India
AssociationVolleyball Federation of India
ConfederationAVC
Head coachJaideep Sarkar
FIVB ranking73 (as of 2 December 2023)
Uniforms
Home
Away
World Championship
Appearances2 (First in 1952)
Best result8th (1952)
Asian Championship
Appearances19 (First in 1979)
Best result4th (2005)
volleyballindia.com
Honours
Asian Games
Silver medal – second place1962 JakartaTeam
Bronze medal – third place1958 TokyoTeam
Bronze medal – third place1986 SeoulTeam
Asian Cup
Silver medal – second place2014 AlmatyTeam
Bronze medal – third place2010 UrmiaTeam
South Asian Games
Gold medal – first place1987 CalcuttaTeam
Gold medal – first place1991 ColomboTeam
Gold medal – first place1995 MadrasTeam
Gold medal – first place1999 KathmanduTeam
Gold medal – first place2004 IslamabadTeam
Gold medal – first place2006 ColomboTeam
Gold medal – first place2010 DhakaTeam
Gold medal – first place2016 GuwahatiTeam
Gold medal – first place2019 KathmanduTeam
Silver medal – second place1989 IslamabadTeam
Silver medal – second place1993 ColomboTeam

The India men's national volleyball team represents India in international volleyball competitions. It is managed by the Volleyball Federation of India and is currently sponsored by Sahara India Pariwar and Asics.[1][2]

The Indian volleyball team has had a rollercoaster ride in its history. Although they have never qualified for the Olympics, they have appeared in the World Championship twice.

Despite having little to no presence at the world stage in its history, the team has enjoyed some success at the continental level by clinching a silver medal and two bronze medals at the Asian Games. After the decline post 1980s, the team has fared well at the recently introduced Asian Cup competition, receiving a silver and a bronze medal so far. The team is currently ranked 66th in the world.

History

Pre-Independence

Though the game was played informally for a long time, the first interstate volleyball tournament was held in 1936 by the Indian Olympic Association (IOA).[3]

Establishment

In 1951, the formation of Volleyball Federation of India gave the sport a better structure and the interstate tournament evolved into the senior national championship with the first edition being held in 1952. This platform gave birth to many talents who went on to represent India at the international level.[4]

Golden years (1952–1962)

India had immediate success after formation as they made their debut in FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship's 1952 edition. After losing to France and Czechoslovakia by comfortable 3–0 margins in the first round, they made a comeback in the 7th–8th placing round as they beat Finland, Lebanon and Israel to clinch the 8th spot.[3]

In 1955, India won the Asian Volleyball Tournament which was held in Tokyo. Three years later, the Gurudev Singh led team won the bronze medal at the 1958 Asian Games. They beat Hong Kong and the Philippines in three straight sets but could not get past volleyball powerhouses Iran and Japan, though they managed to win a set against each.[5]

In the 1962 Asian Games they managed to go one step ahead as they began their campaign with four consecutive wins against Burma(twice), Cambodia and Pakistan. Their old rivals Japan got the better of them in what was a five set thriller, with Japan winning the final set by 15–12 margin. This team was led by legendary players Nripjit Singh Bedi and A. Palaniswamy, both Arjuna Award winners, who had graduated to the senior team, which was then led by TP Padmanabhan Nair, who was also a part of the 1958 team. India has to settle for the Silver Medal which is currently their highest achievement ever at the Asian Games.[3]

The finest era (1960s–1980s)

After a memorable outing at the 1962 Asian Games, India finished fourth and fifth at the 1966 and 1974 Asian Games respectively, not making it to the 1970 edition in between.[3]

India did not enter into the inaugural Asian men's volleyball championship in 1975 but made their debut in the following tournament in 1979 where they finished fifth. In the 1978 Asian Games in Bangkok and at the 1982 Asian Games at home in New Delhi, the Indian volleyball team saw another upswing after finishing seventh and fourth respectively, falling just short of a medal in 1982 edition after they finished at the bottom of the table among four teams in the final round, going down to the heavyweights South Korea and China in straight sets.

