Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami
বাংলাদেশ জামায়াতে ইসলামী
AbbreviationJamaat-e-Islami
AmeerShafiqur Rahman
Secretary GeneralMia Golam Parwar
FounderAbbas Ali Khan (Joypurhat)
Founded1975 (1975)[1]
Banned1 August 2013
Split fromJamaat-e-Islami Pakistan[2]
HeadquartersMogbazar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Student wingBangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir
IdeologyIslamic nationalism[3]
Islamism[4]
Islamic fundamentalism[5]
Conservatism (Bangladeshi)
Indoscepticism[6]
Political positionRight-wing to far-right[4]
ReligionIslam[3]
International affiliationMuslim brotherhood
Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan
Jamaat-e-Islami Hind
Jamaat-e-Islami Kashmir
Election symbol
Pan balance (Daripalla)
Party flag
Website
jamaat-e-islami.org

Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ জামায়াতে ইসলামী, romanized: Bānglādēsh Jāmāyatē Islāmī, lit. 'Bangladesh Islamic Congress'), previously known as Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh, or Jamaat for short,[7] is the largest Islamist political party in Bangladesh.[8][9][10] On 1 August 2013, the Bangladesh Supreme Court cancelled the registration of the Jamaat-e-Islami, ruling that the party is unfit to contest national elections.[11][12][13][14]

Its predecessor, the Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, strongly opposed the independence of Bangladesh and break-up of Pakistan. In 1971, paramilitary forces associated with the party collaborated with the Pakistan Army in mass killings of Bangladeshi nationalists and pro-intellectuals.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21]

Upon the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, the new government banned Jamaat-e-Islami from political participation since the government was secular and some of its leaders went into exile in Pakistan. Following the assassination of the first president and the military coup in 1975, the ban on the Jamaat was lifted and the new party Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh was formed. Exiled leaders were allowed to return. Abbas Ali Khan was the acting Amir of Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh. The Jamaat agenda is the creation of an "Islamic state" with the Sha'ria legal system, and outlawing "un-Islamic" practices and laws. For this reason, it interpretes their central political concept "Iqamat-e-Deen" as establishing Islamic state by possession of state power.[22]

In the 1980s, the Jamaat joined the multi-party alliance for the restoration of democracy. It later allied with Ziaur Rahman's Bangladesh Nationalist Party and Jamaat leaders became ministers in the two BNP-led regimes of prime minister Begum Khaleda Zia (from 1991 to 1996 and from 2001 to 2006). Awami League also got involved with Jamaat to come to power in 1996.[23] In 2008, it won two of 300 elected seats in Parliament. In 2010 the government, led by the Awami League, began prosecution of war crimes committed during the 1971 war under the International Crimes Tribunal. By 2012, two leaders of the BNP, one leader from Jatiyo Party and eight of Jamaat had been charged with war crimes, and by March 2013, three Jamaat leaders had been convicted of crimes. In response, the Jamaat held major strikes and protests across the country, which led to more than 60 deaths (mostly by security forces)[24] and alleged mass destruction of public and national properties. This prompted calls from the secular community and various secular groups to ban Jamaat-e-Islami as a political party.

History

British India (1941–1947)

The Jamaat-e-Islami was founded in pre-partition British India by Syed Ab'ul Ala Maududi at Islamia Park, Lahore on 26 August 1941 as a movement to promote Social and Political Islam. Jamaat opposed the creation of a separate state of Pakistan for the Muslims of India. It also did not support the Muslim League, then the largest Muslim party, in the election of 1946. Nor did it support the "Composite Nationalism" (Muttahida Qaumiyat Aur Islam) of the Jamiat Ulama e-Hind. Maulana Abul Ala Maududi, the founder of Jamaat-e-Islami, actively worked to prevent the partition of India, arguing that concept violated the Islamic doctrine of the ummah.[25] Maulana Maududi saw the partition as creating a temporal border that would divide Muslims from one another.[26] He advocated for the whole of India to be reclaimed for Islam.[27]

Pakistan period (1947–1971)

After the creation of Pakistan, Jamaat-e-Islami divided into separate Indian and Pakistani national organisations. The East Pakistan wing of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan later became Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami.

Jammat-e-Islami participated in the democratic movement in Pakistan during the Martial Law Period declared by General Ayub Khan. An all-party democratic alliance (DAC) was formed in 1965. Jamaat head in East Pakistan, Ghulam Azam was a member of the alliance, which also included Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.

