An original bomb casing used as flower pot at the Halabja Memorial Monument in 2011

During the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988), Iraq engaged in chemical warfare against Iran on multiple occasions, including more than 30 targeted attacks on Iranian civilians. The Iraqi chemical weapons program, which had been active since the 1970s, was aimed at regulated offensive use, as evidenced in the chemical attacks against Iraqi Kurds as part of the Anfal campaign in the late 1980s. The Iraqis had also utilized chemical weapons against Iranian hospitals and medical centres.[1] According to a 2002 article in the American newspaper The Star-Ledger, 20,000 Iranian soldiers and combat medics were killed on the spot by nerve gas. As of 2002, 5,000 of the 80,000 survivors continue to seek regular medical treatment, while 1,000 are hospital inpatients.[2][3] Though the use of chemical weapons in international armed conflict was banned under the Geneva Protocol, much of the international community remained indifferent to the attacks; Iraq's military campaign in Iran was supported by the United States and the Soviet Union, both of whom had sought to contain Iranian influence after the Islamic Revolution of 1979.[4]

Background

After the 1973 Arab–Israeli War, Iraq decided to improve all aspects of its army. Iraqi General Ra'ad al-Hamdani stated that, in spite of careful analysis of the 1973 Arab–Israeli War, no clear progress in the Iraqi Army was achieved by the Ba'ath Party. In comparison to their Israeli counterparts, the Iraqi Army was faced with a significant deficit in technological expertise. In 1979, due to Saddam Hussein's policies as well as those of leading Ba'ath Party officials and senior military officers, the Iraqi Army underwent increasing politicization. There was a saying at the time, "better a good Ba'athist than a good soldier". During the early months of the Iran–Iraq War, Iraq attained successes because of Ba'ath Party interference and its attempts to improve the Iraqi Army, but the essential problem was that the military leaders did not have a clear strategy or operational aim for a war.[5]

Reporter Michael Dobbs of the Washington Post stated that Reagan's administration was well aware that the materials sold to Iraq would be used to manufacture chemical weapons for use in the war against Iran. He stated that Iraq's use of chemical weapons was "hardly a secret, with the Iraqi military issuing this warning in February 1984: 'The invaders should know that for every harmful insect, there is an insecticide capable of annihilating it ... and Iraq possesses this annihilation insecticide.'" According to Reagan's foreign policy, every attempt to save Iraq was necessary and legal.[4]

According to Iraqi documents, assistance in the development of chemical weapons was obtained from firms in many countries, including the United States, West Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and France. A report stated that Dutch, Australian, Italian, French and both West and East German companies were involved in the export of raw materials to Iraqi chemical weapons factories.[6]

History

Chemical weapons were employed by Iraqi forces against Iranian combatants and non-combatants during the Iran–Iraq war (1980–1988). These have been classified based on chemical composition and casualty-producing effects. The best-known substances used by the Iraqi army were organophosphate neurotoxins, known as nerve agents Tabun, Sarin, and mustard gas. According to Iraqi reports, in 1981 vomiting agents were used in initial and small-scale attacks. In August 1983, chemical weapons had been employed on the Piranshahr and Haji Omaran battlefields. Next, they were used on the Panjwin battlefield, in November 1983. The Iraqi army began extensive chemical attacks in 1984, by using tons of sulfur mustard and nerve agents on the Majnoon Islands.[1]

In 1986, the Iranian forces mounted an attack on the Faw Peninsula southeast of Basra and occupied the peninsula. This attack had not been anticipated by the Iraqi military, which did not prepare for an assault on the Faw Peninsula from across the Shatt Al-Arab. The integration and cooperation between the Iranian Army and various militias allowed them to organize operations during winter 1985–1986 carefully. As a result, Iraq's oil wells were in danger. Iraqi General Hamdani called the fighting for the liberation of the peninsula another "Battle of the Somme", where both militaries suffered huge losses. The chemical attacks played an important role in Iraq's success.[5][7] The chemical attacks took place until the last day of war, in August 1988.[8] During the eight-year Iran–Iraq War, more than 350 large-scale gas attacks were reported in the border areas.[1]

Attacks on civilians

Victims of Halabja chemical bombing

The Iraqi Army employed chemical weapons in attacks against combatants and non-combatants in border cities and villages and more than 30 attacks against Iranian civilians have been reported, as follows:[1]

There have been chemical attacks by the Iraqi army against medical centers and hospitals.[1]

Casualties

In a declassified 1991 report, the CIA estimated that Iran had suffered more than 50,000 casualties from Iraq's use of several chemical weapons,[9] though current estimates are more than 100,000, as the long-term effects continue to cause damage.[10] The official CIA estimate did not include the civilian population contaminated in bordering towns or the children and relatives of veterans, many of whom have developed blood, lung and skin complications, according to the Organization for Veterans of Iran. According to a 2002 article in the Star-Ledger, 20,000 Iranian soldiers were killed on the spot by nerve gas. As of 2002, 5,000 of the 80,000 survivors continue to seek regular medical treatment, with 1,000 being hospital inpatients.[2][3]

