Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation

The history of the Jews in Pittsburgh dates back to the mid-19th century. In 2002, Jewish households represented 3.8% of households in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.[1] As of 2017, there were an estimated 50,000 Jews in the Greater Pittsburgh area.[2] In 2012, Pittsburgh's Jewish community celebrated its 100th year of federated giving through the Jewish Federation of Greater Pittsburgh.[3] The city's Jewish federation is one of the oldest in the country, marking the deep historical roots of Jews in Pittsburgh.

Founding

Former synagogue on Miller Street near downtown Pittsburgh, August 2007.

There are no reliable records of the beginnings of the Pittsburgh Jewish community, but it has been ascertained that between 1838 and 1844 a small number of Jews, mostly from Baden, Bavaria, and Württemberg, Germany settled in and around Pittsburgh. These communities continued to expand from 1847 until 1852. Though the first official Jewish service was held in the autumn of 1844, Jews in Pittsburgh did not officially organize until 1847, when several men worshiped in a room on Penn Street and Walnut (now 13th) Street, having engaged the Rev. Mannheimer as cantor. After this meeting, the men also formed a Bes Almon Society and purchased a cemetery at Troy Hill. This newly formed organization lacked homogeneity due to the varying religious views of its members, and divisions and reunions took place from time to time until about 1853, when a united congregation was formed under the name Rodef Shalom. In 1864 a small group of congregants dissatisfied with the movement toward Reform practices at Rodef Shalom formed a breakaway Orthodox congregation, Etz Chayyim (Tree of Life), and purchased a cemetery at Sharpsburg. By 1886, Etz Chayyim, now called Tree of Life Congregation, had affiliated itself with the Conservative movement.

In the broader American Jewish community, Pittsburgh is also famous for the 1885 "Pittsburgh Platform" which articulated bold and radical new ideas from the Reform movement on approaching theology and the modern world.[4]

At the turn of the century, two or three synagogues were established in or on the fringe of the area which is now called the Lower Hill District. One old building near Elm Street (called the "Old Jewish Church" by some) was demolished and replaced. A group called Beth Hamedrash Hagodol-Beth Jacob Congregation meets in the new synagogue. At least one old building has survived on nearby Miller Street in the area once known colloquially as "Jews Hill", although it has since been converted into a church.

Philanthropic associations

Pittsburgh is notable in American Jewish history on account of the conference (see Jew. Encyc. iv. 215, s.v. Conferences, Rabbinical) held there in 1885, and is also well-known as a generous supporter of national Jewish movements, notably the Hebrew Union College and the Denver Hospital. Among the more prominent local philanthropic and charitable institutions may be mentioned the following:

  • J. M. Gusky Orphanage and Home, with the Bertha Rauh Cohen Annex. The Home was founded in 1890 by Esther Gusky, in memory of her husband, Jacob Mark Gusky. The Annex was the gift in 1889 of Aaron Cohen in memory of his wife, Bertha Rauh Cohen, the only daughter of Rosalia Rauh and the late Solomon Rauh. The Home had 62 inmates, an annual income of about $10,000, and an endowment fund of $67,000. It closed in 1943.[5]
  • The United Hebrew Relief Association, a union of the Hebrew Benevolent Society and the Hebrew Ladies' Aid Society. It paid for the care of the sick and for funerals as well as purchasing coal for families.[6] It dispensed $10,000 yearly, and had a sinking-fund of $29,000.
  • The Columbian Council School, also known as the Irene Kaufmann Settlement, a social settlement. It conducted a large number of classes and public lectures and contained a library, public baths, and gymnasium. The bath-house was the gift of Alexander Peacock. The disbursements were about $6,000 annually.
  • The Hebrew Ladies' Hospital Aid Society secured and paid for hospital attention for the sick poor. It had an annual income of about $8,000, and funded the construction of the Montefiore Hospital. The organization continues to exist as the Ladies Hospital Aid Society, helping the community of western Pennsylvania.[7]
  • The Young Ladies' Sewing Society, which dispensed clothing to the poor; its income was about $2,000 annually.
  • The Concordia Club, now known as the O'Hara Student Center, fostered Jewish social life in Pittsburgh from its opening in 1874 until it closed in 2009.
  • The Council of Jewish Women continues to help families, women, and children since its founding in 1893.[8]

Newspapers

There were two weekly newspapers for the Jewish community. The Jewish Criterion, in English, was published from 1895–1962, of which Rabbi Levy and Charles H. Joseph were the editors. Another newspaper was in Yiddish and Hebrew, known as Der Volksfreund[9] from its founding in 1889 and later renamed to Der Idisher Folksfreynd,[10] which was in circulation from 1922–1924.