As an Islamist party, JI was uninterested in ethnic issues or local languages but strongly supported Islamic unity, and so supported the Pakistani military in their campaign. East Pakistan JI head Ghulam Azam coordinated the development and operation of paramilitary forces during the war, including Razakar, Al-Shams, and Al-Badr in collaboration with the Pakistan Army. These units committed the Bangladesh genocide and other war crimes at the time, most notorious of which was the systematic execution of Bengali pro-liberation intellectuals on 14 December 1971. As the war neared its end, a final effort to wipe off as many intellectuals as possible took place, to eliminate the future leaders of the new nation. On 14 December 1971, over 200 of East Pakistan's intellectuals including professors, journalists, doctors, artists, engineers, and writers were picked up from their homes in Dhaka by the Al-Badr militias. Notable novelist Shahidullah Kaiser and playwright Munier Choudhury were among the victims. They were taken blindfolded to torture cells in Mirpur, Mohammadpur, Nakhalpara, Rajarbagh and other locations in different sections of the city. Later they were executed en masse, most notably at Rayerbazar and Mirpur.

Bangladesh period (1971–present)

Jamaat was banned after the independence of Bangladesh in December 1971, and its top leaders fled to West Pakistan. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the first president of Bangladesh, also cancelled the citizenship of Ghulam Azam, the leader of Jamaat-e-Islami who moved to Pakistan, the Middle East and the UK.[28] Azam first fled to Pakistan and organised an "East Pakistan Recovery Week". As information about his participation in the killing of civilians came to light "a strong groundswell of resentment against" East Pakistan JI leadership developed and Azam and Maulan Abdur Rahim were sent to Saudi Arabia. In Saudi Arabia, Azam and some of his followers successfully appealed for donations to "defend Islam" in Bangladesh, asserting that the Hindu minority there were "killing Muslims and burning their homes."[29]

President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was assassinated by a small group of Bangladesh Army officers in August 1975. These post-Mujibur regimes were immediately recognised by both Saudi Arabia and Pakistan, and Jamaat-e-Islami once again resumed political activities in Bangladesh. Rahman also allowed Azam to return to Bangladesh as the leader of Jamaat-e-Islami.[28]

After the end of military rule in 1990, mass protests began against Azam and Jamaat-e-Islami, who were accused by the protesters of committing war crimes. The protests were headed by Jahanara Imam, an author who lost her elder son, Shafi Imam Rumi, in the liberation war. Azam's citizenship was challenged in a case that went to the Bangladesh Supreme Court, as he held only a Pakistani passport. Absent prosecution of Azam for war crimes, the Supreme Court ruled that he had to be allowed a Bangladeshi passport and the freedom to resume his political activities.

Bangladesh police arrested Jamaat-e-Islami chief and former Industry Minister Matiur Rahman Nizami from his residence in the capital in a graft case on 19 May 2008 and was charged with war crimes in 2009. He was hanged to death on 11 May 2016.[30] Earlier, two former Cabinet Ministers of the immediate past BNP-led alliance government, Abdul Mannan Bhuiyan and Shamsul Islam were sent to Dhaka Central Jail after they surrendered before the court. As a result, in the parliamentary elections of December 2008, Jamaat-e-Islami garnered fewer than 5 seats out of the total 300 that constitute the national parliament. The Bangladesh Nationalist Party was concerned, as Jamaat-e-Islami had been their primary political partner in the Four-Party Alliance.[31]

List of Ameers

Controversy

Accusations of war crimes

Many of Jamaat's leaders are accused of committing war crimes and genocide during the liberation war of Bangladesh in 1971 and several have been convicted by the International Crimes Tribunal.[32]

International Crimes Tribunal

The International Crimes Tribunal was formed in 2009, shortly after the Awami League came to power with a view to punish its political opponent.

By November 2011, the International Crimes Tribunal had charged two BNP leaders and ten Jamaat leaders with war crimes committed during the Bangladesh liberation war and 1971 Bangladesh genocide.

