Salgado (1877-1878)
  • Luis Elásegui (1879-1880)
  • Matias Belarrnino (1881-1882)
  • Lucas Quintero (1884)
  • Luis Habaña (1885-1886)
  • Nicolas Llamas (1887)
  • Francisco Elefaño (1888)
  • Eusebio Elefaño (1889)
  • Matias Belarmino (1889–1890)

The following are the individuals that served as local chief executive of Calamba since the American occupation of the Philippines up to the present-day:[16]

  • Mateo Elejorde (1901–1904)
  • Isidoro Cailles (1904–1907)
  • Ramon Santos (1907–1910)
  • Rafael Pabalan (1910–1917)
  • Anastacio Rubio (1917-1919)[45]
  • Roman D. Lazaro (1919–1922; 1931–1934; 1938–1941; 1945–1946)
  • Felipe Belarmino (1923–1925; 1926–1928; 1929–1931; 1941–1942)[45]
  • Eduardo A. Barretto (1935–1937)
  • Enrique G. Shinyo (1942)
  • Artemio M. Elepano (1943–1944)
  • Exequiel Geneciran (1944–1945)
  • Severino Q. Arambulo (1946–1947; 1956–1959; 1968–1971)
  • Sisenando V. Rizal Sr. (1948–1951;1952-1954)
  • Pantaleon Alihan (1954–1955)
  • Taciano V. Rizal (1960–1963; 1964–1967; 1971–1975)
  • Eduardo T. Yu Jr. (1975–1980)
  • Salvador E. Delmo (1980–1986)
  • Apolonio A. Elazegui (1986–1987)
  • Victoriano Chipeco (1987–1988)
  • Jesus Miguel Yulo (1988–1992; 1992–1994)
  • Severino J. Lajara (1994–1995;1995-1998; 1998–2001; 2001–2004)
  • Joaquin M. Chipeco Jr. (2004–2007; 2007–2010; 2010–2013)
  • Justin Marc SB. Chipeco (2013–2016; 2016–2019; 2019–2022)
  • Roseller H. Rizal (2022–present)

City seal

Official Calamba city seal
Official Calamba city seal

The seal of the City of Calamba has evolved and has been modified throughout the years. From being a municipality to a component city, a new seal was necessary to symbolize the new thrust of Calamba. In a citywide seal-making contest, Reyjon de Guzman emerged as winner, for his work best symbolized the ideals, pride and achievements of the city. Each color, shape, number and object has its own meaning relative to what is Calamba in the past, present and future.[46]

  • Shield shape – The shield shape in the center, with a slight circular bottom, flat top and curved edges at the top corners project solidity and congruence.
  • Banga shaped twined with Dr. Jose Rizal's image – The historical ambience is depicted in this twin image. The abstract represents the influence of Dr. Jose Rizal and the Banga in the history of the City of Calamba.
  • Numbers – the engraved "1742" mentions the year when Calamba was founded and seceded from the town of Cabuyao, while "2001" was identified as the year of Calamba's cityhood.
  • Objects – the mountain in the background and the water current at the bottom part relate to land and water resources of the city pertain to the vast natural resources of Mount Makiling and the aquatic benefits of Laguna de Bay. The water beneath Mt. Makiling shows that Calamba touches a body of water notably Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the country, and that's why Calamba is also known as the "City by the Lake". The silhouette image of rice field on the left and the industrial buildings on the right symbolizing Calamba's rapid modernization, urbanization, and industrialization. With both signs located beside each other, it shows everyone that nature and progress can efficiently coexist in Calamba.
  • Colors – Except for silver grey and metallic gold, all others are similar with the national seal. However, additional meanings are attached to each.
  • Metallic gold – This represents the radiating image of Dr. Jose Rizal and Banga that reflects in the minds and deeds of Calambeños.
  • Red – This symbolizes the burning patriotism of residents as exemplified by Rizal.
  • Blue – As land and water represent wealth and prosperity, the color blue signifies productivity and tranquility of the constituents.
  • Silver grey – This represents the transformation of development from an agricultural pueblo in the 1700s to an agro-industrial town in the 1900s and finally to an industrial city.
  • White – This projects purity, transparency, efficiency and prudence pertaining to governance.
  • Calamba has a golden edge etched at the upper half with the words Lungsod ng Calamba depicting Calamba as a Philippine component city. Laguna at the bottom part means that Calamba is still part of Laguna province.

Tourism

Calamba is the location of José Rizal's birthplace, Rizal Shrine, found in the poblacion (city proper), and St. John the Baptist Parish Church, the location of Rizal's baptism. A park built to commemorate José Rizal, Rizal Park (or the Plaza) hosts a 22 feet (6.7 m) tall statue of Rizal, with the number symbolizing the 22 languages and dialects used by Rizal. The statue sits on top of a 15-step podium, symbolizing one decade since Rizal was born. The monument was once cited as the tallest Jose Rizal Monument in the world,[47] until a monument of Rizal was built in Santa Cruz, Laguna, for the Palarong Pambansa 2014. The monument was inaugurated by President Benigno Aquino III in preparation for the Jose Rizal's sesquicentennial birth anniversary on June 19, 2011.

