Jilin Province
吉林省
Chi-lin, Kirin
Province
Province of Jilin
Name transcription(s)
 • Chinese吉林省 (Jílín Shěng)
 • AbbreviationJL / 吉 (pinyin: Jí)
View of Heaven Lake
View of Heaven Lake
Map showing the location of Jilin Province
Map showing the location of Jilin Province
Coordinates: 43°42′N 126°12′E / 43.7°N 126.2°E / 43.7; 126.2
CountryChina
Named forfrom girin ula, a Manchu phrase meaning "along the river"
Capital
(and largest city)
Changchun
Jilin (1949–1954)
Changchun (1954–present)
Divisions9 prefectures, 60 counties, 1006 townships
Government
 • TypeProvince
 • BodyJilin Provincial People's Congress
 • CCP SecretaryJing Junhai
 • Congress chairmanJing Junhai
 • GovernorHu Yuting
 • CPPCC chairmanZhu Guoxian
Area
[1]
 • Total191,126 km2 (73,794 sq mi)
 • Rank14th
Highest elevation
(Mount Paektu)
2,744 m (9,003 ft)
Population
 (2020)[2]
 • Total24,073,453
 • Rank24th
 • Density130/km2 (330/sq mi)
  • Rank23rd
Demographics
 • Ethnic composition
 • Languages and dialectsNortheastern Mandarin, Hamgyŏng Korean
ISO 3166 codeCN-JL
GDP (2020)CNY 1.231 trillion
USD 178 billion (26th)[3]
 - per capitaCNY 51,135
USD 7,410 (24th)
 • growthIncrease 2.4%
HDI (2019)Increase 0.745[4] (high) (17th)
Websitewww.jl.gov.cn
Jilin
"Jilin" in Chinese characters
Chinese name
Chinese吉林
PostalKirin
Literal meaningtranscription of "girin (ula)"
a Manchu phrase meaning "along the river"
Chinese Korean name
Chosŏn'gŭl길림
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ
ᠮᡤᠣᠯᠣ
RomanizationGirin golo

Jilin /dʒiːˈlɪn/[5] (吉林ⓘ; alternately romanized as Kirin or Chilin) is one of the three provinces of Northeast China. Its capital and largest city is Changchun. Jilin borders North Korea (Rasŏn, North Hamgyong, Ryanggang and Chagang) and Russia (Primorsky Krai) to the east, Heilongjiang to the north, Liaoning to the south, and Inner Mongolia to the west. Along with the rest of Northeast China, Jilin underwent an early period of industrialization. However, Jilin's economy, characterized by heavy industry, has been facing economic difficulties with privatization. This prompted the central government to undertake a campaign called "Revitalize the Northeast". The region contains large deposits of oil shale.

Name

The name "Jilin" originates from girin ula () ᡤᡳᡵᡳᠨ ᡠᠯᠠ, a Manchu phrase meaning "along the river", shortened to Kirin in English. This Manchu term was transcribed into jilin wula (t 吉林烏拉, s 吉林乌拉) in Chinese characters and shortened the first two characters, which are transcribed in English as Chi-lin (Wade-Giles) and later "Jilin" (Hanyu Pinyin).[6]

History

In ancient times, Jilin was inhabited by the Xianbei, Sushen, the Mohe, Jurchens, and the Wùjí (勿吉).[7] The kingdoms of Buyeo and Goguryeo ruled parts of this area.

The region then fell successively under the domination of the Xiongnu, Xianbei state, Bohai Kingdom, Khitan Liao Dynasty, the Jurchen Jin Dynasty, and the Mongol Yuan dynasty.[8] During the Qing Dynasty, much of the area was under the control of the General of Jilin (Girin i Jiyanggiyūn), whose area of control extended to the to encompass much of what is Russia's Primorsky Krai today.

