Instead of having a single "inventor", the Internet was developed by many people over many years. The following are some Internet pioneers who contributed to its early and ongoing development. These include early theoretical foundations, specifying original protocols, and expansion beyond a research tool to wide deployment.

The pioneers

J. C. R. Licklider

J. C. R. Licklider

Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider (1915–1990) was a faculty member of Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and researcher at Bolt, Beranek and Newman. He developed the idea of a universal network at the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) of the United States Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).[1][2] He headed IPTO from 1962 to 1963, and again from 1974 to 1975. His 1960 paper "Man-Computer Symbiosis" envisions that mutually-interdependent, "living together", tightly coupled human brains and computing machines would prove to complement each other's strengths.[3]

Paul Baran

Paul Baran (1926–2011) developed the field of redundant distributed networks while conducting research at RAND Corporation starting in 1959 when Baran began investigating the development of survivable communication networks. This led to a series of papers titled "On Distributed communications"[4] that in 1964 described a detailed architecture for a distributed survivable packet switched communications network.[1] In 2012, Baran was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

Donald Davies

Donald Davies (1924–2000) independently invented and named the concept of packet switching in 1965 at the United Kingdom's National Physical Laboratory (NPL).[6] In the same year, he proposed a national data network based on packet switching in the UK. After the proposal was not taken up nationally, during 1966 he headed a team which produced a design for a local area network to serve the needs of NPL and prove the feasibility of packet switching. He and his team were the first to describe the use of an "Interface computer" to act as a router in 1966;[7] one of the first to use the term 'protocol' in a data-commutation context in 1967;[8] and also carried out simulation work on packet networks, including datagram networks.[9][10]

In 1967, a written version of the proposal entitled NPL Data Network was presented by a member of his team (Roger Scantlebury) at the inaugural Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. Scantlebury suggested packet switching for use in the ARPANET; Larry Roberts incorporated it into the design and sought input from Paul Baran.[11][12][13] Davies gave the first public presentation on packet switching in 1968 and built the local area NPL network in England, influencing other research in the UK and Europe.[14] The NPL network and the ARPANET were the first two networks in the world to use packet switching and NPL was the first to use high-speed links.[15] In 2012, Davies was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5][16]

Charles M. Herzfeld

Charles M. Herzfeld (1925–2017) was an American scientist and scientific manager, best known for his time as Director of DARPA, during which, among other things, he personally took the decision to authorize the creation of the ARPANET, the predecessor of the Internet.

In 2012, Herzfeld was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

Bob Taylor

Robert W. Taylor (1932–2017) was director of ARPA's Information Processing Techniques Office from 1965 through 1969, where he convinced ARPA to fund a computer network.[17] From 1970 to 1983, he managed the Computer Science Laboratory of the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), where technologies such as Ethernet and the Xerox Alto were developed.[18] He was the founder and manager of Digital Equipment Corporation's Systems Research Center until 1996.[19] The 1968 paper, "The Computer as a Communication Device", that he wrote together with J.C.R. Licklider starts out: "In a few years, men will be able to communicate more effectively through a machine than face to face."[20] And while their vision would take more than "a few years", the paper lays out the future of what the Internet would eventually become.

Larry Roberts

Lawrence G. "Larry" Roberts (1937–2018) was an American computer scientist.[21] After earning his PhD in electrical engineering from MIT in 1963, Roberts continued to work at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory where in 1965 he connected Lincoln Lab's TX-2 computer to the SDC Q-32 computer in Santa Monica.[22] In 1967, he became a program manager in the ARPA Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), where he led the development of the ARPANET, the first wide area packet switching network. Roberts applied Donald Davies' concepts of packet switching for the ARPANET, and also sought input from Paul Baran. He asked Leonard Kleinrock to measure and model the network's performance.[11][6][12] After Robert Taylor left ARPA in 1969, Roberts became director of the IPTO. In 1973, he left ARPA to commercialize the nascent technology in the form of Telenet, the first data network utility, and served as its CEO from 1973 to 1980.[23] In 2012, Roberts was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

Leonard Kleinrock

Leonard Kleinrock (born 1934) published his first paper on queueing theory, "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets", in 1961. After completing his Ph.D. thesis in 1962, in which he applied queuing theory to message switching, he moved to UCLA. In 1969, under his supervision, a team at UCLA connected a computer to an Interface Message Processor, becoming the first node on ARPANET.[24] Building on his earlier work on queueing theory, Kleinrock carried out theoretical work to model the performance of packet-switched networks, which underpinned the development of the ARPANET.[11][15][6] His theoretical work on hierarchical routing in the late 1970s with student Farouk Kamoun remains critical to the operation of the Internet today. In 2012, Kleinrock was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

Bob Kahn

Bob Kahn

Robert E. "Bob" Kahn (born 1938) is an American engineer and computer scientist, who in 1974, along with Vint Cerf, invented the TCP/IP protocols.[25][26] After earning a Ph.D. degree from Princeton University in 1964, he worked for AT&T Bell Laboratories, as an assistant professor at MIT, and at Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN), where he helped develop the ARPANET IMP. In 1972, he began work at the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) within ARPA. In 1986 he left ARPA to found the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), a nonprofit organization providing leadership and funding for research and development of the National Information Infrastructure.[27]

Steve Crocker

Steve Crocker (born 1944) has worked in the ARPANET and Internet communities since their inception. As a UCLA graduate student in the 1960s, he helped create the ARPANET protocols which were the foundation for today's Internet.[28] He created the Request for Comments (RFC) series,[29] authoring the very first RFC and many more.[30] He was instrumental in creating the ARPA "Network Working Group", the forerunner of the modern Internet Engineering Task Force.

Crocker has been a program manager at the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), a senior researcher at USC's Information Sciences Institute, founder and director of the Computer Science Laboratory at The Aerospace Corporation and a vice president at Trusted Information Systems. In 1994, Crocker was one of the founders and chief technology officer of CyberCash, Inc. He has also been an IETF security area director, a member of the Internet Architecture Board, chair of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) Security and Stability Advisory Committee, a board member of the Internet Society and numerous other Internet-related volunteer positions. Crocker is chair of the board of ICANN.[31]

For this work, Crocker was awarded the 2002 IEEE Internet Award "for leadership in creation of key elements in open evolution of Internet protocols". In 2012, Crocker was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

Jon Postel

Jon Postel (1943–1998) was a researcher at the Information Sciences Institute. He was editor of all early Internet standards specifications, such as the RFC series, the creator of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol and the co-creator and longtime administrator of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. His beard and sandals made him "the most recognizable archetype of an Internet pioneer".[32]

The Internet Society's Postel Award is named in his honor, as is the Postel Center at Information Sciences Institute. His obituary was written by Vint Cerf and published as RFC 2468 in remembrance of Postel and his work. In 2012, Postel was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

Vint Cerf

Vint Cerf, September 2010

Vinton G. "Vint" Cerf (born 1943) is an American computer scientist.[33] He is recognized as one of "the fathers of the Internet",[34][35] sharing this title with Bob Kahn.[36][37]

