There are a number of proposed fixed connections—road or rail, bridge or tunnel—designed to connect the islands of Ireland and Great Britain, connect the island of Great Britain to mainland Europe, as well as to build other connections amongst the smaller islands in the British Islands.

Possible routes

Possible Irish Sea connections

North Channel (Galloway) route

This route, a distance of 21 miles (34 km), has been proposed variously as either a tunnel or a bridge.[1] A 2010 report by the Centre for Cross Border Studies estimated building a bridge between Galloway and Ulster would cost just under £20.5 billion.[2] The proposal would see passengers board trains in Glasgow then cross on the bridge via Stranraer and alight in Belfast or Dublin. A longer bridge already exists between Shanghai and Ningbo in East China. Some political parties in Northern Ireland have included the bridge in their manifesto for some time.[3] However, because of the Beaufort's Dyke sea trench which is approximately 1,000 feet (300 m) deep,[4] this route would be deeper than the southern routes between Wales and Ireland. The sea trench was also used for dumping munitions after World War II, and so would require an expensive cleanup operation.[2] Ronnie Hunter, former chairman of the Institute of Civil Engineers Scotland, suggested that the project was a "stretch but doable". He cited the lack of "soft rock, the chalk and sandstone" as a challenge compared to the construction of the Channel Tunnel.[3] He also suggested that the change in rail gauge between Ireland and Great Britain might pose further concerns. Such a project was considered by railway engineer Luke Livingston Macassey in the 1890s as "a rail link using either a tunnel, a submerged "tubular bridge" or a solid causeway".[5] The north channel crossing was the subject of a 2020 study by the United Kingdom government.[6][7]

North Channel (Kintyre) route

This is the shortest sea route at around 12 miles (20 km), between Kintyre and County Antrim, but would include either the three hour drive on the A83 road around Loch Fyne and over the landslip-prone Rest and Be Thankful mountain pass, or two further new sea crossings via either the Isle of Arran or Cowal.[8][9]

Irish Mail route

This route (from Dublin to Holyhead in Anglesey, Wales) would be about 50 miles (81 km) long.[8] Avoiding the Saint George's Channel immediately to the south of the route would keep the sea depth less than 300 feet (100 m).

Tuskar route

The Institution of Engineers of Ireland's 2004 Vision of Transport in Ireland in 2050 imagines a tunnel to be built between the ports of Fishguard and Rosslare. This route would be approximately twice the distance of the English Channel Tunnel at 45 miles (72 km).[10] A new container port on the Shannon Estuary linking a freight line to Europe is included. This report also includes ideas for a Belfast–Dublin–Cork high-speed train, and for a new freight line from Rosslare to Shannon.

Proposal history

Pre-20th century proposals

The failure of the Union Bill 1799 (which succeeded, the next year, as the Act of Union 1800) prompted a satirical description of a proposal by "architect" William Pitt "to build a bridge from Holyhead to the Hill of Howth."[11]

As part of the unionist movement, various roads were built across Great Britain heading towards Ireland; In 1803 William Madocks started building earthworks for a road to Porthdinllaen; this was rejected by Parliament in 1810 in favour of a London to Holyhead road, which was authorised in 1815, built by Thomas Telford, and opened in 1826.

Between 1886 and 1900, proposals for a link to Scotland were "seriously explored by engineers, industrialists, and Unionist politicians".[12] In 1885, Irish Builder and Engineer said a tunnel under the Irish Sea had been discussed "for some time back".[13] In 1890, engineer Luke Livingston Macassey outlined a Stranraer–Belfast link by tunnel, submerged "tubular bridge", or solid causeway.[14] In 1897 a British firm applied for £15,000 towards the cost of carrying out borings and soundings in the North Channel to see if a tunnel between Ireland and Scotland was viable.[15] The link would have been of immense commercial benefit, was significant strategically and would have meant faster transatlantic travel from the United Kingdom, via Galway and other ports in Ireland. When Hugh Arnold-Foster asked in the Commons in 1897 about a North Channel tunnel, Arthur Balfour said "the financial aspects ... are not of a very promising character".[16]

20th century proposal

In 1915, a tunnel was proposed by Gershom Stewart as a defence against a German U-boat blockade of Ireland but dismissed by H. H. Asquith as "hardly practicable in the present circumstances".[17] In 1918, Stewart proposed that German prisoners of war might dig the tunnel; Bonar Law said the Select Committee on Transport could consider the matter.[18]