Since 1962, the Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle is published weekly for the Jewish community of the Greater Pittsburgh Region.

Prominent Jews

Donors to non-sectarian charities included J.D. Bernd and Isaac Kaufmann, the latter of whom in 1895 gave the Emma Kaufmann Free Clinic to the medical department of the University of Pittsburgh. Among those who held positions in public life are Emanuel Wertheimer, select councilman and member of the state House of Representatives; Morris Einstein, select councilman (15 years); Josiah Cohen, judge of the Orphans' Court; E.E. Mayer, city physician; L.S. Levin, assistant city attorney. Isaac W. Frank was president of the National Founders' Association, and A. Leo Weil was a member of the executive committee of the Voters' Civic League.

There was a steady increase since 1882 in the number of Jewish people in Pittsburgh, the new settlers coming mostly from eastern Europe. Russian, Romanian, and Hungarian Jews came in large numbers and began to display an appreciable interest in public affairs. They had six synagogues in 1906 (whose rabbis included Aaron M. Ashinsky and M.S. Sivitz), many ḥebras, and a number of small religious societies. The Pittsburgh Jewry strongly sympathized with the Zionist movement, having a large number of Zionist societies. The number of Jewish inhabitants in 1906 was estimated at between 15,000 and 25,000, in a total population of about 322,000.

Some notable Jews from Pittsburgh include rapper and record producer Mac Miller, entrepreneur and television personality Mark Cuban, and actor and musician Jeff Goldblum.[11][12][13]

Squirrel Hill

Pittsburgh's Squirrel Hill neighborhood is considered to be the city's primary Jewish hub. Nearly half of the population of Squirrel Hill is Jewish.[14] Squirrel Hill has had a large Jewish population since the 1920s, when Jewish people began to move to the neighborhood in large numbers from the Oakland and Hill District neighborhoods of Pittsburgh. According to a 2002 study by the United Jewish Federation, 33% of the Pittsburgh Jewish population lived in Squirrel Hill and another 14% in the surrounding area.[15] Squirrel Hill currently contains three Jewish day schools, catering to the Lubavich, Orthodox, and Conservative movements. There are over twenty synagogues. This Jewish community also offers four restaurants, a Jewish community center, and an annual festival.

Synagogue shooting

This section is an excerpt from Pittsburgh synagogue shooting.[edit]
People visit the memorials to victims of the mass shooting outside the Tree of Life synagogue on November 4, 2018
Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
Part of mass shootings in the United States, antisemitism in the United States, and right-wing terrorism in the United States
People visit the memorials to victims of the mass shooting outside the Tree of Life synagogue on November 4, 2018
LocationTree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation,
5898 Wilkins Avenue,
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Coordinates40°26′37″N 79°55′17″W / 40.44361°N 79.92139°W / 40.44361; -79.92139
DateOctober 27, 2018 (2018-10-27)
9:54 – 11:08 a.m. (EDT)
TargetTree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation
Attack type
Mass shooting, mass murder, domestic terrorism, hate crime[16]
Weapons
Deaths11
Injured7 (including the perpetrator)
PerpetratorRobert Gregory Bowers
MotiveAntisemitism, belief in the white genocide conspiracy theory
VerdictFederal:
Guilty on all counts
Convictions63 federal criminal counts[lower-alpha 1]
Charges36 state criminal counts
SentenceFederal:
Death[20]