He earned his Ph.D. from UCLA in 1972. At UCLA he worked in Professor Leonard Kleinrock's networking group that connected the first two nodes of the ARPANET and contributed to the ARPANET host-to-host protocol. Cerf was an assistant professor at Stanford University from 1972 to 1976, where he conducted research on packet network interconnection protocols and co-designed the DoD TCP/IP protocol suite with Bob Kahn. He was a program manager for the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) from 1976 to 1982. Cerf was instrumental in the formation of both the Internet Society and Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), serving as founding president of the Internet Society from 1992 to 1995 and in 1999 as chairman of the board and as ICANN Chairman from 2000 to 2007.[38] His many awards include the National Medal of Technology,[33] the Turing Award,[39] the Presidential Medal of Freedom,[40] and membership in the National Academy of Engineering and the Internet Society's Internet Hall of Fame.[5]

Jon Postel, c. 1994

Douglas Engelbart

Douglas Engelbart

Douglas Engelbart (1925–2013) was an early researcher at the Stanford Research Institute. His Augmentation Research Center laboratory became the second node on the ARPANET in October 1969, and SRI became the early Network Information Center, which evolved into the domain name registry.[41]

Engelbart was a committed, vocal proponent of the development and use of computers and computer networks to help cope with the world's increasingly urgent and complex problems.[42] He is best known for his work on the challenges of human–computer interaction, resulting in the invention of the computer mouse,[43] and the development of hypertext, networked computers, and precursors to graphical user interfaces.[44]

John Klensin

John Klensin's involvement with Internet began in 1969, when he worked on the File Transfer Protocol.[45] Klensin was involved in the early procedural and definitional work for DNS administration and top-level domain definitions and was part of the committee that worked out the transition of DNS-related responsibilities between USC-ISI and what became ICANN.[46]

His career includes 30 years as a principal research scientist at MIT, a stint as INFOODS Project Coordinator for the United Nations University, Distinguished Engineering Fellow at MCI WorldCom, and Internet Architecture Vice President at AT&T; he is now an independent consultant.[47] In 1992 Randy Bush and John Klensin created the Network Startup Resource Center,[48] helping dozens of countries to establish connections with FidoNet, UseNet, and when possible the Internet.

In 2003, he received an International Committee for Information Technology Standards Merit Award.[49] In 2007, he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery for contributions to networking standards and Internet applications.[50] In 2012, Klensin was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

Louis Pouzin

Louis Pouzin (born 1931) is a French computer scientist. He built the first implementation of a datagram packet communications network, CYCLADES, that demonstrated the feasibility of internetworking, which he called a "catenet".[51] Concepts from his work were used by Robert Kahn, Vinton Cerf, and others in the development of TCP/IP. In 1997, Pouzin received the ACM SIGCOMM Award for "pioneering work on connectionless packet communication".[52] Louis Pouzin was named a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor by the French government on 19 March 2003. In 2012, Pouzin was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

Peter Kirstein

Peter T. Kirstein (1933–2020) was a British computer scientist and a leader in the international development of the Internet.[53] In 1973, he established one of the first two international nodes of the ARPANET.[54] In 1978 he co-authored "Issues in packet-network interconnection" with Vint Cerf, one of the early technical papers on the internet concept.[55] His research group at University College London adopted TCP/IP in 1982, a year ahead of ARPANET, and played a significant role in the very earliest experimental Internet work.[56][57] Starting in 1983 he chaired the International Collaboration Board, which involved six NATO countries, served on the Networking Panel of the NATO Science Committee (serving as chair in 2001), and on Advisory Committees for the Australian Research Council, the Canadian Department of Communications, the German GMD, and the Indian Education and Research Network (ERNET) Project. He leads the Silk Project, which provides satellite-based Internet access to the Newly Independent States in the Southern Caucasus and Central Asia. In 2012, Kirstein was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

Elizabeth Feinler

Jake Feinler

Elizabeth J. "Jake" Feinler (born 1931) was a staff member of Doug Engelbart's Augmentation Research Center at SRI and PI for the Network Information Center (NIC) for the ARPANET and the Defense Data Network (DDN) from 1972 until 1989.[58][59] In 2012, Feinler was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

Yogen Dalal

Yogen K. Dalal,[60] also known as Yogin Dalal,[61] is an Indian electrical engineer and computer scientist.[60] He was an ARPANET pioneer,[62] and a key contributor to the development of internetworking protocols.[63] He co-authored the first Transmission Control Program specification,[64] with Vint Cerf and Carl Sunshine between 1973 and 1974. It was published as RFC 675 (Specification of Internet Transmission Control Program) in December 1974.[65] It first used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking, and later RFCs repeated this use.[66] Dalal later proposed splitting Transmission Control Program into Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol between 1976 and 1977, leading to the development of TCP/IP.[62][63] He also worked at Xerox PARC,[63] where he contributed to the development of the Ethernet,[60] the Xerox Network Systems (XNS),[63] and the Xerox Star.[60]

After receiving a B.Tech in Electrical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,[60] he went to the United States to study for a master's degree at Stanford University in 1972 and then a PhD in 1973.[67] His interest in data communication as a graduate student led him to working with new professor Vint Cerf as a teaching assistant in 1972, and then as a research assistant while studying for his PhD. In Summer 1973, while Cerf and Bob Kahn were attempting to formulate an internetworking protocol, Dalal joined their research team to assist them on developing what eventually became Transmission Control Program.[67] After co-authoring the first internet protocol with Cerf and Sunshine in 1974, Dalal received his PhD in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science,[60] and remained active in the development of TCP/IP at Stanford for several years.[67] Between 1976 and 1977, Dalal proposed separating Transmission Control Program's routing and transmission control functions into two discrete layers,[62] which led to the splitting of Transmission Control Program into the Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol.[63]

Due to his experience in communication protocols, several key researchers were greatly interested in recruiting him, including Bob Kahn's ARPANET team at DARPA, Ray Tomlinson at BBN, Bob Taylor's team at Xerox PARC, and Steve Crocker at the Information Sciences Institute (ISI).[61] In early 1977, Dalal joined Robert Metcalfe's team at Xerox PARC, where he worked on the development of the Xerox Network Systems.[67] He also worked on the 10 Mbps Ethernet Specification at Xerox PARC, along with DEC and Intel, leading to the IEEE 802.3 LAN standard.[63]

He later left Xerox, and became a founding member of the startup tech companies Claris and Metaphor Computer Systems in the early 1980s. He later became a managing partner of Mayfield, and joined the Board of Directors at several tech companies including Narus and Nuance.[60] In 2005, he was recognized by Stanford as one of the pioneers of the Internet.[68]

Steve Crocker

Danny Cohen

Danny Cohen (1937–2019) led several projects on real-time interactive applications over the ARPANet and the Internet starting in 1973.[69] After serving on the computer science faculty at Harvard University (1969–1973) and Caltech (1976), he joined the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) at University of Southern California (USC). At ISI (1973–1993) he started many network related projects including, one to allow interactive, real-time speech over the ARPANet, packet-voice, packet-video, and Internet Concepts.[70] In 1981 he adapted his visual flight simulator to run over the ARPANet, the first application of packet switching networks to real-time applications. In 1993, he worked on Distributed Interactive Simulation through several projects funded by United States Department of Defense. He is probably best known for his 1980 paper "On Holy Wars and a Plea for Peace"[71] which adopted the terminology of endianness for computing.