After the Primorsky Krai area was ceded to Russia in 1860, the government began to open the area up to Han Chinese migrants, most of whom came from Shandong. By the beginning of the 20th century, Han Chinese had become the dominant ethnic group of the region. In 1932, the area was incorporated into Manchukuo, a puppet state set up by Japan. Changchun (then called Xinjing), capital of Jilin today, was made the capital of Manchukuo. After the defeat of Japan in 1945, the Red Army captured Jilin after Operation August Storm.[9] The region, with the rest of northeastern China, was ceded to the Communists by the Soviet Union. Manchuria was the staging ground from which the communists eventually conquered the rest of China in the Chinese Civil War.

In 1949, Jilin province was smaller, encompassing only the environs of Changchun and Jilin City, and the capital was at Jilin City, while Changchun was a municipality independent from the province. In the 1950s, Jilin was expanded to its present borders. During the Cultural Revolution, Jilin was expanded again to include a part of Inner Mongolia, giving it a border with the independent state of Mongolia, though this was later reversed.

In recent times Jilin has, with the rest of heavy industry-based Northeast China, been facing economic difficulties with privatization. This prompted the central government to undertake a campaign called "Revitalize the Northeast".

Geography

Jilin lies in the central part of northeastern China, bordering Russia and North Korea in the east and southeast respectively. Jilin has an area of 190,000 km2 (73,000 sq mi) and a population of 24 million. Its capital is Changchun, which lies 113 km (70 mi) west of Jilin City. Jilin is rich in natural mineral deposits with 136 types of minerals, of which 70 have been extracted. Jilin has an abundance of Traditional Chinese medicine resources, with approximately 27,000 kinds of wild plants and 9,000 kinds of medicinal herbs.[10]

The province is rich in large reserves of oil, gas, coal, iron, nickel, molybdenum, talc, graphite, gypsum, cement rock, gold and silver; its reserves of oil shale are the largest in the country.[11]

Jilin is highest in altitude in the southeast and drops gently towards the northwest. The Changbai Mountains run through its southeastern regions and contains the highest peak of the province, Paektu Mountain at 2,744 m (9,003 ft). Other ranges include the Jilinhada Mountains, Zhang Guangcai Mountains, and Longgang Mountains.

Jilin is drained by the Yalu and Tumen rivers in the extreme southeast (which together form parts of the border between the People's Republic of China and North Korea), by tributaries of the Liao River in the southwest, and by the Songhua and Nen rivers in the north, both eventually flowing into the Amur.

Jilin has a northerly continental monsoon climate, with long, cold winters and short, warm summers. Average January temperatures range from −20 to −14 °C (−4 to 7 °F). Rainfall averages at 350 to 1,000 mm (13.8 to 39.4 in).

Winter rime trees of Jilin City

Major cities in this province include Changchun, Jilin City, Baishan, Baicheng, Siping, Yanji, Songyuan, Tonghua and Liaoyuan.[12]

Administrative divisions

Jilin consists of nine prefecture-level divisions: eight prefecture-level cities (including a sub-provincial city) and one autonomous prefecture:

Administrative divisions of Jilin
Division code[13] Division Area in km2[14] Population 2010[15] Seat Divisions[16]
Districts Counties Aut. counties CL cities
220000Jilin Province 187,400.0027,462,297Changchun city2116320
220100Changchun city 24,734.137,677,089Nanguan District713
220200Jilin city 27,659.794,414,681Chuanying District414
220300Siping city 10,241.733,386,325Tiexi District2111
220400Liaoyuan city 5,140.451,176,645Longshan District22
220500Tonghua city 15,607.802,325,242Dongchang District232
220600Baishan city 17,473.731,295,750Hunjiang District2211
220700Songyuan city 21,089.382,881,082Ningjiang District1211
220800Baicheng city 25,692.292,033,058Taobei District122
222400Yanbian Autonomous Prefecture 43,509.102,271,600Yanji city26

These nine prefecture-level divisions are in turn subdivided into 60 county-level divisions (21 districts, 20 county-level cities, 16 counties, and three autonomous counties). (See List of administrative divisions of Jilin.) These administrative divisions are explained in greater detail at Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China. At the end of the year 2017, the total population is 27.17 million.