The Pittsburgh synagogue shooting was an antisemitic terrorist attack that took place at the Tree of Life – Or L'Simcha Congregation[lower-alpha 2] synagogue in the Squirrel Hill neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The congregation, along with New Light Congregation and Congregation Dor Hadash, which also worshipped in the building, was attacked during Shabbat morning services on October 27, 2018. The perpetrator killed eleven people and wounded six, including several Holocaust survivors. It was the deadliest attack on any Jewish community in the United States.[22][23]

The perpetrator, identified as 46-year-old Robert Gregory Bowers,[24] was shot multiple times by police and arrested at the scene.[25] Bowers had earlier posted antisemitic comments against HIAS (formerly, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society) on the online alt-tech social network Gab.[26][27][28] Dor Hadash[29] had participated in HIAS's National Refugee Shabbat the previous week. Referring to Central American migrant caravans and immigrants, Bowers posted a message on Gab in which he wrote that "HIAS likes to bring invaders in that kill our people. I can't sit by and watch my people get slaughtered. Screw your optics, I'm going in."[30][31] He was charged with 63 federal crimes, some of which are capital crimes.[25] He pleaded not guilty.[25] On June 16, 2023, he was found guilty on all federal counts, and on August 3, 2023, he was sentenced to death by lethal injection.[32][33][34][35] He separately faces 36 charges in Pennsylvania state court.[36]

See also

Bibliography

  • History of Congregation Rodeph Shalom, 1899
  • articles in the Jewish Criterion, 1901
  • American Israelite, 1893

Notes

  1. ↑
    • Obstruction of free exercise of religious beliefs resulting in death (11 counts)
    • Hate crimes resulting in death (11 counts)
    • Obstruction of free exercise of religious beliefs involving an attempt to kill and use of a dangerous weapon and resulting in bodily injury (2 counts)
    • Hate crimes involving an attempt to kill (2 counts)
    • Obstruction of free exercise of religious beliefs involving an attempt to kill and use of a dangerous weapon, and resulting in bodily injury to public safety officers (8 counts)
    • Obstruction of free exercise of religious beliefs involving use of a dangerous weapon and resulting in bodily injury to public safety officers (4 counts)
    • Discharge of a firearm during these crimes of violence (25 counts)[19]
  2. ↑ Hebrew: עֵץ חַיִּים – אוֹר לְשִׂמְחָה[21]