Cohen was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2006 for contributions to the advanced design, graphics, and real-time network protocols of computer systems[72] and as an IEEE Fellow in 2010 for contributions to protocols for packet switching in real-time applications.[73] In 1993 he received a United States Air Force Meritorious Civilian Service Award. And in 2012, Cohen was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

Farber in 2008

David J. Farber

Starting in the 1980s Dave Farber (born 1934) helped conceive and organize the major American research networks CSNET, NSFNET, and the National Research and Education Network (NREN). He helped create the NSF/DARPA-funded Gigabit Network Test bed Initiative and served as the Chairman of the Gigabit Test bed Coordinating Committee. He also served as Chief Technologist at the US Federal Communications Commission (2000–2001) and is a founding editor of ICANNWatch.[74]

Farber is an IEEE Fellow, ACM Fellow, recipient of the 1995 SIGCOMM Award for vision and breadth of contributions to and inspiration of others in computer networks, distributed computing, and network infrastructure development,[75] and the 1996 John Scott Award for seminal contributions to the field of computer networks and distributed computer systems. He served on the board of directors of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the Electronic Privacy Information Center advisory board, the Board of Trustees of the Internet Society, and as a member of the Presidential Advisory Committee on High Performance Computing and Communications, Information Technology and Next Generation Internet.

On 3 August 2013, Farber was inducted into the Pioneers Circle of the Internet Hall of Fame for his key role in many systems that converged into today's Internet.[76]

Paul Mockapetris

Paul V. Mockapetris (born 1948), while working with Jon Postel at the Information Sciences Institute (ISI) in 1983, proposed the Domain Name System (DNS) architecture.[77][78] He was IETF chair from 1994 to 1996.[79]

Mockapetris received the 1997 John C. Dvorak Telecommunications Excellence Award "Personal Achievement - Network Engineering" for DNS design and implementation, the 2003 IEEE Internet Award for his contributions to DNS, and the Distinguished Alumnus award from the University of California, Irvine. In May 2005, he received the ACM Sigcomm lifetime award. In 2012, Mockapetris was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

David Clark

We reject: kings, presidents and voting.
We believe in: rough consensus and running code.
    -Dave Clark at IETF 24 [80]

David D. Clark (born 1944) is an American computer scientist.[81] During the period of tremendous growth and expansion of the Internet from 1981 to 1989, he acted as chief protocol architect in the development of the Internet, and chaired the Internet Activities Board, which later became the Internet Architecture Board. He is currently a senior research scientist at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.

In 1990 Clark was awarded the ACM SIGCOMM Award "in recognition of his major contributions to Internet protocol and architecture."[82] In 1998 he received the IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal "for leadership and major contributions to the architecture of the Internet as a universal information medium".[83] In 2001 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery for "his preeminent role in the development of computer communication and the Internet, including architecture, protocols, security, and telecommunications policy".[84] In 2001, he was awarded the Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology in Telluride, Colorado,[85] and in 2011 the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford "in recognition of his intellectual and institutional contributions to the advance of the Internet."[86]

Joyce K. Reynolds

Joyce K. Reynolds (1952–2015) was an American computer scientist and served as part of the editorial team of the RFC series from 1987 to 2006. She performed the IANA function with Jon Postel until this was transferred to ICANN, then worked with ICANN in this role until 2001, while remaining an employee of ISI.[87]

As Area Director of the User Services area, she was a member of the Internet Engineering Steering Group of the IETF from 1990 to March 1998.[88]

Together with Bob Braden, she received the 2006 Postel Award in recognition of her services to the Internet.[89] She is mentioned, along with a brief biography, in RFC 1336, Who's Who in the Internet (1992).[90]

Susan Estrada

Susan Estrada founded CERFnet, one of the original regional IP networks, in 1988. Through her leadership and collaboration with PSINet and UUnet, Estrada helped form the interconnection enabling the first commercial Internet traffic via the Commercial Internet Exchange.[91][92] She wrote Connecting to the Internet in 1993 and she was inducted to the Internet Hall of Fame in 2014. She is on the Board of Trustees of the Internet Society.

Dave Mills

Network Time Protocol Public Services Project logo
Network Time Protocol Public Services Project logo[93]

David L. Mills (born 1938) is an American computer engineer.[94] Mills earned his PhD in Computer and Communication Sciences from the University of Michigan in 1971. While at Michigan he worked on the ARPA sponsored Conversational Use of Computers (CONCOMP) project and developed DEC PDP-8 based hardware and software to allow terminals to be connected over phone lines to an IBM System/360 mainframe computer.[95][96]

Mills was the chairman of the Gateway Algorithms and Data Structures Task Force (GADS) and the first chairman of the Internet Architecture Task Force.[97] He invented the Network Time Protocol (1981),[98][99] the DEC LSI-11 based fuzzball router that was used for the 56 kbit/s NSFNET (1985),[100] the Exterior Gateway Protocol (1984),[101] and inspired the author of ping (1983).[102] He is an emeritus professor at the University of Delaware.

In 1999 he was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery, and in 2002, as a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). In 2008, Mills was elected to the National Academy of Engineering (NAE). In 2013 he received the IEEE Internet Award "For significant leadership and sustained contributions in the research, development, standardization, and deployment of quality time synchronization capabilities for the Internet."[103]

Radia Perlman

Radia Perlman

Radia Joy Perlman (born 1951) is the software designer and network engineer who developed the spanning-tree protocol which is fundamental to the operation of network bridges.[104] She also played an important role in the development of link-state routing protocols such as IS-IS (which had a significant influence on OSPF).[105] In 2010 she received the ACM SIGCOMM Award "for her fundamental contributions to the Internet routing and bridging protocols that we all use and take for granted every day."[106]

Dennis M. Jennings

Dennis M. Jennings is an Irish physicist, academic, Internet pioneer, and venture capitalist. In 1984, the National Science Foundation (NSF) began construction of several regional supercomputing centers to provide very high-speed computing resources for the US research community. In 1985 NSF hired Jennings to lead the establishment of the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET) to link five of the super-computing centers to enable sharing of resources and information. Jennings made three critical decisions that shaped the subsequent development of NSFNET:[107]

  • that it would be a general-purpose research network, not limited to connection of the supercomputers;
  • it would act as the backbone for connection of regional networks at each supercomputing site; and
  • it would use the ARPANET's TCP/IP protocols.

