Joint Special Operations Command
Emblem of the Joint Special Operations Command
Founded15 December 1980
(43 years ago)
Country United States
AllegianceUnited States of America
TypeSub-unified combatant command
RoleSpecial Operations Forces
SizeVaries depending on units attached
Part of Special Operations Command
United States Department of Defense
Garrison/HQFort Liberty, North Carolina
Nickname(s)JSOC
OperationsOperation Eagle Claw
Operation Urgent Fury
Operation Just Cause
Operation Desert Storm
Operation Provide Comfort
Operation Gothic Serpent
Operation Uphold Democracy
Bosnian War
Operation Allied Force
War on Terror
Websitehttps://www.socom.mil/Pages/jsoc.aspx
Commanders
CommanderVADM Frank M. Bradley, USN
Deputy CommanderMaj Gen Sean M. Farrell, USAF
Senior Enlisted AdvisorCSM Craig A. Bishop, USA

The Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) is a joint component command of the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) and is charged with studying special operations requirements and techniques to ensure interoperability and equipment standardization, to plan and conduct special operations exercises and training, to develop joint special operations tactics, and to execute special operations missions worldwide. It was established in 1980 on recommendation of Colonel Charlie Beckwith, in the aftermath of the failure of Operation Eagle Claw.[1] It is headquartered at Pope Field (Fort Liberty, North Carolina).

Overview

The JSOC is the "joint headquarters designed to study special operations requirements and techniques; ensure interoperability and equipment standardization; plan and conduct joint special operations exercises and training; develop joint special operations tactics."[2] For this task, the Joint Communications Unit is tasked to ensure compatibility of communications systems and standard operating procedures of the different special operations units.

Special Mission Units

The Joint Special Operations Command also oversees the Special Mission Units of U.S. Special Operations Command. These are ultra-elite special operations forces units that conduct highly classified and complex operations.[3][4][5] So far, the following four JSOC units are known, each has an internal task force color code:

The Intelligence Support Activity's primary role is as a deep reconnaissance, intelligence-gathering special mission unit, in support of other combat oriented units within JSOC.[12][13] Delta Force and DEVGRU are the military's primary counter-terrorism units, eliminating high-value targets and performing hostage rescues are their main roles, along with special reconnaissance and direct action assignments. The 24th Special Tactics Squadron attaches personnel as enablers to these two units such as Combat Controllers to provide air traffic control and fire support, Pararescuemen to provide combat medicine and combat search and rescue, and Tactical Air Control Party specialists to co-ordinate close air support. The Joint Communications Unit provides communications capabilities. Units from the Army's 75th Ranger Regiment and 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Task Force Brown) are controlled by JSOC when deployed as part of JSOC Task Forces such as Task Force 121 and Task Force 145.[14][15][16]

JSOC has an operational relationship with the CIA's Special Activities Center (SAC).[17] SAC's Special Operations Group (SOG) often recruits from JSOC SMU personnel.[18]

Advanced Force Operations

Advanced Force Operations (AFO) is a term used by the U.S. Department of Defense to describe a task force that encompasses personnel from Delta Force, SEAL Team Six and the Regimental Reconnaissance Company. Many locations will have a mixture of operators from one of these 3 units working together as a small interoperable team. Although mainly a term in many cases used to describe a particular subset of Delta Force operators, the term "AFO" also was later known used to describe mixed Special Mission Unit elements doing long-range RECCE/long-range target interdiction operations, etc. According to Gen. Michael Repass, who conducted it in the Iraq War and was very familiar with its use in Afghanistan, "AFO consists of U.S. Secretary of Defense-approved military operations such as clandestine operations. It is logically part of the Operational Preparation of the Battlespace (OPB), which follows the Intelligence Preparation of the Battlespace, a concept well-known in the U.S. and NATO doctrine, OPB is seldom used outside of SOF channels. OPB is defined by the U.S. Special Operations Command as "Non-intelligence activities conducted prior to D-Day, H-Hour, in likely or potential areas of employment, to train and prepare for follow-on military operations".[19]

In the Iraq War, Gen. Repass, who first commanded the 10th Special Forces Group, took control of a Joint Unconventional Warfare Task Force, which used the 5th and 10th Groups to conduct AFO. AFO units were heavily involved in Operation Anaconda and Operation Viking Hammer.