Abul Kalam Azad, a nationally known Islamic cleric and a former member of Jamaat, was charged with genocide, rape, abduction, confinement and torture. He was tried in absentia after having fled the country; police believe he is in Pakistan.[33] In January 2013, Azad was the first suspect to be convicted in the trials; he was found guilty of seven of eight charges and sentenced to death by hanging.[34] Azad's defence lawyer, a prominent Supreme Court lawyer appointed by the state, did not have any witnesses in the case; he said Azad's family failed to cooperate in helping locate witnesses and refused to testify as there was no chance of a fair trial.[35]

The summary of verdict in the conviction of Abdul Quader Mollah recognised the role played by Jamaat-e-Islami and its student wing ('Islami Chatra Sangha') as collaborators with the Pakistan Army in 1971. The party was found guilty of forming paramilitary forces, such as Razakar and Al-Badr. It was said to have taken part in the systematic genocide of the Bangladeshi people and other violent activities.[36]

As a result of the trials, the activists of the 2013 Shahbag Protest have demanded that the government ban Jamaat from Bangladeshi politics.[37][38] In response, the government started drafting a bill to ban Jamaat-e-Islami from Bangladeshi politics.[39]

On 28 February 2013 Delwar Hossain Sayeedi, the deputy of Jamaat, was found guilty of genocide, rape and religious persecution. He was sentenced to death by hanging.[40] His defence lawyer had earlier complained that a witness who was supposed to testify for him was abducted from the gates of the courthouse on 5 November 2012, reportedly by police, and has not been heard from since. The government did not seem to take the issue seriously after the prosecution denied there was a problem. Point to note the security forces probably killed the witness as the entire judicial process was to simply vanish the opposition.[41]

Muhammad Kamaruzzaman, senior assistant secretary general of Jamaat-e-Islami was indicted on 7 June 2012 on 7 counts of crimes against humanity.[42] On 9 May 2013, he was convicted and given the death penalty on five counts of mass killings, rape, torture and kidnapping.[43]

Ghulam Azam, ameer of Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh until 2000 was found guilty by the ICT on five counts. Incitement, conspiracy, planning, abatement and failure to prevent murder. He was sentenced on 15 July 2013 to 90 years imprisonment.[44]

Ali Ahsan Mohammad Mojaheed, Secretary General of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami was sentenced to death by hanging on 22 November 2015.[45]

Chowdhury Mueen-Uddin, who fled to the UK after the liberation of Bangladesh and a leader of the London-based Jamaat organisation Dawatul Islam,[46] was indicted for crimes against humanity and genocide and being a leader of the Al-Badr militia. He is also accused of the murder of Bangladesh's top intellectuals during the war, although he has denied all charges.[47]

Cancellation of registration

On 27 January 2009, the Bangladesh Supreme Court issued a ruling after 25 people from different Islamic organisations, including Bangladesh Tariqat Federation's Secretary General Syed Rezaul Haque Chandpuri, Jaker Party's Secretary General Munshi Abdul Latif and Sammilita Islami Jote's President Maulana Ziaul Hasan, filed a joint petition. Jamaat e Islami chief Motiur Rahman Nizami, Secretary General Ali Ahsan Mujaheed and the Election Commission Secretary were given six weeks time to reply, but they did not. The ruling asked to explain as to "why the Jamaat's registration should not be declared illegal". As a verdict of the ruling, High Court cancelled the registration of the Jamaat-e-Islami on 1 August 2013,[48][49] ruling that the party is unfit to contest national polls because its charter puts God above democratic process.[12][13][14][50]

On 5 August 2013 the Supreme Court rejected Jamaat's plea against the High Court. The chamber judge of the Appellate Division Justice AHM Shamsuddin Choudhury Manik while rejecting the Jamaat's petition seeking stay on the High Court verdict, said that the Jamaat could move a regular appeal before the Appellate Division against the verdict after getting its full text.[51]

Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir

The student wing[52] of this organisation is the Bangladesh Islami Chhatra Shibir, a major organisation at many colleges and universities including the Chittagong College, University of Chittagong, University of Dhaka, Rajshahi University, Islamic University, Begum Rokeya University, Carmichael College etc. It is also influential in the madrassa system. It was known as Pakistan Islami Chattra Shangha[53][54][55][56][57][58] It is a member of the International Islamic Federation of Student Organisations and the World Assembly of Muslim Youth.[59][60]

2013 violence

Map showing the places in Bangladesh where minority Hindus were attacked by the Islamist Jamaat-Shibir