Jennings was also actively involved in the start-up of research networks in Europe (European Academic Research Network, EARN - President; EBONE - Board member) and Ireland (HEAnet - initial proposal and later board member). He chaired the Board and General Assembly of the Council of European National Top Level Domain Registries (CENTR) from 1999 to early 2001 and was actively involved in the start-up of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). He was a member of the ICANN Board from 2007 to 2010, serving as vice-chair in 2009–2010.[108] In April 2014 Jennings was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame.[109]

Steve Wolff

NSFNET logo, c. 1987

Stephen "Steve" Wolff participated in the development of ARPANET while working for the U.S. Army.[110] In 1986 he became Division Director for Networking and Communications Research and Infrastructure at the National Science Foundation (NSF) where he managed the development of NSFNET.[111] He also conceived the Gigabit Testbed, a joint NSF-DARPA project to prove the feasibility of IP networking at gigabit speeds.[112] His work at NSF transformed the fledgling internet from a narrowly focused U.S. government project into the modern Internet with scholarly and commercial interest for the entire world.[113] In 1994 he left NSF to join Cisco as a technical manager in Corporate Consulting Engineering.[110] In 2011 he became the CTO at Internet2.[114]

In 2002 the Internet Society recognized Wolff with its Postel Award. When presenting the award, Internet Society (ISOC) President and CEO Lynn St. Amour said "…Steve helped transform the Internet from an activity that served the specific goals of the research community to a worldwide enterprise which has energized scholarship and commerce throughout the world."[115] The Internet Society also recognized Wolff in 1994 for his courage and leadership in advancing the Internet.[115]

Sally Floyd

Sally Floyd (1950–2019) was an American engineer recognized for her extensive contributions to Internet architecture and her work in identifying practical ways to control and stabilize Internet congestion.[116] She invented the random early detection active queue management scheme, which has been implemented in nearly all commercially available routers, and devised the now-common method of adding delay jitter to message timers to avoid synchronization collisions.[117] Floyd, with Vern Paxson, in 1997 identified the lack of knowledge of network topology as the major obstacle in understanding how the Internet works.[118] This paper, "Why We Don't Know How to Simulate the Internet", was re-published as "Difficulties in Simulating the Internet" in 2001 and won the IEEE Communication Society's William R. Bennett Prize Paper Award.

Floyd was also a co-author on the standard for TCP Selective acknowledgement (SACK), Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN), the Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP) and TCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC).

She received the IEEE Internet Award in 2005 and the ACM SIGCOMM Award in 2007 for her contributions to congestion control.[116] She has been involved in the Internet Advisory Board, and, as of 2007, was one of the top-ten most cited researchers in computer science.[116]

Van Jacobson

Van Jacobson in January 2006

Van Jacobson is an American computer scientist, best known for his work on TCP/IP network performance and scaling.[119] His work redesigning TCP/IP's flow control algorithms (Jacobson's algorithm)[120][121] to better handle congestion is said to have saved the Internet from collapsing in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[122] He is also known for the TCP/IP Header Compression protocol described in RFC 1144: Compressing TCP/IP Headers for Low-Speed Serial Links, popularly known as Van Jacobson TCP/IP Header Compression. He is co-author of several widely used network diagnostic tools, including traceroute, tcpdump, and pathchar. He was a leader in the development of the multicast backbone (MBone) and the multimedia tools vic,[123] vat,[124] and wb.[125]

For his work, Jacobson received the 2001 ACM SIGCOMM Award for Lifetime Achievement,[119] the 2003 IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award,[122] and was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2006.[126] In 2012, Jacobson was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

Ted Nelson

Ted Nelson

Theodor Holm "Ted" Nelson (born 1937) is an American sociologist and philosopher. In 1960 he founded Project Xanadu with the goal of creating a computer network with a simple user interface. Project Xanadu was to be a worldwide electronic publishing system using hypertext linking that would have created a universal library.[127] In 1963 he coined the terms "hypertext" and "hypermedia". In 1974 he wrote and published two books in one, Computer Lib/Dream Machines,[128] that has been hailed as "the most important book in the history of new media."[129] His grand ideas from the 1960s and 1970s never became completed projects.

Tim Berners-Lee

The Web's historic logo designed by Robert Cailliau

Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee (born 1955) is a British physicist and computer scientist.[130] In 1980, while working at CERN, he proposed a project using hypertext to facilitate sharing and updating information among researchers.[131] While there, he built a prototype system named ENQUIRE.[132] Back at CERN in 1989 he conceived of and, in 1990, together with Robert Cailliau, created the first client and server implementations for what became the World Wide Web. Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), a standards organization which oversees and encourages the Web's continued development, co-director of the Web Science Trust, and founder of the World Wide Web Foundation.[133]

In 1994, Berners-Lee became one of only six members of the World Wide Web Hall of Fame.[134] In 2004, Berners-Lee was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his pioneering work.[135] In April 2009, he was elected a foreign associate of the United States National Academy of Sciences, based in Washington, D.C.[136][137] In 2012, Berners-Lee was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

Robert Cailliau

Robert Cailliau, 1995

Robert Cailliau (French: [kaˈjo], born 1947), is a Belgian informatics engineer and computer scientist who, working with Tim Berners-Lee and Nicola Pellow at CERN, developed the World Wide Web.[138] In 2012 he was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.[5]

Nicola Pellow

Nicola Pellow and Tim Berners-Lee in their office at CERN, 1992

Nicola Pellow, one of the nineteen members of the WWW Project at CERN working with Tim Berners-Lee, is recognized for developing the first cross-platform internet browser, Line Mode Browser, that displayed web-pages on dumb terminals and was released in May 1991.[139] She joined the project in November 1990, while an undergraduate math student enrolled in a sandwich course at Leicester Polytechnic (now De Montfort University).[139][140] She left CERN at the end of August 1991, but returned after graduating in 1992, and worked with Robert Cailliau on MacWWW,[141] the first web browser for the classic Mac OS.[142][138]

Mark P. McCahill

Mark P. McCahill (born 1956) is an American programmer and systems architect. While working at the University of Minnesota he led the development of the Gopher protocol (1991), the effective predecessor of the World Wide Web, and contributed to the development and popularization of a number of other Internet technologies from the 1980s.[143][144][145]

Simon S. Lam

Simon S. Lam in June 2009

Simon S. Lam (born 1947) is an American computer scientist. He was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame (2023) by the Internet Society for “inventing secure sockets in 1991 and implementing the first secure sockets layer, named SNP, in 1993.”[146]

In 1990, while a professor at University of Texas at Austin, he was inspired after writing a paper on formal semantics of upper and lower interfaces of a protocol layer [147] and he conceived the idea of a new security sublayer in the Internet protocol stack. The new sublayer, at the bottom of the Application layer, would make use of transport layer sockets for data transfer and offer corresponding secure sockets to application processes. This way, application programmers do not need to know much about implementation details for security. Also, the upper interface of the sublayer would enable implementation changes in the future.

Lam’s idea of a sublayer which offers a “secure sockets interface” to applications was novel and a radical departure from contemporary security research for Internet applications (e.g., MIT’s Kerberos, 1988-1992). Lam wrote a proposal to the NSA University Research Program, which was funded for two years.[148] By early 1993, Lam, with the help of 3 graduate students (Woo, Bindignavle, and Su), designed and implemented the first secure sockets layer, named Secure Network Programming (SNP). They demonstrated SNP to their NSA program manager when he visited UT-Austin in June 1993. They also published and presented SNP in the USENIX Summer Technical Conference on June 8, 1994, including its architecture, system design, and performance evaluation results to demonstrate its efficiency and practicality [149][150]

SNP was created for Internet applications in general, concurrently and independently of the invention and development of WWW, which had only dozens of servers worldwide in early 1993. Subsequent secure sockets layers, SSL and TLS, developed years later, follow the same architecture and key ideas of SNP. Today’s TLS 1.3 is used for all e-commerce applications (banking, shopping, etc.), for email, and many other Internet applications.