JSO Package / Rotational Group

The Joint Special Operations Package / Rotational Group of the United States Special Operations Command consists of Tier 1 and Tier 2 U.S. Joint Special Operations Command units that train and deploy together. All Tier 1 and Tier 2 units maintain three separate operational groups within their respective units (The 1st, 2nd, and 3rd battalions of the 75th Ranger Regiment as an example).[20] These groups are essentially identical and deploy within their respective JSOC package. The rotational cycle is generally for three months. This allows one group to be deployed overseas, another to be on an 18-hour worldwide emergency deployment notice, and the last group to be training, attending military schools, or on "block leave." Tier 1 and Tier 2 units take leave together within their respective JSOC package. This term is called block leave. Given the wartime tasking of JSOC, an additional deployment package is currently being created. This will allow less operational strain on these units.

Security support

JSOC has provided domestic law enforcement agencies support during high-profile or high-risk events such as the Olympics, the World Cup, political party conventions, and Presidential inaugurations. Although the use of the military for Local law enforcement purposes in the U.S. is generally prohibited by the Posse Comitatus Act, Title 10 of the U.S. Code expressly allows the Secretary of Defense to make military personnel available to train Federal, State, and local civilian public safety officials in the operation and maintenance of equipment; and to provide such officials with expert advice.[21] Additionally, civilian and military lawyers said provisions in several federal statutes, including the Fiscal Year 2000 Defense Department Authorization Act, Public Law 106-65, permits the secretary of defense to authorize military forces to support civilian agencies, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, in the event of a national emergency, especially any involving nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons.[22]

In January 2005, a small group of commandos were deployed to support security at the Presidential inauguration. They were allegedly deployed under a secret counter-terrorism program named Power Geyser. The New York Times quoted a senior military official as saying, "They bring unique military and technical capabilities that often are centered around potential WMD events," A civil liberties advocate who was NOT the Constitutionally elected Civil Officer of the U.S. National Organizations but who was told about the program by a reporter said that he had no objections to the program as described to him because its scope appeared to be limited to supporting the counterterrorism efforts of civilian authorities.[22]

Operational history

Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan

JSOC carried out raids in Afghanistan. The number is not publicly known, but is estimated to be in the hundreds.[23][24] Several have been documented in the 2013 documentary Dirty Wars by Jeremy Scahill and by other reporting. In one 2010 raid in Gardez, JSOC troops killed one U.S.-trained Police commander and another man, and three women, two of whom were pregnant, who went to the men's aid.[25] Then-JSOC commander William McRaven visited the affected family, offered them a sheep in restitution, and apologized.[26]

Operation Iraqi Freedom

In May 2003, elements of Task Force 20 (TF 20) remained in Iraq following the invasion and shifted to hunting down high-value former Ba'athist insurgents under direct JSOC command. In July 2003, Task Force 5 (formerly Task Force 11) and Task Force 20 were merged to form Task Force 21, later renamed Task Force 121.[27][28]

On 11 January 2007, President Bush pledged in a major speech to "seek out and destroy the networks providing advanced weaponry and training to our enemies in Iraq."[29] Sometime in 2007, JSOC started conducting cross-border operations into Iran from southern Iraq with the CIA. These operations included seizing members of Al-Quds, the commando arm of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard, and taking them to Iraq for interrogation, as well as the pursuit, capture or killing of high-value targets in the war on terror. The Bush administration allegedly combined the CIA's intelligence operations and covert action with JSOC clandestine military operations so that Congress would only partially see how the money was spent.[30]

Operations in Pakistan

According to The Washington Post, JSOC's commander Lieutenant General Stanley McChrystal operated in 2006 on the understanding with Pakistan that US units will not enter Pakistan except under extreme circumstances, and that Pakistan would deny giving them permission if exposed.[31]

That scenario happened according to the Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA), in January 2006, JSOC troops clandestinely entered the village of Saidgai, Pakistan, to hunt for Osama Bin Laden. Pakistan refused entry.

According to a November 2009 report in The Nation, JSOC, in tandem with Blackwater/Xe, had a drone program, along with snatch/grab/assassination operations, based in Karachi and conducted in and outside of Pakistan.[32][33]

In October 2009, leaked diplomatic cables from the U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan, Anne W. Patterson, states the Pakistani Army approved the embedding of U.S. Special Operations Forces, including elements from the Joint Special Operations Command, with the Pakistani military to provide support for operations in the country. This goes beyond the original claims of the U.S. that the only role of the Special Forces was in training the Pakistani military. The leak further revealed that JSOC elements involved in intelligence gathering and surveillance and use of drone UAV technology.[34]

JSOC is credited with coordinating Operation Neptune Spear that killed Osama bin Laden on 1 May 2011.[26][35]

Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa and Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen

JSOC directed a 30 September 2011 air attack that killed Anwar al-Awlaki,[36] an al-Qaeda cleric and Yemeni-American U.S. citizen. After several days of surveillance of Awlaki by the Central Intelligence Agency, armed drones took off from a new, secret American base in the Arabian Peninsula, crossed into northern Yemen and unleashed a barrage of Hellfire missiles at al-Awlaki's vehicle. Samir Khan, a Pakistani-American al-Qaeda member and editor of the jihadist Inspire magazine, also reportedly died in the attack. The combined CIA/JSOC drone strike was the first in Yemen since 2002—there have been others by the military's Special Operations forces—and was part of an effort by the spy agency to duplicate in Yemen the covert war which has been running in Afghanistan and Pakistan.[37][38]

On 28 October 2013, a drone strike by JSOC on a vehicle near the town of Jilib in Lower Shabelle killed two senior Somali members of Al-Shabaab. Preliminary evidence suggested that one of them was Ibrahim Ali (also known as Anta), an explosives specialist known for his skill in building and using homemade bombs and suicide vests.[39][40] The US administration has been reluctant to use drone strikes in Somalia. The reluctance partly centered on questions of whether Al-Shabaab—which has not tried to carry out an attack on American soil—could legally be the target of lethal operations by the military or the CIA. In May 2013, the White House announced that it would carry out targeted killing operations only against those who posed a "continuing and imminent threat to the American people." The strike on 28 Oct was the first known American operation resulting in death since that policy was announced and is considered evidence by some observers that views have changed in Washington and that the Obama administration has decided to escalate operations against Al-Shabaab in the aftermath of the group's Westgate shopping mall attack in Nairobi, Kenya, that took place from 21–24 September 2013 and which left some 70 people dead. According to The New York Times the Yemen government banned military drone operations after a series of botched drone strikes by JSOC, the last of which was a December 2013 drone strike that killed numerous civilians at a wedding ceremony. Despite a ban on military drone operations, the Yemen government allowed CIA drone operations to continue.[41]

Operation Inherent Resolve

On 25 March 2016, Special Operations Forces in Syria killed ISIL commander Abu Ala al-Afri.[42]

Operation Kayla Mueller

On 26 October 2019 U.S. Joint Special Operations Command's (JSOC) Delta Force conducted a raid into the Idlib province of Syria on the border with Turkey that resulted in the death of brahim Awad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri al-Samarrai also known as Abū Bakr al-Baghdadi.[43] The raid was launched based on a CIA Special Activities Center intelligence collection and close target reconnaissance effort that located the leader of ISIS. Launched after midnight local time, the eight helicopters carrying the teams along with support aircraft crossed hundreds of miles of airspace controlled by Iraq, Turkey and Russia. Upon arrival, efforts were made for Baghdadi to surrender, with those efforts unsuccessful U.S. forces responded by blowing a large hole into the side of the compound. After entering, the compound was cleared, with people either surrendering or being shot and killed. The two-hour raid culminated with Baghdadi fleeing from U.S. forces into a dead-end tunnel and detonating a suicide vest, killing himself along with three of his children.[44][45] The complex operation was conducted during the withdrawal of U.S. forces northeast Syria, adding to the complexity.[46][47]

Death of Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi

On 3 February 2022, U.S. President Joe Biden announced that a raid conducted by Joint Special Operations Command in the city of Atme, Syria in Northwest Syria near the border with Turkey, had killed the second leader of ISIS, Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi.[48] After U.S. forces evacuated 10 civilians using an Arabic translator and a bullhorn, al-Qurashi proceeded to detonate a bomb that killed himself and 12 others, many of which were members of his family.[49][50] After the explosion, the U.S. soldiers entered the compound and had a shootout with the survivors, including a deputy of al-Qurashi, who was then shot and killed by the U.S. forces.[51] The raid lasted nearly two hours and no U.S. forces were killed.

List of JSOC commanders

No. Portrait Rank and Name Start of Term End of Term Defense Branch
1 MG Richard Scholtes December 1980 August 1984  United States Army
2 MG Carl Stiner August 1984 January 1987  United States Army
3 MG Gary E. Luck January 1987 December 1989  United States Army
4 MG Wayne A. Downing December 1989 August 1991  United States Army
5 MG William F. Garrison 1992 July 1994  United States Army
6 MG Peter J. Schoomaker July 1994 August 1996  United States Army
7 MG Michael A. Canavan 1 August 1996 1 August 1998  United States Army
8 MG Bryan D. Brown 1998 2000[52]  United States Army
9 MG Dell L. Dailey 2001 March 2003  United States Army
10 LTG Stanley McChrystal September 2003[31] June 2008  United States Army
11 VADM William H. McRaven June 2008[53][54] June 2011  United States Navy
12 LTG Joseph Votel June 2011[55] 29 July 2014  United States Army
13 LTG Raymond A. Thomas III 29 July 2014[56] 30 March 2016  United States Army
14 LTG Austin S. Miller 30 March 2016 2 September 2018  United States Army
15 Lt Gen Scott A. Howell 2 September 2018 July 2021  United States Air Force
16 LTG Bryan P. Fenton July 2021 10 August 2022  United States Army
17 VADM Frank M. Bradley 10 August 2022[57] Incumbent  United States Navy