In February 2013, following the verdict by the International Crimes Tribunal (ICT), and the announcement of death sentence of Delwar Hossain Sayidee (a leader of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami,[16] during the Bangladesh liberation war of 1971[61]), supporters of Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami and its student wing Islami Chhatra Shibir were involved in country-wide resistance and police killed 44 protesters and wounding 250 .[7][62][63][64] More than 50 temples were damaged, and more than 1500 houses and business establishments of Hindus were torched in Gaibandha, Chittagong, Rangpur, Sylhet, Chapainawabganj, Bogra and in many other districts of the country,[65][66][67][68] By March 2013, at least 87 people killed by the government security forces.[69] The Jamaat-e-Islami supporters called for the fall of the government.[69]

Supporters of Jamaat and its student wing Shibir have been involved in violence.[70] They have been accused widely from murdering opponent political party activists to instigating riot by spreading false news.[70][71][72]

Election results

Election yearVotes % of PercentageSeats+/–
198613,14,0574.60%
10 / 300
Increase
1988Boycotted
19914,117,73712.2%
18 / 300
Increase 8
19963,653,0138.6
3 / 300
Decrease 15
20012,385,3614.28
17 / 300
Increase 14
20083,186,3844.6%
2 / 300
Decrease 15
2014Party banned in 2013 by Supreme Court.
The Jamaat in parliamentary elections
YearResults
1973Party banned because it was an Islamist party and so was a threat to Secularism
1979Party legalized under the name "Islamic Democratic League"
Together with larger Muslim League won 20 seats.
198610 seats.[7]
199118 seats.[7]
19963 seats.[7]
200117 seats. (took part by forming alliance with 3 other parties.)[7]
20082 seats.[73](took part by forming alliance with 3 other parties.)
2013The Bangladesh Supreme Court declared the registration of the Jamaat-e-Islami illegal,
ruling that the party is unfit to contest national polls.[11][12][13][14]