Other tourist attractions include the Calamba Claypot (Banga or Calambanga), a large pot that is the namesake of the city, Republic Wakepark, a water sports park in the Nuvali mixed-use residential development in Canlubang, and Calamba Island, an islet off Laguna de Bay.

Being near to Mount Makiling, Calamba also hosts hot spring resorts, concentrated at barangays Pansol, Bucal and Bagong Kalsada near the boundary with Los Baños.

Culture

Festivals

The Buhayani Festival, the official festival of the City of Calamba was the brainchild of Mayor Justin Marc SB. Chipeco during his first year as Mayor in 2013. Mayor Timmy wanted the city to have a festival that will best characterize its culture, progress and tourism potential. He wanted to capitalize on the city's historical heritage as the birthplace of unofficial Philippine National Hero, Dr. Jose P. Rizal. Thus, the Buhayani Festival was born.

The term "Buhayani" was coined by joining two Filipino words, "buhay" meaning life or the state of being alive and lively and "bayani" or hero. The festival's tagline "Buhay ng Bayani, Buháy na Bayani" literally translates to "Life of the Hero"pertaining to the life of our famous kababayan, Dr. Jose Rizal and "Living Hero"which refers to the common man who has the capacity and potential to become everyday heroes in their own small ways.

"We want everyone who revere our kababayan, Dr. Jose Rizal to come to Calamba and join us in honouring him on his birthday and in celebrating the modern Rizal in us. We want to make our National Hero modern and relevant in today's challenging times and we want to celebrate the spirit of heroism that lives in each Filipino, not just in us Calambeños," Mayor Chipeco was quoted saying.

Different activities were lined up for this year's Buhayani Festival: Kuwentong Bayani for selected Grade 5 students, Talinong Rizal Quiz Bee, Buhayani Football Cup, Independence Day Job Fair, SayawIndak Street Dancing Competition, Marching Band Competition, Baile de Gala, Hawig Rizal (Rizal Look-a-Like), Buhayani Eye Care Mission, and a whole lot more. Highlighting this year's celebration is the Morning Program wherein Philippine National Police Chief, Director General Ronald "Bato" Dela Rosa is the Guest of Honor and Speaker. A special wreath-laying ceremony shall also commence at the Museo ni Rizal sa Calamba after a simultaneous floral offering at five different Rizal monuments around the city.

"Jose Rizal is not just the pride of Calamba, he is the pride of the entire country as he was the Greatest Malay to have lived. His works, teachings and ideals have inspired and will continue to inspire us as we strive to live up to his ideals of nationalism and love of country. In the Buhayani Festival, we celebrate an ideal and an advocacy that through this festival, we can rekindle the fire of patriotism and heroism in the hearts of every Filipino. Come to Calamba – retrace history's footsteps, rediscover the richness and uniqueness of our heritage, fire up our Filipino pride and be inspired to share and spread what you have experienced and be part of the force that will bring about a renewed love of country in every Filipino," Mayor Chipeco challenged.

Education

Calamba has a literacy rate of 98.9%. As of 2007, there are 120 elementary schools, 51 of which are public and 69 private. There are 50 secondary schools, 16 public and 34 private. Post-secondary education include 17 universities and colleges, and 9 technical and vocational schools.[15]

The city has four NCAA affiliate schools that set up branches in the city, namely as the Colegio de San Juan de Letran (Calamba Campus), Lyceum of the Philippines University (Laguna Campus), San Sebastian College – Recoletos (Canlubang Campus) and University of Perpetual Help System DALTA (Calamba Campus).

Some private schools that are also located in Calamba are City College of Calamba, Don Bosco College, Canlubang, Calamba Institute, Laguna College of Business and Arts, Saint Benilde International School, Asian Computer College, Inc., Asian Institute of Computer Studies, Inc. Active Community Contributor Calamba Churchitute, Inc., NU Laguna & INSPIRE Sports Academy, Philippine Women's University, Saint John Colleges, Maranatha Christian Academy. In Nuvali Calamba, there are two other schools located which are the Miriam College and Xavier School. In the near future, Everest Academy, a renowned Catholic and international school will also open its second campus in Nuvali.

The City College of Calamba is the only public college in the city.