Lam and his students won the 2004 ACM Software System Award for SNP. He received the 2004 ACM SIGCOMM Award for lifetime contribution to the field of communication networks. He was inducted into the National Academy of Engineering in 2007.

Marc Andreessen

Marc Andreessen, 2007

Marc L. Andreessen (born 1971) is an American software engineer, entrepreneur, and investor. Working with Eric Bina while at NCSA, he co-authored Mosaic, the first widely used web browser. He is also co-founder of Netscape Communications Corporation.[151]

Eric Bina

Eric J. Bina (born 1964) is an American computer programmer. In 1993, together with Marc Andreessen, he authored the first version of Mosaic while working at NCSA at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.[134] Mosaic is famed as the first killer application that popularized the Internet. He is also a co-founder of Netscape Communications Corporation.[152]

Birth of the Internet plaque

A plaque commemorating the "Birth of the Internet" was dedicated at a conference on the history and future of the internet on 28 July 2005 and is displayed at the Gates Computer Science Building, Stanford University.[153] The text printed and embossed in black into the brushed bronze surface of the plaque reads:[154]

BIRTH OF THE INTERNET

THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE INTERNET AND THE DESIGN OF
THE CORE NETWORKING PROTOCOL TCP (WHICH LATER BECAME TCP/IP)
WERE CONCEIVED BY VINTON G. CERF AND ROBERT E. KAHN DURING 1973
WHILE CERF WAS AT STANFORD'S DIGITAL SYSTEMS LABORATORY AND
KAHN WAS AT ARPA (LATER DARPA). IN THE SUMMER OF 1976, CERF LEFT STANFORD
TO MANAGE THE PROGRAM WITH KAHN AT ARPA.

THEIR WORK BECAME KNOWN IN SEPTEMBER 1973 AT A NETWORKING CONFERENCE IN ENGLAND.
CERF AND KAHN'S SEMINAL PAPER WAS PUBLISHED IN MAY 1974.

CERF, YOGEN K. DALAL, AND CARL SUNSHINE
WROTE THE FIRST FULL TCP SPECIFICATION IN DECEMBER 1974.
WITH THE SUPPORT OF DARPA, EARLY IMPLEMENTATIONS OF TCP (AND IP LATER)
WERE TESTED BY BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN (BBN),
STANFORD, AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON DURING 1975.

BBN BUILT THE FIRST INTERNET GATEWAY, NOW KNOWN AS A ROUTER, TO LINK NETWORKS TOGETHER.
IN SUBSEQUENT YEARS, RESEARCHERS AT MIT AND USC-ISI, AMONG MANY OTHERS,
PLAYED KEY ROLES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SET OF INTERNET PROTOCOLS.

KEY STANFORD RESEARCH ASSOCIATES AND FOREIGN VISITORS

VINTON CERF
DAG BELSNES JAMES MATHIS
RONALD CRANE JUNIOR BOB METCALFE
YOGEN DALAL DARRYL RUBIN
JUDITH ESTRIN JOHN SHOCH
RICHARD KARP CARL SUNSHINE

GERARD LE LANN KUNINOBU TANNO

DARPA
ROBERT KAHN

COLLABORATING GROUPS

BOLT BERANEK AND NEWMAN
WILLIAM PLUMMER • GINNY STRAZISAR • RAY TOMLINSON

MIT
NOEL CHIAPPA • DAVID CLARK • STEPHEN KENT • DAVID P. REED

NDRE
YNGVAR LUNDH • PAAL SPILLING

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON
FRANK DEIGNAN • MARTINE GALLAND • PETER HIGGINSON
ANDREW HINCHLEY • PETER KIRSTEIN • ADRIAN STOKES

USC-ISI
ROBERT BRADEN • DANNY COHEN • DANIEL LYNCH • JON POSTEL

ULTIMATELY, THOUSANDS IF NOT TENS TO HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS
HAVE CONTRIBUTED THEIR EXPERTISE TO THE EVOLUTION OF THE INTERNET.

