Front page cover of the newspaper L'Aurore for Thursday 13 January 1898, with the letter J'Accuse...!, written by Émile Zola about the Dreyfus affair. The headline reads I Accuse...! Letter to the President of the Republic – Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme

"J'Accuse...!" (French pronunciation: [ʒ‿a.kyz]; "I Accuse...!") is an open letter that was published on 13 January 1898 in the newspaper L'Aurore by Émile Zola in response to the Dreyfus affair. Zola addressed President of France Félix Faure and accused his government of antisemitism and the unlawful jailing of Alfred Dreyfus, a French Army General Staff officer who was sentenced to lifelong penal servitude for espionage. Zola pointed out judicial errors and lack of serious evidence. The letter was printed on the front page of the newspaper and caused a stir in France and abroad. Zola was prosecuted for libel and found guilty on 23 February 1898. To avoid imprisonment, he fled to England, returning home in June 1899.

Other pamphlets proclaiming Dreyfus's innocence include Bernard Lazare's A Miscarriage of Justice: The Truth about the Dreyfus Affair (November 1896). As a result of the popularity of the letter, even in the English-speaking world, J'accuse! has become a common expression of outrage and accusation against someone powerful, whatever the merits of the accusation.[1][2]

J'accuse! is one of the best-known newspaper articles in the world.[3]

Background

Dreyfus affair

Edition of the Polish Życie reporting on Zola's letter and the Dreyfus affair

Alfred Dreyfus was a French army officer from a prosperous Jewish family.[4] In 1894, while an artillery captain for the General Staff of France, Dreyfus was suspected of providing secret military information to the German government.[4]

A cleaning woman and French spy by the name of Madame Marie Bastian working at the German Embassy was at the source of the investigation. She routinely searched wastebaskets and mailboxes at the German Embassy for suspicious documents.[5] She found a suspicious bordereau (detailed listing of documents) at the German Embassy in 1894, and delivered it to Commandant Hubert-Joseph Henry, who worked for French military counterintelligence in the General Staff.[5]

The bordereau had been torn into six pieces, and had been found by Madame Bastian in the wastepaper basket of Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen, the German military attaché.[5] When the document was investigated, Dreyfus was convicted largely on the basis of testimony by professional handwriting experts:[6] the graphologists asserted that "the lack of resemblance between Dreyfus' writing and that of the bordereau was proof of a 'self-forgery', and prepared a fantastically detailed diagram to demonstrate that this was so."[7] There were also assertions from military officers who provided confidential evidence.[6]

Dreyfus was found guilty of treason in a secret military court-martial, during which he was denied the right to examine the evidence against him. The Army stripped him of his rank in a humiliating ceremony and shipped him off to Devil's Island, a penal colony located off the coast of French Guiana in South America.[5]

France, where antisemitism has always been endemic, was experiencing a particularly intense period at this time; very few outside Dreyfus' family defended him. Nevertheless, the initial conviction was annulled by the Supreme Court after a thorough investigation. In 1899, Dreyfus returned to France for a retrial, but although found guilty again, he was pardoned.[5] In 1906, Dreyfus appealed his case again; he obtained the annulment of his guilty verdict. In 1906, he was also awarded the Cross of the Legion of Honour, which was for "a soldier who has endured an unparalleled martyrdom".[6]

Émile Zola

1898 portrait of Zola by Nadar

Émile Zola was born on 2 April 1840 in Paris. His main literary work was Les Rougon-Macquart, a monumental cycle of twenty novels about Parisian society during the French Second Empire under Napoleon III and after the Franco-Prussian War. He was also the founder of the Naturalist movement in 19th-century literature. Zola was among the strongest proponents of the Third Republic. He was made Officer of the Legion of Honour on 13 July 1893 by President Raymond Poincaré, but suspended on 26 July 1898. His rank was reinstated on 10 March 1901.

Publication

Zola risked his career in January 1898 when he decided to stand up for Alfred Dreyfus. Zola wrote an open letter to the President of France, Félix Faure, accusing the French government of falsely convicting Alfred Dreyfus and of antisemitism. His intention was to draw the accusation so broadly that he would essentially force men in the government to sue him for libel. Once the suit was filed, the Dreyfusards (supporters of Dreyfus) would have the opportunity to acquire and publicize the shaky evidence on which Dreyfus had been convicted. Zola titled his letter J'Accuse...! (French for "I Accuse"), which was published on the front page of Georges Clemenceau's liberal Paris daily L'Aurore.

Contents of J'Accuse...!

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Zola argued that "the conviction of Alfred Dreyfus was based on false accusations of espionage and was a misrepresentation of justice." He first points out that the real man behind all of this is Major du Paty de Clam. Zola states: "He was the one who came up with the scheme of dictating the text of the bordereau to Dreyfus; he was the one who had the idea of observing him in a mirror-lined room. And he was the one whom Major Forzinetti caught carrying a shuttered lantern that he planned to throw open on the accused man while he slept, hoping that, jolted awake by the sudden flash of light, Dreyfus would blurt out his guilt."[8]

Next, Zola points out that if the investigation of the traitor was to be done properly, the evidence would clearly show that the bordereau came from an infantry officer, not an artillery officer such as Dreyfus.[8]

Zola argues Dreyfus's innocence can be readily inferred from the circumstances when he states: "These, Sir, are the facts that explain how this miscarriage of justice came about; The evidence of Dreyfus's character, his affluence, the lack of motive and his continued affirmation of innocence combine to show that he is the victim of the lurid imagination of Major du Paty de Clam, the religious circles surrounding him, and the 'dirty Jew' obsession that is the scourge of our time."[8]

After more investigation, Zola points out that a man by the name of Major Esterhazy was the man who should have been convicted of this crime, and there was proof provided, but he could not be known as guilty unless the entire General Staff was guilty, so the War Office covered up for Esterhazy.