The Senate of Northern Ireland debated a North Channel Tunnel on 25 May 1954.[19] In 1956 Harford Hyde, Unionist Westminster MP for North Belfast, raised a motion in the UK House of Commons for a tunnel across the North Channel.[20][21] In 1980, John Biggs-Davison suggested European Economic Community involvement in a North Channel tunnel; Philip Goodhart said no tunnel was planned.[22]

In 1988, John Wilson, the Irish Minister for Tourism and Transport, said his department estimated an Irish Sea tunnel would cost more than twice as much as the English Channel Tunnel and generate less than one-fifth of the revenue, thus being economically unviable.[23] In 1997–98, the Department of Public Enterprise refused to fund a feasibility study requested by the engineering firm Symonds to build an immersed tube tunnel.[24][25]

21st century proposal

Symonds revived the plan in 2000, with an £8 million feasibility study and a £14 billion construction cost estimate.[24] In 2005, the Irish Minister for Transport said he had not studied A Vision of Transport in Ireland in 2050, published in September 2004 by the Irish Academy of Engineering, a report which included a Wexford–Pembroke tunnel.[26]

The proposal of building a bridge between Northern Ireland and Scotland is supported by members of several UK political parties.[27][28] DUP MP Sammy Wilson compared the idea to the approved Channel Tunnel and HS2 projects. The party made a feasibility study into a tunnel or enclosed bridge a precondition to coalition support in the event of a hung parliament in the 2015 election, and again reiterated the potential for a sea bridge in January 2018.[29][30] In January 2018, leading figures in the Democratic Unionist Party revived calls for a bridge or tunnel between Larne in County Antrim and Dumfries and Galloway;[30] the estimated £20 billion cost of the 25 miles (40 km) project would make it among the biggest infrastructure projects in UK history. The link was proposed by Wilson and Simon Hamilton, a former minister for the party in the Stormont administration.

The idea has been further endorsed as a potential solution to boost the economies of Scotland and Northern Ireland after Brexit.[31]

Late 2010s "Celtic Crossing" and Stranraer–Larne Sea Tunnel proposal
The project has been compared to the Øresund Bridge (pictured), between Sweden and Denmark[32]

The idea for a Scotland to Northern Ireland Bridge, sometimes branded in the press as the Celtic Crossing or Irish Sea Bridge, was revived in 2018, by Professor Alan Dunlop at the University of Liverpool.[33] He proposed a combined road and rail crossing between Portpatrick, in Dumfries and Galloway, and Larne in Northern Ireland, stating that "the coastline between each country is more sheltered and the waterway better protected" than the English Channel, where, as Foreign Secretary, Boris Johnson had proposed a bridge. He suggested that this would create a 'Celtic powerhouse' due to the potential for an increase in trade between the two countries, and the increase in investment from the construction of the project which he put at between £15 billion and £20 billion (a fraction of the £120 billion cost of the proposed bridge over the English Channel).[34][31]

By 2020, the British government had begun to officially undertake scoping into the possibility of an Irish Sea Bridge.[35]

In February 2021, the Secretary of State for Scotland announced his support for a 25-mile (40 km) sea tunnel from Stranraer to Larne, citing the weather impact on bridge opening and the need to avoid Beaufort's Dyke munitions dump as reasons for favouring a tunnel over a bridge.[36][37][38] This proposal also received the support of the High-speed rail in the United Kingdom industry group.[39] In September 2021, it was announced that the entire proposal has been abandoned.[40]

It was also reported in February 2021 that a proposal was considered by the government relating to an underground roundabout to be built under the Isle of Man to link Liverpool, Heysham, Stranraer and Larne.[41][42]

The Hendy Review published in November 2021 which looked into the proposals claimed that the cost of the fixed link, in either a bridge or tunnel form, was "impossible to justify" in this area given the sea depth, Beaufort's Dyke, and though noted "the economic viability of the provision of such a link is not within the scope of [the] study", recommended that it would regardless take too long to recoup the costs to justify further research.[43]

2020s Holyhead–Dublin tunnel proposal

In May 2021 the then British Transport Secretary Grant Shapps discussed the case for a tunnel between Holyhead and Dublin along the Irish Mail route.[44]