Urban areas

Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities
#CityUrban area[17]District area[17]City proper[17]Census date
1Changchun[lower-alpha 1]3,411,2094,193,0737,674,4392010-11-01
(1)Changchun (new district)[lower-alpha 1]198,851611,670see Changchun2010-11-01
2Jilin1,469,7221,975,1214,413,1572010-11-01
3Siping509,107613,6253,385,1562010-11-01
4Yanji505,516562,959part of Yanbian Prefecture2010-11-01
5Baishan503,287619,0161,296,1272010-11-01
6Tonghua476,792506,7022,324,4392010-11-01
7Songyuan464,999612,8162,880,0862010-11-01
8Liaoyuan385,049472,2561,176,2392010-11-01
9Baicheng359,492517,4342,032,3562010-11-01
10Gongzhuling337,8511,092,936see Siping (now part of Changchun)2010-11-01
11Dunhua293,396483,464part of Yanbian Prefecture2010-11-01
12Yushu280,9611,160,568see Changchun2010-11-01
13Meihekou268,259615,154see Tonghua2010-11-01
14Shulan254,850645,702see Jilin2010-11-01
15Panshi228,004505,779see Jilin2010-11-01
16Da'an202,322432,122see Baicheng2010-11-01
17Jiaohe201,712447,226see Jilin2010-11-01
18Huadian193,537444,843see Jilin2010-11-01
19Dehui187,956748,369see Changchun2010-11-01
20Shuangliao180,700420,720see Siping2010-11-01
21Hunchun174,355241,777part of Yanbian Prefecture2010-11-01
22Taonan164,976431,017see Baicheng2010-11-01
(23)Fuyu[lower-alpha 2]164,673718,987see Songyuan2010-11-01
24Linjiang133,435174,970see Baishan2010-11-01
25Longjing122,065177,234part of Yanbian Prefecture2010-11-01
26Helong112,337189,532part of Yanbian Prefecture2010-11-01
27Tumen109,342134,452part of Yanbian Prefecture2010-11-01
28Ji'an95,971232,278see Tonghua2010-11-01
  1. 1 2 New district established after census: Jiutai (Jiutai CLC). The new district not included in the urban area & district area count of the pre-expanded city.
  2. ↑ Fuyu County is currently known as Fuyu CLC after census.
 
 
Most populous cities in Jilin
Source: China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018 Urban Population and Urban Temporary Population[18]
Rank Pop. Rank Pop.
Changchun
Changchun
Jilin
Jilin		 1Changchun4,564,00011Baicheng257,200 Siping
Siping
Yanji
Yanji
2Jilin1,269,10012Dehui256,000
3Siping591,60013Hunchun215,000
4Yanji553,80014Dunhua201,900
5Liaoyuan493,10015Shulan186,100
6Songyuan484,90016Gongzhuling182,000
7Tonghua461,10017Huadian161,300
8Baishan405,00018Da'an158,500
9Meihekou325,50019Jiaohe140,200
10Yushu296,50020Taonan139,500

Politics

Statue of Mao Zedong in Jilin

The politics of Jilin is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China.

The Governor of Jilin is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Jilin. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Jilin Chinese Communist Party Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Jilin CCP Party Chief".

Economy

In 2011, the nominal GDP of Jilin province totaled RMB 1053.1 billion (US$167.1 billion). Its GDP has been rising at a double-digit rate since 2003, growing 51 percent from 2003 to 2007. Per capita nominal GDP increased to RMB 26,289 (US$3,848) in 2009. Meanwhile, the incremental value and profit of large enterprises witnessed an increase of 19 percent and 30 percent respectively, compared with 2005 figures.[19]

Jilin's agricultural production is centered upon rice, wheat, maize, and sorghum. Rice is mostly cultivated in the eastern parts, such as Yanbian Prefecture. The Changbai Mountains are an important source of lumber. Sheep herding is an important activity in the western parts, such as Baicheng.