See also

References

  1. ↑ Emerson, Steven (1988). Secret Warriors: Inside the Covert Military Operations of the Reagan Era. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. p. 26. ISBN 0-399-13360-7.
  2. ↑ Military.com (29 June 2021). "Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC)". Military.com. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  3. ↑ Emerson, Steven (13 November 1988). "Stymied Warriors". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 March 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  4. ↑ Mazzetti, Mark (13 January 2007). "Pentagon Sees Move in Somalia as Blueprint". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  5. ↑ Risen, James (20 September 1998). "The World: Passing the Laugh Test; Pentagon Planners Give New Meaning to 'Over the Top'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2008.
  6. ↑ "Delta Force | The Complete Guide". SOFREP. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  7. ↑ "SEAL Team 6: America's Secret Warriors". Spec Ops Magazine. 29 September 2012. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  8. ↑ North, Oliver (2010). American Heroes in Special Operations. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8054-4712-5.
  9. ↑ Military.com (30 June 2021). "Spec Ops Profile: Intelligence Support Activity". Military.com. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  10. ↑ "The Secret Army of Northern Virginia". SOAA. 16 October 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  11. ↑ "AORG-STB MEMORANDUM FOR RECORD SUBJECT: Career Opportunity in Special Mission Unit" (PDF). 4 October 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  12. ↑ Atlamazoglou, Stavros. "These are the 4 secretive US special-ops units that JSOC gives its toughest missions". Business Insider. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  13. ↑ Longstreth, Samuel (27 May 2023). "ISA: Soldier Spies of the Intelligence Support Activity". Grey Dynamics. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  14. ↑ Naylor, Sean D. (3 September 2010). "JSOC task force battles Haqqani militants". Army Times. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
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  17. ↑ Woodward, Bob (18 November 2001). "Secret CIA Units Playing A Central Combat Role". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2008.
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  20. ↑ "75th Ranger Regiment". Archived from the original on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
  21. ↑ "U.S. Code Title 10, § 373. However the Law Enforcement Officers Equity legislation has not passed to become Law and as a result it is important to note: Pyblic Safety Officer DO NOT hold Law Enforcement Officer (LEO) Status. Training and advising civilian public safety officials". Cornell University Law School. Archived from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
  22. 1 2 Schmitt, Eric (23 January 2005). "Commandos Get Duty on U.S. Soil". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
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  25. ↑ ISAF Public Affairs Office (4 April 2010). "Gardez Investigation Concludes". Archived from the original on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  26. 1 2 Jeremy Scahill (2 May 2011). "JSOC: The Black Ops Force That Took Down Bin Laden". The Nation. Archived from the original on 1 April 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
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  38. ↑ Mark Mazzetti, Eric Schmitt and Robert F. Worth, "Two-Year Manhunt Led to Killing of Awlaki in Yemen", New York Times (30 September 2011) Archived 30 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine
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  40. ↑ "Drone kills two in Somalia: witnesses: Eyewitnesses say missile came from a drone amid reports dead men are senior members of the al-Shabab armed group". Al Jazeera. 28 October 2013. Archived from the original on 28 October 2013.
  41. ↑ Mazzetti, Mark (6 April 2014). "Delays in Effort to Refocus C.I.A. From Drone War". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
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  44. ↑ Wesley Morgan and Nahal Toosi (27 October 2019). "ISIS leader killed in daring U.S. raid in Syria, Trump says". Politico. Archived from the original on 20 January 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  45. ↑ DAN LAMOTHE AND ELLEN NAKASHIMA (28 October 2019). "Tip from disaffected militant set in motion operation that killed ISIS leader al-Baghdadi". Stars and Stripes. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  46. ↑ "Isis Leader al Baghdadi Dead After US Special Forces Raid Hideout in Syria: Sources". International Business Times. 27 October 2019. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  47. ↑ "Trump says Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi blew himself up as U.S. troops closed in - The Washington Post". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 27 October 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  48. ↑ "Statement by President Joe Biden". The White House. 3 February 2022. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
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  50. ↑ "Islamic State leader exploded bomb, killing himself and family -U.S. official". finance.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
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