The proposed tunnel would be a rail tunnel designed to work in much the same way as the Channel Tunnel, with (on the UK side) a main terminus in Liverpool (similar to London St Pancras International) and another in Anglesey (similar to the Eurotunnel Folkestone Terminal). Via the Northern Powerhouse Rail network and High Speed 2 Phase Two extension, the rail line would be able to connect up with the rest of the UK's High-Speed rail network. On the Irish side the train would terminate in a new purpose-built station in Dublin.[45][46]

Although the tunnel would be longer than the length of the proposed Irish Sea Bridge, the water in this area is shallower, and there are less obstructions (such as Beaufort's Dyke). The tunnel would be 50 miles in length (approximately twice the length of the Channel Tunnel and around 20 miles longer than the Seikan Tunnel) and the depth would only need to be around 100m (the Ryfylke Tunnel in Norway reaches 292m below sea level). Rail upgrades or a new line would be needed along the north Welsh coast, as the current North Wales Coast Line is not electrified or suitable for high-speed rail. Depending on the route additional crossings may need to be considered over the River Dee. A platform or cofferdam may also be required in the middle of the tunnel to aid with ventilation and access.[47][48]

Given that this rail link would connect the Republic of Ireland to mainland Europe via the UK, eliminating some of the need for rail and ferry crossings, it has received support from some commentators in Ireland.[49]

Second Channel Tunnel or bridge

  • The Channel Tunnel operates between Great Britain and France. It is a 31.35 miles (50.45 km) rail tunnel linking Folkestone, Kent, in the United Kingdom, with Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais, near Calais in northern France, beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. At its lowest point, it is 75 m (250 ft) deep. At 23.5 miles (37.9 km), the tunnel has the longest undersea portion of any tunnel in the world, although the Seikan Tunnel in Japan is both longer overall at 33.46 miles (53.85 km) and deeper at 240 metres (790 ft) below sea level. The speed limit for trains in the tunnel is 100 mph (160 km/h).[50] A second English Channel tunnel with a road was proposed in 2000 by Eurotunnel, as required by its contract for the original tunnel.[51] The project would have involved the construction of the longest road tunnel in the world, containing two 29 miles (46 km) long carriageways, one on top of the other, which would have allowed motorists to complete the journey in about 30 minutes.

Channel bridge

  • An English Channel road bridge was proposed in 2018 by Boris Johnson, who was then foreign secretary. It received limited support.[52]

Channel Islands Tunnel

  • The Channel Islands Tunnel was a proposed tunnel between Jersey and Lower Normandy. In July 2009, it was revealed by then States Assistant Minister for Planning and Environment, Deputy Rob Duhamel, that the States of Jersey were considering the feasibility of building a 14-mile (23 km) long tunnel to connect the island with Lower Normandy in France; the tunnel would be a concrete tube sunk in the seabed and then covered over. Talks between Jersey politicians and their French counterparts would be held in September 2009 to ascertain whether it would be of mutual benefit. The proposition included a road and rail link. The plans were not developed, and the then Assistant Minister for Planning and Environment Deputy Rob Duhamel who had suggested the idea lost his seat in the 2014 elections.[53][54][55]
  • The current Connect 3 Million (C3M) tunnel is a proposed tunnel between Guernsey, Jersey and Lower Normandy with the intention of developing a commuting population between Coutances in Lower Normandy and the Channel Islands.
    13 tunnel concepts between the four Main Channel Islands and/or Manche in France which includes the Cherbourg Peninsula
    The C3M tunnel was proposed by the outgoing president of the Guernsey Chamber of Commerce, Martyn Dorey in 2018 Support was obtained from the Chief Ministers of both islands in July 2019 [56] to explore a pre feasibility study with Ramboll. The initial study concluded that the project looked like it may be feasible, both technically and financially, and several route options were explored by Stephen Whitham from Ramboll, which included a shared airport between the islands on reclaimed land. The proposed Phase I route was a single bore rail tunnel direct from St Peter Port underground to Jerbourg Point then heading undersea to below Grosnez Castle, rising to a station at Jersey Airport and then back underground to St Helier. The study explored the achievability of a journey time of a little over 15 minutes using Bombardier Talent 3 rolling stock. In January 2020, the Guernsey Jersey link was reported by the local media to cost 2.6bln.[57] Transit speed and convenience was cited as a major factor to stimulate greater social cohesion between the islands and the financial viability of the project. Low interest rates and the completion of proportionately similar (by GDP/per capita) projects in the Faroe Islands between Streymoy and Eysturoy in December 2020 have led to renewed calls to develop the idea to a full feasibility study in 2021.[58]