Among its natural resources, Jilin has the largest reserves of shale oil and one of the top five largest mineral reserves in China.[20] Compared to other provinces of China, Jilin has extensive deposits of Kieselguhr, wollastonite, floatstone, and molybdenum.

Industry in Jilin is concentrated on automobiles, train carriages, and iron alloy.

Jilin is one of the most important commodity grain bases in China. It is ranked 6th in timber production.[11]

Traditionally, Jilin has been known as a major pharmaceutical center, with yields of ginseng and deer antlers among the largest in China, being used extensively in the field of Chinese medicine.[10][20]

Economic and technological development zones

Jilin New and Hi-tech Industry Development Zone

The zone was founded in 1992 and is in Jilin city, covering 818 km2 (316 sq mi) of planned area with 242 km2 (93 sq mi) established. The leading industries in the zone are new materials, refined chemical products, integration of photoelectron and mechanism, electronics, medicine and bioengineering. A mere 14 km (8.7 mi) from Songhua Lake, the nearest bus and train stations are within 3 km (1.9 mi).[21]

The Jilin Economic and Technological Development Zone was founded in May 1998 and is in the northeast of Jilin city. The zone has a total planned area of 28 km2 (11 sq mi). It is 90 km (56 mi) from Changchun, 5 km (3.1 mi) from Jilin Airport, and 8 km (5.0 mi)from Jilin Railway Station.

Major industries include refined chemicals, bioengineering, fine processing of chemical fiber, and farm products. It is divided into four parts: the Chemical Industrial Park, the Food Industrial Park, the Textile Industrial Park, and the Medical Industrial Park. The latter specializes in the development of traditional Chinese pharmaceuticals, mini molecule medicine, bio-pharmaceuticals and health products.

State-level ETDZs Changchun Economic and Technological Development Zone

In 1993, with the approval of the state, Changchun Economic & Technological Development Zone (CETDZ) became a state-level economic and technological development zone. The total area of CETDZ is 112.72 km2 (43.52 sq mi), of which 30 km2 (12 sq mi) has been set aside for development and use. By the end of 2006, the total fixed assets investment of the Changchun Economic and Technological Development Zone reached 38.4 billion yuan. There were 1656 registered enterprises in this zone including 179 foreign-funded enterprises. The regional gross product of the zone reached 101.8 billion yuan; industrial output value reached 233.0 billion Yuan; overall financial revenue reached 15.7 billion yuan.[22]

Changchun is also the location of one of the largest factories where CRRC manufactures bullet trains. In November 2016, CRCC Changchun unveiled the first bullet train carriages in the world that would have sleeper berths, and would be capable of running in ultra low temperature environments. Nicknamed Panda, they are capable of running at 250 kmph, operate at -40 degrees Celsius, have Wi-Fi hubs and contain sleeper berths that fold into seats during the day.[23]

State-level HIDZs Changchun High-Tech Industrial Development Area

Changchun High-Tech Industrial Development Area is connected by four roads and one light-rail line to the downtown area. The nearest train station, Changchun Station, is twenty minutes away by light rail. In 2002, Changchun HDA became the first area in Northeast China to qualify for the environmental certification of ISO14001. Its landscaping ratio reaches 38%.[24]

Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone

Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone was approved to be national-level border economic cooperation zone in 1992, with a planning area of 24 km2 (9.3 sq mi). In 2002 and 2001, the Hunchun Export Processing Zone and Hunchun Sino-Russia Trade Zone were set up in it. It has a strategic location at the junction of the borders of China, Russia and Korea. It focuses on the development of sea food processing, electronic product manufacture, bio-pharmaceuticals, textile industry and other industries.[25]

Hunchun Export Processing Zone

The Hunchun Export Processing Zone is in 5 km2 (1.93 sq mi) area is in the Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone. Its planned area is 2.44 km2 (0.94 sq mi). It relies on the same infrastructure and policies as its parent zone.[26]

Infrastructure

There are 35,216 km (21,882 mi) of highways, including over 500 km (310 mi) of expressways.