DEDICATED 28 July 2005

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Stewart, Bill. "Internet History". Living Internet web book. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
  2. ↑ Hauben, Jay R. "JCR Licklider (1915-1990)". Columbia University. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
  3. ↑ "Man-Computer Symbiosis" Archived 3 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine, J.C.R. Licklider, IRE Transactions on Human Factors in Electronics, vol. HFE-1, pp.4-11, Mar 1960
  4. ↑ "About RAND | History and Mission | Paul Baran: Publications on Distributed Communications". Rand.org. 23 December 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 2012 Inductees, Internet Hall of Fame website. Last accessed 24 April 2012
  6. 1 2 3 Isaacson, Walter (2014). The Innovators: How a Group of Hackers, Geniuses, and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution. Simon & Schuster. p. 237. ISBN 9781476708690.
  7. ↑ Roberts, Dr. Lawrence G. (May 1995). "The ARPANET & Computer Networks". Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016. Then in June 1966, Davies wrote a second internal paper, "Proposal for a Digital Communication Network" In which he coined the word packet,- a small sub part of the message the user wants to send, and also introduced the concept of an "Interface computer" to sit between the user equipment and the packet network.
  8. ↑ Naughton, John (24 September 2015). A Brief History of the Future. Orion. ISBN 978-1-4746-0277-8.
  9. ↑ C. Hempstead; W. Worthington (2005). Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology. Routledge. ISBN 9781135455514.
  10. ↑ Pelkey, James. "6.3 CYCLADES Network and Louis Pouzin 1971-1972". Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications 1968-1988.
  11. 1 2 3 Gillies, James; Cailliau, Robert (2000). How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web. Oxford University Press. p. 25. ISBN 0192862073.
  12. 1 2 Abbate, Jane (2000). Inventing the Internet. MIT Press. pp. 37–8. ISBN 0262261332.
  13. ↑ Scantlebury, Roger (25 June 2013). "Internet pioneers airbrushed from history". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  14. ↑ "The accelerator of the modern age". BBC News. 5 August 2008. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
  15. 1 2 C. Hempstead; W. Worthington (2005). Encyclopedia of 20th-Century Technology. Routledge. ISBN 9781135455514.
  16. ↑ Trevor Harris, University of Wales (2009). "Who is the Father of the Internet?". Variety in Mass Communication Research.
  17. ↑ Markoff, John (13 April 2017). "Robert Taylor, Innovator Who Shaped Modern Computing, Dies at 85". New York Times.
  18. ↑ Softky, Marion (11 October 2000). "Building the Internet: Bob Taylor won the National Medal of Technology "For visionary leadership in the development of modern computing technology"". The California Almanac. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
  19. ↑ Naughton, John (5 October 2000). A Brief History of the Future: Origins of the Internet. Phoenix. ISBN 978-0-7538-1093-4.
  20. ↑ Licklider, J.C.R.; Taylor, Robert (April 1968). "The Computer as a Communication Device". Science and Technology.
  21. ↑ "2001 Draper Prize Recipients' Bios". National Academy of Engineering. 2001.
  22. ↑ McHugh, Josh (May 2001). "The n -Dimensional Superswitch". Wired Magazine.
  23. ↑ Port, Otis (27 September 2004). "Larry Roberts:He made the Net Work". Business Week. Archived from the original on 22 September 2004.
  24. ↑ Kleinrock, Leonard (27 August 1996). "Leonard Kleinrock's Personal History/Biography: The Birth of the Internet". Retrieved 30 March 2011.
  25. ↑ "Robert E Kahn". A. M. Turing Award. ACM. 2004. Archived from the original on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 23 January 2010. For pioneering work on internetworking, including the design and implementation of the Internet's basic communications protocols, TCP/IP, and for inspired leadership in networking.
  26. ↑ "IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal". Ieee.org. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  27. ↑ "CNRI Officers and Directors". CNRI. Retrieved 25 February 2009.
  28. ↑ Lyon, Matthew (Fall 1997). "Wired!". UCLA Magazine.
  29. ↑ RFC 2468
  30. ↑ RFC 1
  31. ↑ "ICANN news release". June 2011.
  32. ↑ "A ten year tribute to Jon Postel: An Internet visionary, 1943-1998". Internet Society. 16 October 2008. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
  33. 1 2 Cerf's curriculum vitae as of February 2001, attached to a transcript of his testimony that month before the United States House Energy Subcommittee on Telecommunications and the Internet, from ICANN's website
  34. ↑ (see Interview with Vinton Cerf Archived 9 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine, from a January 2006 article in Government Computer News), Cerf is willing to call himself one of the Internet's fathers, citing Bob Kahn and Leonard Kleinrock in particular as being others with whom he should share that title.
  35. ↑ Cerf, V. G. (2009). "The day the Internet age began". Nature. 461 (7268): 1202–1203. Bibcode:2009Natur.461.1202C. doi:10.1038/4611202a. PMID 19865146. S2CID 205049153.
  36. ↑ "ACM Turing Award, list of recipients". Awards.acm.org. Archived from the original on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  37. ↑ "IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal". Ieee.org. 7 July 2009. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
  38. ↑ "Vinton G. Cerf's biography at the Internet Society". Icann.org. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  39. ↑ Cerf wins Turing Award 16 February 2005
  40. ↑ 2005 Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients from the White House website
  41. ↑ Leiner, Barry M.; Cerf, Vinton G.; Clark, David D.; Kahn, Robert E.; Kleinrock, Leonard; Lynch, Daniel C.; Postel, Jon; Roberts, Larry G.; Wolff, Stephen. "A Brief History of the Internet". Internet Society. Retrieved 30 March 2011.
  42. ↑ "The Unfinished Revolution II: Strategy and Means for Coping with Complex Problems". Colloquium at Stanford University. The Doug Engelbart Institute. April 2000. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  43. ↑ Hermida, Alfred (5 November 2001). "Mouse inventor strives for more". BBC News Online. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  44. ↑ List of Internet pioneers author profile page at the ACM Digital Library
  45. ↑ "Internet Experts selected to fill top organizational posts". ISOC. 3 April 1998. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  46. ↑ "John Klensin biographical sketch", Internet Hall of Fame, Internet Society, 2012
  47. ↑ "Biography of John Klensin at the ICANN web site". Retrieved 17 June 2008.
  48. ↑ "About the Network Startup Resource Center". NSRC. 1992. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
  49. ↑ "INCITS Awards Honor Roll". INCITS. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
  50. ↑ "List of 2007 ACM Fellows inductees". Retrieved 17 June 2008.
  51. ↑ "Biography of Louis Pouzin, 1999 SIGCOMM Award Winner", ACM SIGCOMM web site
  52. ↑ "Postel and Pouzin: 1997 SIGCOMM Award Winners", ACM SIGCOMM web site
  53. ↑ "Peter T. Kirsten recognized with the Internet Society's Postel Award" Archived 6 September 2005 at the Wayback Machine, 16 July 2003, Press Release, Internet Society
  54. ↑ "Peter Kirstein's International Activities", University College London web page
  55. ↑ Cerf, V.G. (1978). "Issues in packet-network interconnection". Proceedings of the IEEE. 66 (11): 1386–1408. doi:10.1109/PROC.1978.11147. S2CID 27658511.
  56. ↑ Martin, Olivier (2012). The "Hidden" Prehistory of European Research Networking. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 978-1466938724.
  57. ↑ Kirstein, Peter T. "Early experiences with the ARPANET and Internet in the UK". Department of Computer Science, Systems and Networks Research Group, University College London. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
  58. ↑ Oral History of Elizabeth (Jake) Feinler Archived 11 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Interviewed by Marc Weber, 10 September 2009, Reference no: X5378.2009, Computer History Museum, 49 pp.
  59. ↑ "Alumni Hall of Fame: Elizabeth J. Feinler". SRI International. Archived from the original on 1 February 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Yogen Dalal". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
  61. 1 2 Pelkey, James L. (2007). "6.9 – Metcalfe Joins the Systems Development Division of Xerox 1975-1978". Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications, 1968-1988. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  62. 1 2 3 Panzaris, Georgios (2008). Machines and romances: the technical and harrative construction of networked computing as a general-purpose platform, 1960-1995. Stanford University. p. 128. Despite the misgivings of Xerox Corporation (which intended to make PUP the basis of a proprietary commercial networking product), researchers at Xerox PARC, including ARPANET pioneers Robert Metcalfe and Yogen Dalal, shared the basic contours of their research with colleagues at TCP and lnternet working group meetings in 1976 and 1977, suggesting the possible benefits of separating TCPs routing and transmission control functions into two discrete layers.
  63. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pelkey, James L. (2007). "Yogen Dalal". Entrepreneurial Capitalism and Innovation: A History of Computer Communications, 1968-1988. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  64. ↑ Bhatt, Kamla (10 November 2008). "Interview with Yogen Dalal: Part 1". Mint. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  65. ↑ Cerf, Vinton; Dalal, Yogen; Sunshine, Carl (December 1974), RFC 675, Specification of Internet Transmission Control Protocol
  66. ↑ Leiner, Barry M.; Cerf, Vinton G.; Clark, David D.; Kahn, Robert E.; Kleinrock, Leonard; Lynch, Daniel C.; Postel, Jon; Roberts, Larry G.; Wolff, Stephen (2003). "A Brief History of Internet". Internet Society. p. 1011. arXiv:cs/9901011. Bibcode:1999cs........1011L. Archived from the original on 4 June 2007. Retrieved 28 May 2009.
  67. 1 2 3 4 Pelkey, James L. (2 August 1988). Interview of Yogen Dalal (PDF). Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  68. ↑ "Yogen Dalal's Contribution to Internet Protocol Recognized by Stanford University School of Engineering; Dalal Named on Plaque, Kapoor Moderates Digital Media Discussion at Stanford Conference on Net's Future". Business Wire. 25 July 2005. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
  69. ↑ "Danny Cohen biography", Internet Hall of Fame, Internet Society, accessed 14 July 2012
  70. ↑ "RFC 0741: Specifications for the Network Voice Protocol (NVP)", 22 Nov 1977.
  71. ↑ Cohen, Danny (1 April 1980). On Holy Wars and a Plea for Peace. IETF. IEN 137. ...which bit should travel first, the bit from the little end of the word, or the bit from the big end of the word? The followers of the former approach are called the Little-Endians, and the followers of the latter are called the Big-Endians. Also published at IEEE Computer, October 1981 issue.