References

  1. ↑ "Jewish Household and Population Estimates". Archived from the original on September 17, 2006. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
  2. ↑ "2017 Greater Pittsburgh Jewish Community Study". Brandeis University. February 2018. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  3. ↑ "Centennial celebration for the Jewish Federation of Greater Pittsburgh". The Jewish Chronicle. February 10, 2011. Retrieved April 6, 2014.
  4. ↑ "The Jewish Community of Pittsburgh". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot.
  5. ↑ "Rauh Jewish Archives". www.jewishhistoryhhc.org. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
  6. ↑ "Rauh Jewish Archives". www.jewishhistoryhhc.org. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
  7. ↑ "History and Fast Facts". Ladies Hospital Aid Society. May 7, 2013. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
  8. ↑ "Our History". Pittsburgh. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
  9. ↑ "Der Folḳsfreynd = the Volksfreund (Pittsburg, Pa.) 1889-1922". Library of Congress. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
  10. ↑ "Der Idisher Folḳsfreynd = the Jewish Volksfreund (Pittsburgh, Pa.) 1922-1924". Library of Congress. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
  11. ↑ https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/mac-miller Mac Miller, Jewish Virtual Library
  12. ↑ ‘’https://www.atlantajewishtimes.com/whats-jewish-about-mark-cuban/amp/ What’s Jewish About… Mark Cuban, Atlanta Jewish Times
  13. ↑ ‘’https://jewishchronicle.timesofisrael.com/jeff-goldblum-day-celebrates-pittsburgh-actor/ Jeff Goldblum Day celebrates Pittsburgh actor, Pittsburgh Jewish Chronicle
  14. ↑ "This is Squirrel Hill: How One Neighborhood Became Pittsburgh's Center of Jewish Life". The Incline. October 29, 2018.
  15. ↑ "The 2002 Pittsburgh Jewish Community Study Final Report". December 2002.
  16. ↑ Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting Called Domestic Terrorism Archived March 27, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, New Hampshire Public Radio
  17. 1 2 "What we know about Robert Bowers, suspect in mass shooting at Pittsburgh synagogue". WPXI. October 28, 2018. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  18. ↑ Robertson, Campbell; Mele, Christopher; Tsvrernise, Sabrina (October 27, 2018). "11 Killed in Synagogue Massacre; Suspect Charged With 29 Counts". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 27, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2018. – NOTE: please see extensive discussion about "assault rifles" at => Talk:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting#"AR-15 rifle" considered an "Assault Weapon" - or Not?
  19. ↑ "Additional Charges Filed in Tree of Life Synagogue Shooting". United States Department of Justice. January 29, 2019.
  20. ↑ "The Pittsburgh synagogue shooter faces the death penalty despite a pause on federal executions". June 26, 2023.
  21. ↑ "Synagogue Life". Tree of Life * Or l'Simcha Congregation. Archived from the original on October 31, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  22. ↑ Selk, Avi; Craig, Tim; Boburg, Shawn; Ba Tran, Andrew (October 28, 2018). "'They showed his photo, and my stomach just dropped': Neighbors recall synagogue massacre suspect as a loner". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  23. ↑ Gardner, Timothy; Mason, Jeff; Brunnstrom, David (October 27, 2018). "Trump says Pittsburgh shooting has little to do with gun laws". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 27, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  24. ↑ Ailworth, Erin; Hagerty, James R. (October 28, 2018). "Pittsburgh Shooting Suspect Described as Man Who Kept to Himself – Robert G. Bowers was active on social media, but few recall him in person; 'very unremarkable, normal—which is scary' says one neighbor". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
  25. 1 2 3 Ove, Torsten (February 11, 2019). "Robert Bowers, accused in Tree of Life synagogue shootings, arraigned". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on February 22, 2019. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  26. ↑ Andone, Dakin; Hanna, Jason; Sterling, Joe; Murphy, Paul P. (October 28, 2018). "Hate crime charges filed in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting that left 11 dead". CNN. Archived from the original on October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
  27. ↑ Shannon, Sant (October 27, 2018). "What's Known About Robert Bowers, The Suspect In The Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting". NPR. Archived from the original on October 27, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  28. ↑ Vesoulis, Abby (October 27, 2018). "How Gab Became the Social Media Site Where the Pittsburgh Suspect's Anti-Semitism Thrived". Time. Archived from the original on October 28, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  29. ↑ Ward, Paula Reed; Lord, Rich; Navatril, Liz (October 27, 2018). "Suspect identified as Robert Bowers, 46, in Squirrel Hill synagogue shooting". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Archived from the original on October 27, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  30. ↑ Levenson, Eric; Sanchez, Ray (October 27, 2018). "Mass shooting at Pittsburgh synagogue". CNN. Archived from the original on October 27, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2018.
  31. ↑ Cortellessa, Eric (October 28, 2018). "Why the Pittsburgh shooter is not being prosecuted for terrorism". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on February 25, 2019. Retrieved August 9, 2023.
  32. ↑ O'Brien, Brendan; Allen, Jonathan (August 3, 2023). Potter, Mark; Osterman, Cynthia (eds.). "Pittsburgh jury condemns Tree of Life synagogue killer to death". Reuters.
  33. ↑ "Robert Bowers found guilty in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting trial". WTAE. June 17, 2023.
  34. ↑ Souza, Sabrina; Brown, Nicki; Levenson, Eric (August 2, 2023). "Pittsburgh synagogue shooter sentenced to death for killing 11 worshippers in 2018 massacre". CNN. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
  35. ↑ Mayo, Bob (August 3, 2023). "Robert Bowers formally sentenced to death in Pittsburgh synagogue shooting". WTAE.
  36. ↑ Robertson, Campbell; Mele, Christopher; Tsvrernise, Sabrina (October 27, 2018). "11 Killed in Synagogue Massacre; Suspect Charged With 29 Counts". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 27, 2018. Retrieved October 27, 2018.

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Singer, Isidore; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "Pittsburg". The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

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