In the following year at the Asian Volleyball Championship in Tokyo, India finished fifth yet again without any medal. However, the wait for a medal would not last too long.[3]

In the 1986 Asian Games India sent arguably its best team ever. Led by Cyril Valloor, the team boasted the presence of former national coach GE Sridharan, K Udayakumar, who later went on to captain the Indian volleyball team, Abdul Basith, Dalel Singh and PV Ramana, father of Indian badminton star PV Sindhu.[3]

All of them were Arjuna awardees but the most special of them all and the team's lynchpin was the talented Jimmy George, an Arjuna winner himself and a legend of Indian volleyball. He had been tearing up the national circuit for a decade and also had stints at clubs in Italy, one of the best leagues in that era, along with GE Sridharan.[6]

Jimmy George towered at a height of 6'2" and had the advantage of graceful jumps. His ability in the air for a fraction of a second longer helped him in his smashes, all of which were very powerful thanks to his larger frame.[6]

All of these factors combined well together and the Indian volleyball team started the Asian Games with four victories – against Hong Kong, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia and Indonesia.[5]

Later in the games, they went down to the home team South Korea, who went on to register another victory later, but in between the Indian volleyball team finally managed to beat powerhouses Japan, more impressively in straight sets, facilitated by Jimmy George's tremendous drive. However, they could not sustain the momentum, as they fell to eventual champions China, to end up with bronze medal.[5]

Decline (1990s–2000s)

The general popularity of the sport in the country declined in the years to follow as in-fighting within federations coincided with the death of Jimmy George in an accident in 1987 and adding to it was the rise of the Indian national cricket team as a powerhouse.[7]

The Indian volleyball men and women's teams dominated the South Asian Federation Games in the nineties, winning three medals each, but it did not spark a revival, with subpar performances to follow at the 2006 and 2010 by the men after they came at ninth and sixth respectively.[3]

However, they finished fourth in the 2005 Asian Men's Volleyball Championship which is currently their highest ever finish at this tournament. They went all the way to semi-finals where they lost in straight sets against Japan and then went down to South Korea in third place match losing with a margin of three sets to one.

2010–present

The 2010 and 2014 editions of the Asian Games provided some respite as the Indian volleyball men's team finished a respectable fifth with modern-day stars and inspirational captains Sinnadu Prabhagaran and Mohan Ukkrapandian leading the way.[8] The team also played at the Asian Cup, where they achieved some fine results, capturing bronze medal at the 2010 Asian Cup and reached all the way to the final of the 2014 Asian Cup by defeating Japan in the group stage, the top Asian team Iran in the semi-final before succumbing to South Korea with a margin of three sets to one. Besides couple of good performances at the Asian level, the team also managed to claim a gold medal at the 2010 South Asian Games.

The Indian volleyball men's team was ranked 34th in 2014, their best in the world, they also managed to win a gold medal eighth gold medal at 2016 South Asian Games, but just as it seemed that the sport was picking up again, an internal dispute in the VFI meant that it was banned from the International Volleyball Federation (FIVB) for two years till 2018.[9]

It meant that Indian volleyball players could not travel to other leagues to play, which affected the exposure to different styles, a factor which coach GE Sridharan felt led to a 12th-place finish at the 2018 Asian Games.[9]

However, things are looking up again. The Pro Volleyball League, a franchise-based tournament was started in 2019 and it was a resounding success, made more memorable by the appearance of stars like American David Lee, an Olympic gold medallist in 2008. India also gained their ninth and seventh successive gold medal at the South Asian Games in 2019.[3][10]

Though the men's Indian volleyball team won't be in Tokyo following their loss in the Olympic qualification tournament, with the renewed interest in the sport thanks to the new franchise league, the nation could see the upswing in the next few years.[3]

Notable players and past squads

1958 Asian Games squad

T. R. Arunchalam, S. L. Gupta, Bharatan Nair, T. P. Padmanabhan Nair, Abdur Rahman, Raman Raman, S. K. Sheikuchan, Gurdev Singh. Coach: H P Kohli, Kuldip Chand Chopra (Delhi, UT)

1962 Asian Games squad

Nripjit Singh Bedi, Tilakam Gopal, Joseph, Jai Karan, Khalid, Munnalal, T. P. Padmanabhan Nair, A. Palanisamy, Des Raj, Jaswant Singh. Coach: HP Kohli

1986 Asian Games squad

Jimmy George, K. Udayakumar, Kirtesh Kumar, Sukhpal Singh, Mehar Singh, GE Sridharan, Sandeep Sharma, P. V. Ramana, Dalel Singh, Abdul Basith, Cyril Valloor