  72. ↑ National Academy of Engineering member Archived 28 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine, 2006
  73. ↑ IEEE Fellow Archived 16 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, 2010
  74. ↑ "About Us". ICANNWatch. Retrieved 2 March 2014.
  75. ↑ "SIGCOMM Award Recipients". sigcomm.org. SIGCOMM. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
  76. ↑ "Internet Hall of Fame Announces 2013 Inductees". Internet Hall of Fame. 26 June 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2013.
  77. ↑ RFC 882 - Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities, November 1983
  78. ↑ RFC 883 - Domain Names - Implementation and Specification, November 1983
  79. ↑ Biography of Paul Mockapetris Archived 30 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Nominum web site
  80. ↑ "A Cloudy Crystal Ball -- Visions of the Future" (PDF). 16 July 1992. p. 551. Retrieved 5 March 2011. (Presentation given at the 24th Internet Engineering Task Force.)
  81. ↑ David Clark's Biography, MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
  82. ↑ "SIGCOMM Award Recipients", ACM, retrieved 5 March 2013
  83. ↑ "IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal Recipients" (PDF). IEEE. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
  84. ↑ "ACM Fellow Citation for David D. Clark", ACM, 2001, retrieved 5 March 2013
  85. ↑ "Telluride Tech Festival Award of Technology: Past Honorees" Archived 17 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Telluride Technology Festival, 2001, retrieved 5 March 2013
  86. ↑ "Computer Scientist David Clark Receives Lifetime Achievement Award from the Oxford Internet Institute", Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 22 July 2011
  87. ↑ "Internet History Project biography, 2003". Retrieved 26 July 2009.
  88. ↑ "Past IESG Members and IETF Chairs", Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), retrieved 5 March 2013
  89. ↑ "Bob Braden and Joyce K. Reynolds recognized with the Internet Society's Postel Award". 10 November 2006. Archived from the original on 13 December 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2008.
  90. ↑ G. Malkin (May 1992). Who's Who in the Internet - Biographies of IAB, IESG and IRSG Members. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1336. FYI 9. RFC 1336. Informational. Obsoletes RFC 1251.
  91. ↑ "INTERNET HALL of FAME PIONEER Susan Estrada". 8 April 2014.
  92. ↑ "Susan Estrada Inducted into Internet Hall of Fame". internethalloffame.org.
  93. ↑ Network Time Protocol Public Services Project logo, NTPPSP web site
  94. ↑ "David L. Mills Biography and Credentials", University of Delaware
  95. ↑ The Data Concentrator, David Mills, May 1968, CONCOMP Project, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  96. ↑ System/360 interface engineering report, D. L. Mills, November 1967, CONCOMP Project, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
  97. ↑ Quarterman, John S. (1990). Matrix: Computer Networks and Conferencing Systems Worldwide (2 ed.). Digital Press. pp. 185–186. ISBN 1-55558-033-5.
  98. ↑ RFC 778: DCNET Internet Clock Service, D.L. Mills, COMSAT Laboratories, 18 April 1981
  99. ↑ RFC 958: Network Time Protocol (NTP), D.L. Mills, M/A-COM Linkabit, September 1985
  100. ↑ "Fuzzball: The Innovative Router" Archived 20 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, web page on NSF's "The Internet: Changing the Way We Communicate" Archived 14 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  101. ↑ RFC 904: Exterior Gateway Protocol Formal Specification, D.L. Mills, April 1984
  102. ↑ "The Story of the PING Program" Archived 14 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Mike Muuss
  103. ↑ "IEEE Internet Award Recipients: 2013 - David Mills", IEEE Web site, accessed 27 January 2013
  104. ↑ Brown, Bob (5 May 2006). "Mother of the Internet Radia Perlman speaks out". Network World. Retrieved 22 January 2010.
  105. ↑ "Inventor of the Week: Radia Perlman", August 2007, Inventor Archive, Lemelson-MIT Program
  106. ↑ 2010 SIGCOMM Lifetime Achievement Award given to Radia Perlman, "for her fundamental contributions to the Internet routing and bridging protocols that we all use and take for granted every day", ACM SIGCOMM award recipients web page
  107. ↑ "Internet > History > NSFNET -- National Science Foundation Network", livinginternet.com: The World's First Web Published Book, 2000, accessed 16 July 2012
  108. ↑ "Ireland's real net pioneer", Independent.ie, 4 October 2007
  109. ↑ "Dennis Jennings Internet Hall of Fame Pioneer", Internet Hall of Fame, April 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  110. 1 2 "Stephen Wolff–Hustling for Innovation" Archived 20 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Charles Waltner, News@Cisco, 30 July 2002
  111. ↑ On the Way to the Web: The Secret History of the Internet and Its Founders, Michael A. Banks, Apress, New York, 2008, ISBN 978-1-4302-0869-3
  112. ↑ "The Gigabit Testbed Initiative–Final Report", Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI), December 1996
  113. ↑ "A Brief History of the Internet", Barry M. Leiner, et al., Internet Society, December 2003
  114. ↑ "Internet2's new chief technology officer helped create Internet No. 1", Tom Henderson, Crain's Detroit Business, 1 April 2011
  115. 1 2 "Stephen Wolff Receives the Internet Society's Postel Service Award for 2002", Internet Society, 24 June 2002
  116. 1 2 3 "Sally Floyd Wins 2007 SIGCOMM Award", ICSI, Sept. 2007 (last visited 7 October 2012).
  117. ↑ IEEE, "Sally Floyd", IEEE Global History Network (last visited 7 October 2012).
  118. ↑ Albert-laszlo Barabasi and Jennifer Frangos, Linked: The New Science of Networks (Basic Books, 2002), p.150.
  119. 1 2 2001 SIGCOMM Award for Lifetime Achievement to Van Jacobson "for contributions to protocol architecture and congestion control."
  120. ↑ "Congestion avoidance and control", Van Jacobson, Proceedings of SIGCOMM '88, Stanford, CA, Aug. 1988, ACM
  121. ↑ "Congestion avoidance and control", Van Jacobson, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review - Special twenty-fifth anniversary issue, Highlights from 25 years of the Computer Communication Review, Volume 25 Issue 1, Jan. 1995, pp.157-187
  122. 1 2 "Van Jacobson: 2002 IEEE Koji Kobayashi Computers and Communications Award Recipient", IEEE web site
  123. ↑ "vic - Video Conferencing Tool", web page at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
  124. ↑ "vat - LBL Audio Conferencing Tool", web page at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
  125. ↑ "wb - LBNL Whiteboard Tool", web page at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
  126. ↑ "Mr. Van Jacobson", Members Directory, National Academy of Engineering
  127. ↑ "Internet Pioneers: Ted Nelson", web page at ibiblio.org, a collaboration of the School of Information and Library Science and the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
  128. ↑ Computer Lib (You can and must understand computers NOW) / Dream Machines (Come Dream along with me: The Best Is Yet To Be) Archived 14 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Theodor H. Nelson, self-published, 1974, ISBN 978-0-89347-002-9
  129. ↑ "Chapter 21: From Computer Lib / Dream Machines, Theodor H. Nelson, 1970-1974", The New Media Reader, Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort (Eds), MIT Press, February 2003, 837 pp., ISBN 978-0-262-23227-2
  130. ↑ "Berners-Lee Longer Biography". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  131. ↑ "Berners-Lee's original proposal to CERN". World Wide Web Consortium. March 1989. Retrieved 25 May 2008.
  132. ↑ Stewart, Bill. "Tim Berners-Lee, Robert Cailliau, and the World Wide Web". Retrieved 22 July 2010.
  133. ↑ "Tim Berners-Lee receives Draper Prize". MIT News, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 5 January 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2008.
  134. 1 2 "The World-Wide Web Hall of Fame". Best of the Web Directory.
  135. ↑ "Web's inventor gets a knighthood". BBC. 31 December 2003. Retrieved 25 May 2008.
  136. ↑ "Timothy Berners-Lee Elected to National Academy of Sciences". Dr. Dobb's Journal. Retrieved 9 June 2009.
  137. ↑ "72 New Members Chosen By Academy" (Press release). United States National Academy of Sciences. 28 April 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  138. 1 2 Berners-Lee, Tim (3 November 1992). "Macintosh Browser". World Wide Web Consortium. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
  139. 1 2 "Ten Years Public Domain for the Original Web Software". CERN. Retrieved 21 July 2010.
  140. ↑ Gillies, James; Cailliau, R. (2000). How the Web was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web. Oxford University Press. pp. 6. ISBN 0192862073.
  141. ↑ "MacWWW: the first web browser for the Apple Macintosh platform". internet-guide.co.uk. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  142. ↑ Stewart, Bill (2015). "Web Browser History". Living Internet. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  143. ↑ "Mark McCahill, Collaborative Systems Architect", Biographical sketch, Open Cobalt. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  144. ↑ "A Pre-Web Search Engine, Gopher Turns Ten", Chris Sherman, Search Engine Watch, 5 February 2002.
  145. ↑ "Evolution of Internet Gopher", Mark P. McCahill and Farhad X. Anklesaria, Journal of Universal Computer Science, vol 1, issue 4 (April 1995), pages 235-246.
  146. ↑ Simon S. Lam, 2023 Internet Hall of Fame inductee
  147. ↑ "Lam, Simon; Shankar, Udaya; Woo, Thomas (May 1991). "Applying a theory of modules and interfaces to security verification" (PDF). Proceedings. 1991 IEEE Computer Society Symposium on Research in Security and Privacy. pp. 136–154. doi:10.1109/RISP.1991.130782. ISBN 0-8186-2168-0. S2CID 18581606. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  148. ↑ Simon S. Lam (PI/PD), "Applying a Theory of Modules and Interfaces to Security Verification", NSA INFOSEC University Research Program grant no. MDA 904-91-C-7046, 6/28/91 to 6/27/93.
  149. ↑ Woo, Thomas; Bindignavle, Raghuram; Su, Shaowen; Lam, Simon (June 1994). "SNP: An Interface for Secure Network Programming" (PDF). Proceedings USENIX Summer Technical Conference. Retrieved 1 October 2023.
  150. ↑ "1994 USENIX Summer Technical Conference Program, Boston, 6-10 June 1994".
  151. ↑ Frommer, Dan. "Marc Andreessen Joins Facebook Board". Alleyinsider.com. Retrieved 5 October 2008.
  152. ↑ "About NCSA Mosaic" Archived 5 June 2016 at the National and University Library of Iceland, NCSA web site, University of Illinois
  153. ↑ Orenstein, David (13 July 2005). "Cyber-pioneer Vint Cerf to headline July 28 forum on the future of Internet". Press release. Stanford Report. Retrieved 7 April 2011.
  154. ↑ "Stanford University 'Birth of the Internet' Plaque", web page, J. Noel Chiappa, Laboratory for Computer Science, MIT