List of known Iraqi chemical attacks during Iran-Iraq War[11]
DateEventLocationTypeCasualties*
1983, AugustHaj Umranmustardless than 100 Iranian/Iraqi Kurd casualties
1983, October–NovemberPanjwinmustard3,000 Iranian/Iraqi Kurd casualties
1984, February–MarchOperation KheibarMajnoon Islandmustard2,500 Iranian casualties
1984, MarchOperation Badral-Basrahtabun50–100 Iranian casualties
1985, MarchBattle of the MarshesHawizah Marshmustard and tabun3,000 Iranian casualties
1986, FebruaryOperation Dawn 8al-Fawmustard and tabun8,000 to 10,000 Iranian casualties
1986, DecemberUmm ar-Rasasmustard1,000 Iranian casualties
1987, AprilSiege of Basra (Karbala-5)al-Basrahmustard and tabun5,000 Iranian casualties
1987, JuneChemical bombing of SardashtSardashtmustard8,000 Iranian civilians exposed
1987, OctoberSumar/Mehranmustard and nerve agent3,000 Iranian casualties
1988, MarchHalabja chemical attackHalabjah and villages around Marivanmustard and nerve agent1,000 Iranian civilian casualties
1988, AprilSecond Battle of al-Fawal-Fawmustard and nerve agent1,000 Iranian casualties
1988, MayFish Lake, Iraqmustard and nerve agent100 or 1,000 Iranian casualties
1988, JuneMajnoon Islandmustard and nerve agent100 or 1,000 Iranian casualties
1988, May–Junevillages around Sarpol-e Zahab, Gilan-e-gharb and OshnaviehIranian civilians
1988, JulyTawakalna ala Allah OperationsSouth-central bordermustard and nerve agent100 or 1,000 Iranian casualties
* The actual casualties may be much higher, as the latency period is as long as 40 years.[12]

International convention

An officer of the U.S. 25th Infantry Division patrolling a local cemetery for some 1,500 victims in 2003

Because of reports implying the use of chemical weapons by the Iraqi army, a presidential directive was issued by the U.S.[4] Iran asked the UN to engage in preventing Iraq from using chemical weapon agents, but there were no strong actions by the UN or other international organizations. UN specialist teams were dispatched to Iran at the request of the Iranian Government, in March 1984, April 1985, February–March 1986, April 1987, and in March, July and August 1988. As a result, according to the field inspections, clinical examinations of casualties and laboratory analyses of samples done by the UN fact-finding team's investigations, the use by the Iraqi army of mustard gas and nerve agents against Iranians was confirmed. The Security Council ratified these reports and two statements were issued, on 13 March 1984 and 21 March 1986, condemning Iraq for those chemical attacks, but the Iraqi regime did not abide by those condemnations and continued launching chemical attacks.[1]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Long Legacy" (PDF). cbrneworld. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  2. 1 2 Fassihi, Farnaz (27 October 2002). "In Iran, grim reminders of Saddam's arsenal". New Jersey Star-Ledger. Archived from the original on 15 February 2009.
  3. 1 2 Center for Documents of The Imposed War, Tehran. (مرکز مطالعات و تحقیقات جنگ)
  4. 1 2 3 Kessler, Glenn. "History lesson: When the United States looked the other way on chemical weapons". Washington Post.
  5. 1 2 Woods, Kevin M.; Murray, Williamson; Holaday, Thomas. "Saddam's war" (PDF). National Defense University Press. Institute for Defense Analyses. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
  6. ↑ "Iraqi Scientist Reports on German, Other Help for Iraq Chemical Weapons Program". Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  7. ↑ Hashmi, Sohail H.; Lee, Steven P. (2014). Ethics and Weapons of Mass Destruction: Religious and Secular Perspectives. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521545266.
  8. ↑ Croddy, Eric A.; Wirtz, James J.; Larsen, Jeffrey A. (2004). Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Encyclopedia of Worldwide Policy, Technology, and History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1851094905.
  9. ↑ Wright, Robin (2008). Dreams and Shadows: The Future of the Middle East. New York: Penguin Press. p. 438. ISBN 9781594201110.
  10. ↑ Rajaee, Farhang, ed. (1993). The Iran-Iraq War: The Politics of Aggression. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0813011776.
  11. ↑ Iraq's Chemical Warfare Program cia.gov
  12. ↑ Wright, Robin (20 January 2014). "Iran Still Haunted and Influenced By Chemical Weapons Attacks". Time. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
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