Iter Britanniarum, displayed as a road map. The plotted routes and stations are approximations. The Antonine Wall and Hadrian's Wall are shown.

The Antonine Itinerary (Latin: Itinerarium Antonini Augusti, lit. "The Itinerary of the Emperor Antoninus") is an itinerarium, a register of the stations and distances along various roads. Seemingly based on official documents, possibly from a survey carried out under Augustus, it describes the roads of the Roman Empire.[1] Owing to the scarcity of other extant records of this type, it is a valuable historical record.[2]

Almost nothing is known of its date or author. Scholars consider it likely that the original edition was prepared at the beginning of the 3rd century. Although it is traditionally ascribed to the patronage of the 2nd-century Antoninus Pius, the oldest extant copy has been assigned to the time of Diocletian and the most likely imperial patron—if the work had one—would have been Caracalla.[1]

Iter Britanniarum

The British section is known as the Iter Britanniarum, and can be described as the 'road map' of Roman Britain. There are 15 such itineraries in the document applying to different geographic areas.

The itinerary measures distances in Roman miles, where 1,000 Roman paces equals one Roman mile. A Roman pace was two steps, left plus right, and was conventionally set at 5 Roman feet (0.296m), resulting in a Roman mile of approximately 1,480 metres (0.92 mi).

Examples

Below are the original Latin ablative forms for sites along route 13,[3] followed by a translation with a possible (but not necessarily authoritative) name for the modern sites.[4] A transcriber omitted an entry, so that the total number of paces did not equal the sum of paces between locations.

Iter XIII (Itinerary 13)
Latin ablative Translated possible site name Distance
Roman (mile) Metric (km) English (mile)
Item ab Isca Calleva mpm cviiii sic A route from Isca Silurum to Calleva Atrebatum thus 109 161 100
Burrio mpm viii Usk, Monmouthshire 8 12 7.5
Blestio mpm xi Monmouth, Monmouthshire 11 16 10
Ariconio mpm xi Bury Hill, Weston under Penyard, Herefordshire 11 16 10
Clevo mpm xv Gloucester, Gloucestershire 15 22 14
(no entry - mpm xx) perhaps Corinium Dobunnorum at modern Cirencester, Gloucestershire (20) (30) (18.5)
Durocornovio mpm xiiii perhaps Wanborough, Wiltshire 14 21 13
Spinis mpm xv Speen, Berkshire 15 22 14
Calleva mpm xv Silchester, Hampshire 15 22 14

Below are the original Latin names for sites along route 14,[5] followed by a translation with a possible (but not necessarily authoritative) name for the modern sites.[4]

Iter XIV (Itinerary 14)
Latin ablative Translated possible site name Distance
Roman (mile) Metric (km) English (mile)
Item alio itinere ab Isca Calleva mpm ciii sic An alternate route from Isca Silurum to Calleva Atrebatum thus 103 152 95
Venta Silurum mpm viiii Caerwent, Monmouthshire 9 13 8
Abone mpm xiiii Sea Mills, Gloucestershire 14 21 13
Traiectus mpm viiii perhaps Bitton, near Willsbridge, Gloucestershire 9 13 8
Aquis Solis mpm vi Bath, Somerset 6 9 5.5
Verlucione mpm xv Sandy Lane, Wiltshire 15 22 14
Cunetione mpm xx Mildenhall, Wiltshire 20 30 18.5
Spinis mpm xv Speen, Berkshire 15 22 14
Calleva mpm xv Silchester, Hampshire 15 22 14

A confounding factor

De Situ Britanniae (made available c. 1749, published 1757) was a forgery by Charles Bertram that provided much spurious information on Roman Britain, including "itineraries" that overlapped the legitimate Antonine Itineraries, sometimes with contradicting information. Its authenticity was not seriously challenged until 1845, and it was still cited as an authoritative source until the late nineteenth century. By then, its false data had infected almost every account of ancient British history, and had been adopted into the Ordnance Survey maps,[6] as General Roy and his successors believed it to be a legitimate source of information, on a par with the Antonine Itineraries. While the document is no longer cited since its authenticity became indefensible, its data has not been systematically removed from past and present works.

Some authors, such as Thomas Reynolds, without challenging the authenticity of the forgery, took care to note its discrepancies and challenge the quality of its information.[7][8] This was not always so, even after the forgery was debunked.

Gonzalo Arias (died 2008) proposed that some of the distance anomalies in the British section of the Antonine Itinerary resulted from the loss of Latin grammatical endings, as these had marked junctions heading towards places, as distinct from the places themselves.[9] However, Arias may not have taken account of earlier work indicating that distances were measured between the edges of administrative areas of named settlements as opposed to centre-to-centre, thereby explaining supposed distance shortfalls and providing additional useful data on the approximate sizes of such areas.[10]

Hispania

Main Roman roads in Hispania
Roads listed on the Itinerary

There are 34 routes in the itinerary for the provinces of Hispania.

RouteStartEndDistance (Roman miles)
1Mediolanum (Milan)Legio VII Gemina (León)1257
2Arelate (Arles)Castulo898
3Corduba (Córdoba)Castulo99
4CordubaCastulo78
5CastuloMalaca (Málaga)291
6MalacaGades (Cádiz)145
7GadesCorduba294
8Hispalis (Seville)Corduba94
9HispalisItalica6
10HispalisEmerita (Mérida)162
11CordubaEmerita144
12Olisipo (Lisbon)Emerita161
13Salacia (Alcácer)Ossonoba (Faro)16
14OlisipoEmerita145
15OlisipoEmerita220
16OlisipoBracara (Braga)244
17BracaraAsturica (Astorga)247
18BracaraAsturica215
19BracaraAsturica299
20BracaraAsturica207
21Esuris (Castro Marim)Pax Julia267
22EsurisPax Julia76
23Mouth of the Ana (Guadiana)Emerita313
24EmeritaCaesaraugusta (Zaragoza)632
25EmeritaCaesaraugusta348
26AsturicaCaesaraugusta497
27AsturicaCaesaraugusta301
28Turiaso (Tarazona)Caesaraugusta56
29EmeritaCaesaraugusta458
30Laminium (Fuenllana)Toletum (Toledo)95
31LaminiumToletum249
32AsturicaTarraco (Tarragona)482
33CaesaraugustaBenearnum (Lescar)112
34AsturicaBurdigala (Bordeaux)421

See also

Citations

  1. 1 2 One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Antonini Itinerarium". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 148.
  2. ↑ Rivet, A. L. F.; Jackson, Kenneth (1970). "The British Section of the Antonine Itinerary". Britannia. 1: 34–82. doi:10.2307/525833. JSTOR 525833. S2CID 162217811.
  3. ↑ Parthey & Pinder 1848:232–33 in Britannia
  4. 1 2 Codrington 1918, In Roman Roads in Britain
  5. ↑ Parthey & Pinder 1848:233 in Britannia
  6. ↑ Redmonds, George (2004), Names and History: People, Places and Things, Hambledon & London, pp. 65–68, ISBN 978-1-85285-426-3 A Major Place-Name Ignored
  7. ↑ Reynolds 1799 Iter Britanniarum
  8. ↑ Dyer 1816 Vulgar Errors, Ancient and Modern
  9. ↑ For most Roman roads in Hispania, see Gonzalo Arias. "El Miliario Extravagante". Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2012-08-27.. Cf. also his Grammar in the Antonine Itinerary: A Challenge to British Archaeologists (available in only a few libraries).
  10. ↑ Cf. Rodwell, "Milestones, Civic Territories and the Antonine Itinerary", 6 Britannia 76-101 (1975).

Bibliography

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