Notable personalities

Sister cities

Local

International

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Pa-a, Saul (April 6, 2019). "Calamba resorts without accreditation face closure". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
  2. ↑  City of Calamba | (DILG)
  3. ↑ "2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016. ISSN 0117-1453. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Census of Population (2020). "Region IV-A (Calabarzon)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  5. ↑ "PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. December 15, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  6. ↑ "Overall Rankings (2014) – Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index". Archived from the original on August 22, 2014. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
  7. ↑ "2014 Cities and Municipalities Competitiveness Index" (PDF). National Econonmic Research and Business Assistance Center – Calabarzon. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 27, 2014.
  8. ↑ Cabico, Gaea Katreena. "Rizal is not a national hero Filipinos believed he was". The Philippine Star. Retrieved April 16, 2022.
  9. ↑ "National Heroes' Day in Philippines in 2021". Office Holidays. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
  10. ↑ Kirk, Kate (2001). A Guide to Los Baños for IRRI International Staff & Families. International Rice Research Institute. p. 17. ISBN 9789712201608.
  11. ↑ Sta. Maria, Felice Prudente (1996). In Excelsis: The Mission of Jose P. Rizal, Humanist and Philippine National Hero. Studio 5 Designs. p. 40. ISBN 9719135336.
  12. ↑ "kalamba". Tagalog Dictionary. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  13. ↑ Harper, Peter; Fullerton, Laurie (1994). Philippines Handbook. Moon Publications. p. 325. ISBN 9781566910040.
  14. ↑ "The Official Sea". City Government of Calamba Official Website. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  15. 1 2 3 "City profile". About the City. Official Website of the City of Calamba. Archived from the original on June 3, 2014. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
  16. 1 2 "Political History". City Government. Official Website of the City of Calamba. Archived from the original on October 23, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
  17. ↑ Jintaro Ishida, The Remains of War, 2001, p.238, citing the Barangay Real Memorial.
  18. ↑ Republic Act No. 9024 (March 5, 2001), An Act Converting the Municipality of Calamba, Province of Laguna Into A Component City to be Known as the City of Calamba, The Official Gazette, retrieved November 29, 2023
  19. 1 2 Cityhood of Calamba http://www.calambacity.gov.ph/About-the-City/Cityhood-of-Calamba/ Archived December 8, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  20. ↑ "Executive Order No. 246, s. 2003". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. October 28, 2003. Archived from the original on May 22, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  21. ↑ "City Profile". Archived from the original on June 3, 2014.
  22. ↑ "Barangay Names". Archived from the original on May 13, 2014.
  23. ↑ "Climate: Calamba – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table". Climate-data.org. Retrieved August 15, 2018.
  24. ↑ Census of Population (2015). "Region IV-A (Calabarzon)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  25. ↑ Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region IV-A (Calabarzon)" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
  26. ↑ Censuses of Population (1903–2007). "Region IV-A (Calabarzon)". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. National Statistics Office.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  27. ↑ "Province of Laguna". Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  28. ↑ "Poverty incidence (PI):". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
  29. ↑ "Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. November 29, 2005.
  30. ↑ "2003 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. March 23, 2009.
  31. ↑ "City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates; 2006 and 2009" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. August 3, 2012.
  32. ↑ "2012 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. May 31, 2016.
  33. ↑ "Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. July 10, 2019.
  34. ↑ "PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. December 15, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  35. ↑ "Commission on Audit – Cities". www.coa.gov.ph. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
  36. ↑ "List of 'next wave' cities for outsourcing firms released". GMA News.
  37. ↑ COA AAR
  38. ↑ "Local Government Unit (LGUs) Financial Data". Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
  39. ↑ http://www.pdic.gov.ph/files/BSDStats/DDD_PBS_ProvinceMunicipality.htm
  40. ↑ "Operating Economic Zones". Archived from the original on October 25, 2014.
  41. ↑ "DPWH Road Data | Laguna 2nd". Department of Public Works and Highways Website. DPWH. Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
  42. ↑ Rogelio L. Singson (November 18, 2010). "PPP Road Projects" (PDF). Public Private Partnership Center. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
  43. ↑ Placido, Darel (September 25, 2018). "Aklan split into two legislative districts, Calamba City becomes lone". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  44. ↑ http://nlpdl.nlp.gov.ph/RI01/NLPJRMN00350/datejpg1.htm/
  45. 1 2 "The Municipal Presidents and Mayors of Calamba from 1901 to 1949". Historical Data Papers - Calamba. Retrieved November 27, 2021.
  46. ↑ The Official Seal http://www.calambacity.gov.ph/About-the-City/The-Official-Seal/ Archived December 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  47. ↑ "Rizal's birthplace now home to his tallest monument". ABS-CBN News.
  48. ↑ "Dost-Stii | Spheres". Archived from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
  49. ↑ https://nast.ph/images/pdf%20files/Publications/NAST%20Transactions/NAST%202001%20Transactions%20Volume%2023/BSD%201%20Directions%20of%20Systematic%20Entomology%20in%20the%20Philippines,%20Acd%20Clare%20R.%20Baltazar%202001.pdf.//
  50. ↑ http://philsciletters.net/2014/PSL%202014-vol07-no01-p241-244%20Flores.pdf/
  51. ↑ "Ben Juliano, cereal chemist second to none". Manila Bulletin. March 3, 2018. Retrieved June 17, 2021.
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