See also

References

  1. ↑ (in French) Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh ; Parti islamiste du Bangladesh (fondé en 1941) (interdit entre 1971 et 1978, puis en 2013 par la Cour suprême)
  2. ↑ Haqqani, Husain (2005). Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military. Washington, D.C: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-87003-214-1.
  3. 1 2 Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 390. ISBN 978-1-4381-2696-8.
  4. 1 2 Riaz, Ali (2008). Islamist Militancy in Bangladesh: A Complex Web. Routledge. pp. 16, 19. ISBN 978-0-415-45172-7.
  5. ↑ "Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam (JUI) history". Islamopediaonline.org website. 1 January 2015. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
  6. ↑ "Bangladesh: The Wind in Jamaat-e-Islami's Sails is Worrying for India". www-thequint-com.org. 28 June 2023.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rahman, FM Mostafizur (2012). "Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  8. ↑ "Bangladesh's election: The tenacity of hope". The Economist. 30 December 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2015. [The BNP] seems also to have been hurt by its alliance with Islamist parties, the largest of which, Jamaat-e-Islami, was reduced from 17 seats to just two.
  9. ↑ "Jamaat almost finalizes constitution of its new party". Dhaka Tribune. 17 July 2020.
  10. ↑ "Bangladesh and war crimes: Blighted at birth". The Economist q. 1 July 2010. West [Pakistan]'s army had the support of many of East Pakistan's Islamist parties. They included Jamaat-e-Islami, still Bangladesh's largest Islamist party ... reinstating and enforcing that original constitution might amount to an outright ban on Jamaat, the standard bearer in Bangladesh for a conservative strain of Islam.
  11. 1 2 "Jamaat loses registration". bdnews24.com. 1 August 2013. Archived from the original on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  12. 1 2 3 "Bangladesh court declares Jamaat illegal". Al Jazeera. 1 August 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  13. 1 2 3 "Bangladesh high court restricts Islamist party Jamaat". BBC News. 1 August 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  14. 1 2 3 Farid Ahmed; Saeed Ahmed (1 August 2013). "Bangladesh high court declares rules against Islamist party". CNN. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  15. ↑ Rubin, Barry A. (2010). Guide to Islamist Movements. M.E. Sharpe. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-7656-1747-7.
  16. 1 2 "Bangladesh party leader accused of war crimes in 1971 conflict". The Guardian. 3 October 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  17. ↑ "Charges pressed against Ghulam Azam". New Age. Dhaka. 12 December 2011. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  18. ↑ "Ghulam Azam was 'involved'". The Daily Star. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
  19. ↑ "Bangladesh: Abdul Kader Mullah gets life sentence for war crimes". BBC News. 5 February 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  20. ↑ ভারতীয় চক্রান্ত বরদাস্ত করব না [We will never tolerate Indian conspiracy]. The Daily Sangram. 13 April 1971.
  21. ↑ Fair, C. Christine (2010). Pakistan: Can the United States Secure an Insecure State?. Rand Corporation. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-0-8330-4807-3.
  22. ↑ Islam, Nazrul; Islam, Md Saidul (2020). Islam and democracy in South Asia: the case of Bangladesh. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 271, 272, 273. ISBN 978-3-030-42909-6.
  23. ↑ "Then with AL, now with BNP". The Daily Star. 5 January 2014.
  24. ↑ "Supporters of Awami League-Supporters of Jamaat-e-Islami". Uppsala Conflict Data Project. Archived from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  25. ↑ Oh, Irene (2007). The rights of God : Islam, human rights, and comparative ethics. Georgetown University Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-58901-463-3. In the debate over whether Muslims should establish their own state, separate from a Hindu India, Maududi initially argued against such a creation and asserted that the establishment of a political Muslim state defined by borders violated the idea of the universal umma. Citizenship and national borders, which would characterize the new Muslim state, contradicted the notion that Muslims should not be separated by one another by these temporal boundaries. In this milieu, Maududi founded the organization Jama'at-e Islami. ... The Jama'at for its first few years worked actively to prevent the partition, but once partition became inevitable, it established offices in both Pakistan and India.
  26. ↑ Rasheed, Nighat (2007). A critical study of the reformist trends in the Indian Muslim society during the nineteenth century (PDF) (PhD). Aligarh Muslim University. p. 336. Retrieved 2 March 2020. The Jama'at -i-Islami was founded in 1941. Maulana Maududi being its founder strongly opposed the idea of creating Pakistan, a separate Muslim country, by dividing India, but surprisingly after the creation of Pakistan he migrated to Lahore. Again in the beginning he was opposed to and denounced the struggle for Kashmir as un-Islamic, for which he was imprisoned in 1950, but later on in 1965, he changed his views and endorsed the Kashmir war as Jihad. Maulana Maududi took an active part in demanding discriminative legislation and executive action against the Ahmadi sect leading to widespread rioting and violence in Pakistan. He was persecuted arrested and imprisoned for advocating his political ideas through his writings and speeches. During the- military regime from 1958 the Jama'at-iIslami was banned and was revived only in 1962, Maududi was briefly imprisoned. He refused to apologize for his actions or to request clemency from the government. He demanded his freedom to speak and accepted the punishment of death as the will of God. His fierce commitment to his ideals caused his supporters worldwide to rally for his release and the government acceded commuting his death sentence to a term of life imprisonment. Eventually the military government pardoned Maulana Maududi completely