Isle of Man

  • In 2018 Professor Alan Dunlop, of the University of Liverpool, suggested a circa 18 mile bridge be built from Scotland to the Isle of Man. This was in addition to his suggestion for a bridge connecting Northern Ireland to Scotland. He suggested that it would help open up the Isle of Man economy.[59]
  • In 2008 the Liverpool Echo ran an article suggesting the construction of a 75-mile (121 km) bridge to the Isle of Man from Liverpool. Despite the proposal being nothing more than an April Fools joke, the bridge was included in an engineering text book called the "Handbook of International Bridge Engineering" in its 2017 edition.[60]

Shetland and Orkney

  • A possible Orkney tunnel between Scotland and Orkney (about 9 to 10 miles (14 to 16 km)) was publicly discussed especially around 2005,[61] but also at other times.
  • In 2014 a consultation was undertaken by Orkney Islands Council, with a view to considering a series of fixed links involving seven of the Orkney islands. This would include a bridge between the isles of Eday, Westray and Papa Westray, to alleviate the need for air travel—currently the shortest scheduled flight in the world,[62] and also from Orkney to Shapinsay, Egilsay, Rousay and Wyre, but not a tunnel to Scotland this time.
  • In 2019 a Shetland Island councilor warned that the island of Whalsay would suffer a "slow and painful death" if talks were not held on building a tunnel or fixed link to replace the ferry service.[63]
  • Bridges connecting Orkney to Shetland via the Fair Isle have been mooted at numerous times throughout history with varying degrees of seriousness.

Hebrides

  • In 2018 the Western Isles Council began plans to build a series of bridges and tunnels between the Outer Hebrides. The plans proposed bridges between the Sound of Harris and the Sound of Barra as a starting point. Ian Fordham, chairman of Outer Hebrides Tourism, suggested that the scheme would alleviate the pressure on the ferries that operate across the Outer Hebrides. Plans for a 15-mile (24 km) tunnel between North Uist and Skye, thereby connecting the Outer Hebrides to the Mainland, had also been mooted.[64] In June 2019 a delegation headed up by the Western Isles MP went to the Faroe Islands to assess its tunnel and bridge-link system to see how the infrastructure could be translated to the Hebrides.[65] In 2019 Angus MacNeil MP, chair of the Commons International Trade Committee, voiced his support for the project, and also for a proposed bridge between the Sound of Kerrera off Oban and between Mull and the mainland to ensure the Inner Hebrides were also connected.[63]

Isle of Wight

  • A bridge from mainland England to the Isle of Wight has been proposed a number of times, often due to the high cost of ferries to and from the island. The Isle of Wight Party—a political party active only in the Isle of Wight—was set up with the intention of campaigning for a fixed crossing. Critics have suggested that such a link may damage the ecology of the Isle of Wight, particularly the red squirrel population.[66] Campaign group Pro-Link has put forward a number of plans to the Isle of Wight Infrastructure Task Force of the Isle of Wight council, including a £1.2 billion 4-mile (6.4 km) dual-carriageway tunnel between Whippingham on the isle and Gosport. The campaign group has proposed the project be initially run on a toll basis, but that it would have paid for itself after eighteen years. In 2017 Abel Connections Ltd released their plans for the project, "to create a new north-south axis through the centre of the Solent region by constructing a tunnel from the M27 east of junction 9 to the Whippingham roundabout on the Isle of Wight, with an additional access intersection 'cut and cover' portal near the mainland coast between Browndown and Meon."[67]

Isles of Scilly

  • Although bridges connecting some of the individual islands of the Isles of Scilly have been suggested at various points through history, the Cornwall Live newspaper ran a 2018 April Fools Day joke page suggesting that there was a secret plan to connect the Isles of Scilly to the mainland.[68]

See also

Existing British Isles Fixed Sea Links

Proposed Infrastructure and Megaprojects within the British Isles and associated areas