Oral histories

  • Kahn, Robert E. (24 April 1990). "Oral history interview with Robert E. Kahn" (Interview). Interviewed by Judy O'Neill. Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. Retrieved 15 May 2008. Focuses on Kahn's role in the development of computer networking from 1967 through the early 1980s. Beginning with his work at Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), Kahn discusses his involvement as the ARPANET proposal was being written and then implemented, and his role in the public demonstration of the ARPANET. The interview continues into Kahn's involvement with networking when he moves to IPTO in 1972, where he was responsible for the administrative and technical evolution of the ARPANET, including programs in packet radio, the development of a new network protocol (TCP/IP), and the switch to TCP/IP to connect multiple networks.
  • Cerf, Vinton G. (24 April 1990). "Oral history interview with Vinton Cerf" (Interview). Interviewed by Judy O'Neill. Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. Retrieved 1 July 2008. Cerf describes his involvement with the ARPA network, and his relationships with Bolt Beranek and Newman, Robert Kahn, Lawrence Roberts, and the Network Working Group.
  • Baran, Paul (5 March 1990). "Oral history interview with Paul Baran" (Interview). Interviewed by Judy O'Neill. Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. Retrieved 1 July 2008. Baran describes his work at RAND, and discusses his interaction with the group at ARPA who were responsible for the later development of the ARPANET.
  • Kleinrock, Leonard (3 April 1990). "Oral history interview with Leonard Kleinrock" (Interview). Interviewed by Judy O'Neill. Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. Retrieved 1 July 2008. Kleinrock discusses his work on the ARPANET.
  • Roberts, Lawrence G. (4 April 1989). "Oral history interview with Larry Roberts" (Interview). Interviewed by Arthur L. Norberg. Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. Retrieved 1 July 2008. The interview focuses on Robert's work at the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) at ARPA including discussion of ARPA and IPTO support of research in computer science, computer networks, and artificial intelligence, the ARPANET, the involvement of universities with ARPA and IPTO, J. C. R. Licklider, Ivan Sutherland, Steve Lukasik, Wesley Clark, as well as the development of computing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Lincoln Laboratory.
  • McCahill, Mark P. (13 September 2001). "Oral history interview with Mark P. McCahill" (Interview). Interviewed by Philip L. Frana. Minneapolis: Charles Babbage Institute. Retrieved 24 July 2013. Focuses on McCahill's work at the University of Minnesota where he led the team that created Gopher, the popular client/server software for organizing and sharing information on the Internet as well as his work on development of Pop Mail, Gopher VR, Forms Nirvana, the Electronic Grants Management System, and the University of Minnesota Portal.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.