  27. ↑ Esposito, John L.; Sonn, Tamara; Voll, John Obert (2016). Islam and Democracy After the Arab Spring. Oxford University Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-19-514798-8. Mawdudi (d. 1979) was opposed to the partition of India, preferring that Muslims reclaim all of India for Islam.
  28. 1 2 "Bangladesh war crimes trial: Key accused". BBC News. 16 June 2015.
  29. ↑ Karlekar, Hiranmay (2005). Bangladesh: The Next Afghanistan?. SAGE. p. 48.
  30. ↑ "Nizami executed". Prothom Alo. Archived from the original on 11 May 2016. Retrieved 10 May 2016.
  31. ↑ Azad, M Abul Kalam (30 December 2008). "Jamaat in checkmate". The Daily Star.
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  33. ↑ Quadir, Serajul (21 January 2013). "Islamic cleric sentenced to death for Bangladesh war crimes". Reuters.
  34. ↑ Ahmed, Tanim; Golam Mujtaba (21 January 2013). "ICT's death penalty for 'Bachchu Razakar'". bdnews24.com.
  35. ↑ "Azad to be hanged for war crimes". The Daily Star. 21 January 2012.
  36. ↑ "Summary of verdict in Quader Mollah case". The Daily Star. 6 February 2013.
  37. ↑ "Shahbagh grand rally demands ban on Jamaat". The Daily Star. 9 February 2013.
  38. ↑ "Cry for Jamaat ban". Bdnews24.com. 8 February 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  39. ↑ "Bill to ban Jamaat on way". bdnews24.com. 12 February 2013.
  40. ↑ "Bangladesh Jamaat leader sentenced to death". Al Jazeera. 28 February 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
  41. ↑ Adams, Brad (16 January 2013). "Bangladesh: Find Abducted Witness". Thomson Reuters Foundation.
  42. ↑ "Kamaruzzaman verdict 'any day'". bdnews24.com. 16 April 2013.
  43. ↑ Hossain, Farid (9 May 2013). "Backlash feared as Bangladesh sentences Islamic politician Muhammad Kamaruzzaman to death". The Independent.
  44. ↑ Khalidi, Toufique Imrose (15 July 2013). "90 years for Jamaat guru Ghulam Azam". bdnews24.com.
  45. ↑ "Bangladesh upholds death sentence for war collaborator". India Today. Associated Press. 16 June 2015.
  46. ↑ Āhamada Śarīpha. Genocide '71, an account of the killers and collaborators (5th ed.). Muktijuddha Chetana Bikash Kendra. pp. 185, 248. OCLC 21593686.
  47. ↑ "British Muslim leader Chowdhury Mueen-Uddin indicted for genocide and crimes against humanity". The Telegraph. London. Agence France-Presse. 2 May 2013. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022.
  48. ↑ Writ Petition 630/2009 Archived 8 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ↑ "HC declares Jamaat registration illegal". The Independent. Dhaka. 1 August 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013.
  50. ↑ "Bangladesh's volatile politics: The battling begums". The Economist. 10 August 2013. Archived from the original on 11 August 2013.
  51. ↑ Habib, Haroon (5 August 2013). "Bangladesh SC rejects Jamaat's plea against disqualification". The Hindu. Press Trust of India. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  52. ↑ "Islami Chhatra Shibir (ICS)". Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  53. ↑ "Islami Chhatra Shibir". Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  54. ↑ Habib, Haroon (18 July 2013). "Jamaat secretary-general gets death penalty for war crimes". The Hindu.
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  56. ↑ "Key man of Al-Badr". The Daily Star. 10 May 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  57. ↑ "Mirpur butcher Molla must die, says SC". bdnews24.com. 17 September 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  58. ↑ "Mojaheed indicted for genocide, crimes against humanity". New Age. Dhaka. 22 June 2012. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2015.
  59. ↑ "Shibir collects tolls from the hostel residents in 2 Ctg colleges". New Age. 13 September 2011. Archived from the original on 6 October 2013.
  60. ↑ "Shibir rented out RU hall seats". The Daily Star. 3 March 2010. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  61. ↑ "Tribunal hears war crimes of Sayedee". The Daily Star. 5 August 2010.
  62. ↑ "Bagerhat, Barisal Hindu temples set ablaze". Bdnews24.com. 2 March 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  63. ↑ "At Least 44 Dead in Bangladesh Clashes". Voice of America News. 1 March 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  64. ↑ Ahmed, Anis (28 February 2013). "Bangladesh Islamist's death sentence sparks deadly riots". Reuters. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  65. ↑ "Hindus under attack". The Daily Star. 1 March 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  66. ↑ "Bagerhat, Barisal Hindu temples set ablaze". Bdnews24.com. 2 March 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2013.
  67. ↑ "Nine Die in Bogra violence". bdnews24.com. 3 March 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
  68. ↑ সহিংসতায় সংখ্যালঘু সম্প্রদায়ের অর্ধশতাধিক উপাসনালয় ক্ষতিগ্রস্ত [Violent Vandalism of More Than 50 Temples of Minority Communities]. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 4 March 2013. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
  69. 1 2 Islam, Nozrul (7 March 2013). "BANGLADESH Islamic party wants to expel minorities, reunify with Pakistan - Asia News". AsiaNews. Retrieved 26 January 2015.
  70. 1 2 "National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism". University of Maryland. Archived from the original on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  71. ↑ "Photoshopped pic of Sayedee used to instigate Bogra violence". The Daily Star. 4 March 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  72. ↑ "Fanatics used fake facebook page to run rampage in Ramu". The Daily Star (Bangladesh). 14 October 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2013.
  73. ↑ "National Election Result 2008: Seat Wise Total Status". Bangladesh Election Commission. Archived from the original on 31 December 2011. Retrieved 26 January 2015.

Baxter, C (1997). Bangladesh, from a Nation to a State. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3632-5. OCLC 47885632.

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