References

  1. ↑ "Bridge to Northern Ireland mooted". BBC News. 22 August 2007.
  2. 1 2 "Could a bridge or tunnel one day link Scotland with Ireland?". The Scotsman. 17 May 2016. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  3. 1 2 "Building bridges - literally: Unionists plan for link between Scotland and Ulster". Evening Times. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  4. ↑ "Free Marine Navigation Nautical Charts & Fishing Maps". iBoating. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  5. ↑ McKenzie, Steven (9 October 2011). "Scotland-Ireland undersea rail link plan 'a surprise'". BBC News – Highlands & Islands. Retrieved 5 February 2012.
  6. ↑ "Study backs bridge-tunnel structure between Northern Ireland and Scotland". belfasttelegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  7. ↑ "Scotland - Northern Ireland bridge: Boris Johnson to revive £20bn plan". www.scotsman.com. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  8. 1 2 Castella, Tom de (14 August 2013). "A bridge across the Irish Sea and four other amazing plans" – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  9. ↑ "Could a bridge or tunnel one day link Scotland with Ireland?".
  10. ↑ A Vision of Transport in Ireland in 2050, , The Irish Academy of Engineers, 21 December 2004.
  11. ↑ "Plans for a Bridge from Holy-Head to the Hill of Howth". The Anti-Union (20): 80. 9 February 1799. JSTOR 30059887.
  12. ↑ Hughes, Kyle (1 December 2013). The Scots in Victorian and Edwardian Belfast: A Study in Elite Migration. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 128, fn.39. ISBN 9780748679935. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  13. ↑ "Tunnel Under the Irish Sea". Irish Builder and Engineer. Howard MacGarvey & Sons. 27: 197. 15 July 1885.
  14. ↑ "Scotland-Ireland undersea rail link plan 'a surprise'". BBC News. 9 October 2011.
  15. ↑ "Tunnel Under the Sea", The Washington Post, 2 May 1897 (Archive link)
  16. ↑ "TUNNEL (IRELAND AND SCOTLAND)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 22 March 1897. pp. HC Deb vol 47 cc1125–6. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  17. ↑ "IRISH CHANNEL TUNNEL". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 23 February 1915. pp. HC Deb vol 70 c168. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  18. ↑ "TUNNEL TO IRELAND". HC Deb vol 110 c594. 22 October 1918. p. Hansard. Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  19. ↑ "North Channel Tunnel". Parliamentary Debates: The Senate. Vol. 38. Parliament of Northern Ireland. 1955. pp. 513–531.
  20. ↑ "An Irishman's Diary" by Wesley Boyd, (Link), The Irish Times, Feb 2004 (subscription required)
  21. ↑ "IRISH CHANNEL TUNNEL". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 23 March 1956. HC Deb vol 550 cc1641–88. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  22. ↑ "Irish Sea (Tunnel)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 4 February 1980. pp. HC Deb vol 978 c85W. Retrieved 25 September 2015. (Link has incorrect question; correct question is on preceding page with incorrect answer)
  23. ↑ "Written Answers. - Sea Transport". Dáil Éireann debates. 16 November 1988. pp. Vol. 384 No. 3. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  24. 1 2 "Plan to build rail tunnel under sea". 7 April 2000. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  25. ↑ "Written Answers — Ireland-UK Tunnel". Dáil debates. 29 March 2000. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  26. ↑ "Written Answers - Transport Projects". Dáil Éireann debates. 15 February 2005. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  27. ↑ "Could a bridge or tunnel one day link Scotland with Ireland?". The Scotsman. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  28. ↑ "Building bridges - literally: Unionists plan for link between Scotland and Ulster". Evening Times. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  29. ↑ "Election 2015: DUP votes 'may be vital' in forming government". BBC News. 21 April 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  30. 1 2 "Scotland to Northern Ireland bridge could be built between Larne and Dumfries and Galloway". Metro. 24 January 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  31. 1 2 Nutt, Kathleen. "Bridge from Scotland to Ireland could create 'Celtic powerhouse'". The National. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  32. ↑ Langford, Eleanor (10 February 2020). "Government officials begin work on Boris Johnson's plan for a Scotland-NI bridge, Number 10 confirms". PoliticsHome.