The province has a rail network, begun by the Japanese, with Changchun as its main hub. There are four major new railway projects which started construction in 2007. One of these, the Harbin–Dalian High-Speed Railway connecting Harbin with Dalian via Changchun was completed in 2012. Trains on the line can travel at up to 350 km/h (220 mph). The four railway projects were estimated to cost RMB13 billion, and the province urged foreign investors to invest in them. A line from Changchun to Jilin City, expected to be completed in 2015, was expected to cut the journey times between the cities from 96 minutes to 30. The railway network in Jilin can be divided into two directions in the northwest–southeast and southwest–northeast. The main trunk line Beijing-Harbin railway runs through the north and south of Jilin. From Jilin Province, it can go directly to Harbin, Shenyang, Dalian, Beijing, Tianjin, Xi'an, Shijiazhuang, Wuhan, Jinan, and so on. By the end of 2015, the railway business mileage of Jilin province reached 4,877.4 km (3,030.7 mi).

The main commercial airport is Changchun Longjia International Airport; other commercial airports include Yanji Chaoyangchuan International Airport, Tonghua Sanyuanpu Airport, Baicheng Chang'an Airport, Songyuan Chaganhu Airport and Changbaishan Airport.[10]

Jilin is landlocked. River navigation is possible from April to November. The major river ports are at Da'an, Jilin city and Fuyu. In 2007, Jilin started construction on a two-phase RMB60 million comprehensive river port; the first phase is finished. The port is on the Songhua River, has an annual throughput of two million tons, and will connect to the waterways of Northeast China.[11] Aviation takes Changchun as the center, supplemented by Yanji and Baishan. It can go directly to Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Haikou, Ningbo, Dalian, Kunming, Hong Kong, South Korea, Japan and so on. Changchun Longjia Airport, Yanji Airport, Tonghua Sanyuanpu Airport and Changbaishan Airport, etc.

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1912[27] 5,580,000—    
1928[28] 7,635,000+36.8%
1936-37[29] 7,354,000−3.7%
1947[30] 6,465,000−12.1%
1954[31] 11,290,073+74.6%
1964[32] 15,668,663+38.8%
1982[33] 22,560,053+44.0%
1990[34] 24,658,721+9.3%
2000[35] 26,802,191+8.7%
2010[36] 27,462,297+2.5%
2020 24,073,453−12.3%

Jilin is inhabited by Han Chinese, Manchus, Hui, Mongols and Xibe. Most ethnic Koreans live in the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture. The Manchu people were once the majority in the area of Jilin, making it part of their historical region. With the adoption of Han culture and the Chinese languages by the Manchu people, the Manchu language is considered a critically endangered language.[37] Koreans comprise about 4% of the population, owing to its proximity to the Korean Peninsula. The majority of the province speaks Mandarin.

Ethnic groups in Jilin (2000 census)
Ethnic GroupsPopulationPercentage
Han Chinese24,348,81590.85%
Koreans1,145,6884.27%
Manchu993,1123.71%
Mongol172,0260.64%
Hui125,6200.47%

Excludes members of the People's Liberation Army in active service.[38]

Culture

Jilin is part of Northeast China and shares many similarities in culture to neighbouring regions, such as Errenzhuan and Yangge. Among its music, Jiju, or Jilin Opera, is a form of traditional entertainment that Jilin has innovated over its short migrant history.

The ethnic Koreans of Jilin have a distinct culture, closely tied to Korea.

Languages

Languages spoken in Jilin: yellow: Mandarin; blue: Korean; red: Mongolian

The majority of the province speaks Mandarin, the official language of China. Closer to the east, many people speak Korean. Some people of Qian Gorlos autonomous county speak Mongolian.

Cuisine

Tourism

The Goguryeo sites and tombs found in Ji'an, Jilin, including Hwando Mountain City, Gungnae City, and the pyramidal Tomb of the General, have been listed as part of the Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom, a World Heritage Site.

Paektu Mountain, especially Heaven Lake on the border with North Korea, are popular tourist destinations due to their natural scenery.

Ancient Tombs at Longtou Mountain, including the Mausoleum of Princess Jeonghyo, are royal tombs of Balhae found in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture.

