Joseph Anderson may refer to:

Government

• Joe Anderson (politician) (born 1958), mayor of Liverpool
• Joseph Anderson (South Australian politician) (1876–1947), accountant, real estate agent and politician in South Australia
• Joseph C. Anderson (1830–1891), member of the Kansas Territorial Legislature and name-sake of Anderson County, Kansas
• Joseph F. Anderson (born 1949), U.S. federal judge
• Joseph H. Anderson (1800–1870), U.S. Representative from New York
• Joseph H. Anderson (Wisconsin politician) (1893–1969), Wisconsin state assemblyman
• Joseph Anderson (Tennessee politician) (born 1757), Tennessee senator
• Joseph E. Anderson (1873−1937), member of the Illinois House of Representatives

Military

• Joseph Anderson (British Army officer) (1790–1877), British soldier, penal administrator; politician in colonial Victoria (Australia)
• Joseph Anderson (U.S. Army general) (born 1959)
• Joseph T. Anderson (born 1946), United States Marine Corps general

Sportsmen

• Joe Anderson (boxer) (1869–1943), 'All England' champion in 1897
• Joe Anderson (Scottish footballer) (1895–?), who played for Burnley F.C.
• Joe Anderson (rugby league) (1928–2014), English rugby league footballer of the 1950s and 1960s
• Joe Anderson (Australian footballer) (born 1988), Australian footballer for Carlton Football Club
• Joseph Anderson (American football) (born 1988), American football player for the New York Jets
• Joe Anderson (footballer, born 1989), currently playing for Maidstone United F.C.
• Joey Anderson (born 1998), American ice hockey forward
• Joe Anderson (footballer, born 2001), English football centre-back for Sunderland

Other

• Joe Anderson (Aboriginal activist), Aboriginal Australian rights activist who was filmed for Cinesound news in 1933 at Salt Pan Creek, New South Wales
• Joe Anderson (actor) (born 1982), British actor
• Joseph Anderson (antiquarian) (1832–1916), Scottish antiquarian, keeper of the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland 1870–1913, father of the judge Lord St Vingeans
• Joseph Anderson (Mormon) (1889–1992), secretary to the First Presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
• Joseph B. Anderson (born 1943), American executive with T.A.G. Holdings, whose Viet Nam War service was portrayed in The Anderson Platoon
• Joseph Gaudentius Anderson (1865–1927), American Roman Catholic bishop
• Joseph Horatio Anderson, architect in Annapolis, Maryland
• Joseph R. Anderson (1813–1892), American civil engineer, industrialist, and brigadier general during the American Civil War