  33. ↑ Alison Campsie (5 September 2018). "New images of bridge to link Scotland with Northern Ireland released". The Scotsman. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  34. ↑ "Top architect insists Scotland - Northern Ireland bridge 'is feasible'". BBC News. 22 January 2018. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  35. ↑ "Irish Sea bridge: Scoping work begins on Boris Johnson's 'ambitious' idea". ITV News. 10 February 2020.
  36. ↑ Hope, Christopher (13 February 2021). "'Boris's Burrow tunnel' to Northern Ireland could get green light". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  37. ↑ Roach, April (14 February 2021). "Tunnel linking Scotland and Northern Ireland set to get green light". www.standard.co.uk. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  38. ↑ "'Boris's burrow': Tunnel linking Scotland and N Ireland backed by Scottish secretary Alister Jack". Sky News. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  39. ↑ Grierson, Jamie (14 February 2021). "Rail bosses plan to build Northern Ireland to Scotland tunnel". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  40. ↑ "Boris Johnson's Scotland-Northern Ireland tunnel plans axed". The Guardian. 14 September 2021. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  41. ↑ Shipman, Tim. "Tunnel vision: now PM sets his sights on a roundabout under the Isle of Man". The Times. ISSN 0140-0460. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  42. ↑ Ing, Will (22 February 2021). "Boris Johnson 'wants to build roundabout under the Isle of Man'". The Architects’ Journal. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  43. ↑ "Cost of £335bn bridge from NI to Scotland not justifiable, UK government says". The Irish Times. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  44. ↑ Halliday, Gillian (25 May 2021). "UK government idea for tunnel between Wales and Dublin 'best to ignore'". Irish Independent.
  45. ↑ Moore, Catherine (26 May 2021). "Wales to Ireland tunnel 'more attractive' than Scotland to Northern Ireland link". New Civil Engineer. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  46. ↑ "A bridge across the Irish Sea and four other amazing plans". BBC News. 14 August 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  47. ↑ David, Corrie; Williams, Kelly (24 May 2021). "50-mile tunnel from Holyhead to Dublin backed by UK Government". North Wales Live. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  48. ↑ Moore, Catherine (26 May 2021). "Wales to Ireland tunnel 'more attractive' than Scotland to Northern Ireland link". New Civil Engineer. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  49. ↑ "Whatever happened to... a gigantic underwater tunnel linking Ireland and the UK?". Fora.ie. 19 November 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
  50. ↑ "The Channel Tunnel infrastructure". Getlinkgroup.com. Accessed 24 June 2018.
  51. ↑ Millar, Stuart (6 January 2000). "Tunnel chiefs unveil road link to France". The Guardian.
  52. ↑ Mason, Rowena; Grierson, Jamie (19 January 2018). "No 10 unenthusiastic about Boris Johnson's Channel bridge plan". The Guardian.
  53. ↑ "Jersey-France tunnel plan talks". 14 July 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2018 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  54. ↑ "Bridge to France: Study next year?". jerseyeveningpost.com. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  55. ↑ "Un projet de tunnel pour relier Jersey à la Manche". Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  56. ↑ "jersey-guernsey-france tunnel proposed".
  57. ↑ "tunnel-to-jersey-to-cost-26bn-and-take-decade".
  58. ↑ "renewed calls for channel island tunnel after faroe islands success".
  59. ↑ "Architect proposes IoM-Scotland road-link". Manx Radio. 26 January 2018.
  60. ↑ Hughes, Lorna (14 April 2017). "Fictional Liverpool-Isle of Man bridge included in engineering textbook". Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  61. ↑ £100m tunnel to Orkney 'feasible' (10 March 2005)
  62. ↑ "Orkney bridge plan may end world's shortest flight". Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  63. 1 2 O'Donoghue, Daniel (19 April 2019). "MP calls for subsea tunnels to connect the Western Isles". The Press and Journal.
  64. ↑ "Outer Hebrides could be linked together by bridge plan". The Scotsman. 27 March 2018.
  65. ↑ Ferguson, Sarah (6 June 2019). "Tunnel and bridge plan to link Western Isles moves forward". The Press and Journal.
  66. ↑ Castella, Tom de (13 August 2013). "Could these five projects improve life in the UK?". Retrieved 24 June 2018 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  67. ↑ White, Jamie (19 May 2017). "Latest Isle Of Wight 'Fixed-Link' Plan Is Revealed - Isle Of Wight Radio". Retrieved 24 June 2018.
  68. ↑ Merrington, Jacqui (1 April 2018). "Secret Boris bridge plan to extend the A30 from Land's End to Scilly revealed". Cornwall Live.

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