At the end of his letter, Zola accuses General Billot of having held in his hands absolute proof of Dreyfus's innocence and covering it up.[8] He accuses both General de Boisdeffre and General Gonse of religious prejudice against Alfred Dreyfus.[8] He accuses the three handwriting experts, Belhomme, Varinard and Couard, of submitting false reports that were deceitful, unless a medical examination finds them to be suffering from a condition that impairs their eyesight and judgment.[8]

Zola's final accusations were to the first court martial for violating the law by convicting Alfred Dreyfus on the basis of a document that was kept secret, and to the second court martial for committing the judicial crime of knowingly acquitting Major Esterhazy.[8]

Trial of Zola and aftermath

Zola was brought to trial for libel for publishing his letter to the President; he was convicted two weeks later. He was sentenced to jail and was removed from the Legion of Honour. To avoid jail time, Zola fled to England. He stayed there until the cabinet fell; he continued to defend Dreyfus.

Four years after the letter was published, Zola died from carbon monoxide poisoning caused by a blocked chimney. On 4 June 1908, Zola's remains were laid to rest in the Panthéon in Paris. In 1953, the newspaper Libération published a death-bed confession by a Parisian roofer that he had murdered Zola by blocking the chimney of his house.[9]

Subsequent use of the term

The most popular Palestinian Arab newspaper, Filastin (La Palestine), published a four-page editorial in March 1925 protesting the Balfour Declaration, beginning with "J'Accuse!"

References

  1. ↑ "Definition of J'ACCUSE". www.merriam-webster.com.
  2. ↑ Jacoby, Jeff (March 30, 2008). "When Zola wrote 'J'accuse!'". Boston.com – via The Boston Globe.
  3. ↑ A. Pagès, Une journée dans l'affaire Dreyfus, p.  7.
  4. 1 2 Alfred Dreyfus Biography (1859–1935). Biography.com (2007). Retrieved 16 February 2008.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Burns, M. (1999). France and the Dreyfus Affair: A Documentary History. New York: St. Martin's College Publishing Group.
  6. 1 2 3 Rothstein, E. "A Century-Old Court Case That Still Resonates" The New York Times (17 October 2007).
  7. ↑ Gopnik, Adam (2009). "Trial of the Century: Revisiting the Dreyfus affair". The New Yorker. No. 28 September. pp. 72–78. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Zola, E. J'Accuse...! "J'accuse by Émile Zola (Sample) — Chameleon-Translations". Archived from the original on 2008-07-15. Retrieved 2008-07-23.. L'Aurore (13 January 1898). Translation by Chameleon Translations. Retrieved 12 February 2008.
  9. ↑ "J'Accuse! The Sins of the Artist". 3 February 2018.
  10. ↑ Courtois, Stéphane (19 March 2008). "Adam Rayski, responsable de la section juive du Parti communiste français". Le Monde. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  11. ↑ Alsop, J., & Alsop, S. "We Accuse!" Harper's (October 1954).
  12. ↑ "Eichmann's handwritten clemency plea released in Israel". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
  13. ↑ Norman Podhoretz. "J'accuse". Commentary Magazine, September 1982.
  14. ↑ Eder, Richard (5 February 1982). "On the Riviera, A Morality Tale by Graham Greene". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 January 2023.
  15. ↑ Nous accusons: Mainstream media fails to report on atrocities against Gaza, Rabble.ca, 14 November 2012.
  16. ↑ "Nous accusons: Mainstream media fails to report on context and severity of atrocities against Gaza", Mondoweiss, 14 November 2012.
  17. ↑ "Nous accusons ! La sourde oreille des grands médias sur la situation et la gravité des atrocités commises par Israël à Gaza", 16 November 2012.
  18. ↑ Hooper, Chloe (August 2013), "On the road with Julia Gillard", The Monthly, archived from the original on 19 January 2022, retrieved 4 October 2022
  19. ↑ "Nós acusamos" (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2016-05-14.
  20. ↑ "Stolbizer presentó su libro Yo acuso junto a Vidal y Massa" (in Spanish). September 2016. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
  21. ↑ "For Trump, the 'Cloud' Just Grew That Much Darker". The New York Times. Retrieved 2017-06-08.
  22. ↑ Walker, Peter (19 April 2020). "Boris Johnson missed five coronavirus Cobra meetings, Michael Gove says". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  23. ↑ Goldberg, Jeffrey (3 June 2020). "James Mattis Denounces President Trump, Describes Him as a Threat to the Constitution". The Atlantic. The Atlantic Monthly Group. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
Wikisource English translation of J'Accuse!

Further reading

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