Education

Universities and colleges

Sports

Changchun Stadium.

Professional teams

Notable individuals

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Doing Business in China - Survey". Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 5 August 2013.
  2. ↑ "Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)". National Bureau of Statistics of China. 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  3. ↑ GDP-2020 is a preliminary data "Home - Regional - Quarterly by Province" (Press release). China NBS. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  4. ↑ "Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab". globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  5. ↑ "Jilin". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021.
  6. ↑ (in Chinese) "Origin of the Names of China's Provinces" Archived 27 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, People's Daily Online.
  7. ↑ 前言 (PDF) (in Chinese (China)). Jilin Province Librrary. 24 November 2009.
  8. ↑ History of Mongolia, Volume II, 2003
  9. ↑ LTC David M. Glantz, "August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria" Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Leavenworth Papers No. 7, Combat Studies Institute, February 1983, Fort Leavenworth Kansas.
  10. 1 2 3 "China Expat city Guide Jilin". China Expat. 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
  11. 1 2 3 "China Briefing Business Reports". Asia Briefing. 2007. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 12 February 2009.
  12. ↑ "China Briefing Business Reports". Asia Briefing. 2008. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
  13. ↑ 中华人民共和国县以上行政区划代码 (in Simplified Chinese). Ministry of Civil Affairs.
  14. ↑ Shenzhen Bureau of Statistics. 《深圳统计年鉴2014》 (in Simplified Chinese). China Statistics Print. Archived from the original on 12 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  15. ↑ Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). 中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1 ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6660-2.
  16. ↑ Ministry of Civil Affairs (August 2014). 《中国民政统计年鉴2014》 (in Simplified Chinese). China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-7130-9.
  17. 1 2 3 中国2010年人口普查分县资料. Compiled by 国务院人口普查办公室 [Department of Population Census of the State Council], 国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 [Department of Population and Social Science and Statistics, National Bureau of Statistics]. Beijing: China Statistics Print. 2012. ISBN 978-7-5037-6659-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  18. ↑ Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China(MOHURD) (2019). 中国城市建设统计年鉴2018 [China Urban Construction Statistical Yearbook 2018] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Statistic Publishing House. Archived from the original on 18 July 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  19. ↑ "China Briefing Business Reports" (PDF). Asia Briefing. 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2009.
  20. 1 2 "Jilin Province @ the China Perspective". www.thechinaperspective.com. Archived from the original on 2 June 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  21. ↑ RightSite.asia | Jilin Hi-Tech Development Zone
  22. ↑ RightSite.asia | Changchun Economic and Technology Development Zone
  23. ↑ "China develops bullet train with fold-up beds". China Daily. Xinhua. 14 November 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2016.
  24. ↑ RightSite.asia | Changchun High-Tech Industrial Development Area
  25. ↑ RightSite.asia | Hunchun Border Economic Cooperation Zone Archived 2010-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ↑ RightSite.asia | Hunchun Export Processing Zone Archived 2010-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
  27. ↑ 1912年中国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  28. ↑ 1928年中国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  29. ↑ 1936-37年中国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  30. ↑ 1947年全国人口. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  31. ↑ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 5 August 2009.
  32. ↑ 第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 14 September 2012.
  33. ↑ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 10 May 2012.
  34. ↑ 中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 19 June 2012.
  35. ↑ 现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 29 August 2012.
  36. ↑ "Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census". National Bureau of Statistics of China. Archived from the original on 27 July 2013.
  37. ↑ 抢救满语振兴满族文化_大公资讯_大公网. Ta Kung Pao (in Chinese (China)). 8 November 2017. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2019.
  38. ↑ National Bureau of Population and Social Science and Technology Statistics Division of China (国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司); Department of Economic Development of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission of China (国家民族事务委员会经济发展司) (2003). 《2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料》 (in Chinese (China)). Beijing: Publishing House of Minority Nationalities. ISBN 978-7105054251., 2 volumes
  39. ↑ Changchun Institute of Technology Homepage
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