2014 Asian Games squad

G. R. Vaishnav, Kamlesh Khatale, Karthik Ashok, Prabagaran, Hardeep Singh, Naveen Raja Jacob, Gurinder Singh, reyant, Jerome Vinit Charles, Mohan Ukkrapandian, Ranjit Singh, Pattani Prabakaran

2022 Asian Games squad

Amit Gulia, Vinit Kumar, Shameemudheen Ammarambath, Muthusamy Appavu, Hari Prasad Bevinakuppe Suresha, Rohit Kumar, Manoj Lakshmipuram Manjunatha, Mohan Ukkrapandian, Ashwal Rai, Santhosh Sahaya Anthoni Raj, Guru Prasanth Subramanian Venkatasubbu, Erin Varghese

Managerial history

HP Kohli was considered as the best coach Indian Volleyball team ever had. HP Kohli coached Indian Volleyball team during its golden era of 1950s to 1970s. He expired on 13th Jan, 1980 due to cardiac arrest.

Achutha Kurup was considered as the master tactician who guided India to its last medal at the Asian Games. Kurup was appointed in 1982 ahead of 1982 Asian Games in Delhi, but what brought him fame was a bronze medal in 1986 Asian Games four years later. Besides the medal in Seoul, Kurup was also at the helm when the Indian team won the silver in an international tournament in Japan in 1989.[14] Shyam Sunder Rao was appointed as the coach of Indian volleyball team after his success with the Junior national team. With his eyes set on a medal in the 2002 Asian Games, Sunder Rao's side missed an opportunity to end India's medal draught at the Asian Games since 1986, as they missed a place in the semi-finals by one point. However, the team went on to beat Pakistan and Chinese Taipei to finish fifth in the tournament.[15]

Head coach Period
India Achutha Kurup[14] 1986-1994
India Shyam Sunder Rao[16] 1995–2002
2008–2011
India G.E. Sridharan[17] 2018–2020
India Jaideep Sarkar[18] 2023–present

Current technical staff

Name Role
India Jaideep Sarkar[19] Head coach
India Tom Joseph Assistant coach
India Dr.Utkarsh Kulshreshtha (PT) Head Physio

Team

Current squad

The following is the 2022 Indian national team roster, called up for 2020 Summer Olympics qualification.[20]
Head coach: India G.E. Sridharan

No. Name Date of birth Height Weight Spike Block 2020/21 club
1G K S Ammal Akhin24 May 20012.04 m (6 ft 8 in)97 kg (214 lb)362 cm (143 in)340 cm (130 in)India Kerala
2Amit Balwan Singh25 April 19981.94 m (6 ft 4 in)76 kg (168 lb)346 cm (136 in)338 cm (133 in)India Haryana
4Ranjit Singh19 July 20021.94 m (6 ft 4 in)95 kg (209 lb)330 cm (130 in)322 cm (127 in)India Punjab
5Gagan Kumar29 July 20001.96 m (6 ft 5 in)87 kg (192 lb)346 cm (136 in)329 cm (130 in)India Haryana
6Kamlesh Khatik7 October 20001.76 m (5 ft 9 in)82 kg (181 lb)310 cm (120 in)290 cm (110 in)India Rajasthan
7Nihal Jadav13 March 20031.82 m (6 ft 0 in)51 kg (112 lb)345 cm (136 in)335 cm (132 in)India Gujarat
8Ajithlal Chandran14 February 19961.90 m (6 ft 3 in)69 kg (152 lb)345 cm (136 in)333 cm (131 in)India Kerala
9Sinha Deepesh Kumar25 March 19951.99 m (6 ft 6 in)80 kg (180 lb)352 cm (139 in)328 cm (129 in)India Chhattisgarh
10Midhun Kumar Balasubrahmanyam24 March 19941.78 m (5 ft 10 in)65 kg (143 lb)320 cm (130 in)300 cm (120 in)India Tamil Nadu
12Jerome Vinit Charles26 June 19921.98 m (6 ft 6 in)95 kg (209 lb)349 cm (137 in)340 cm (130 in)India Tamil Nadu
16Mohan Ukkrapandian15 May 19861.92 m (6 ft 4 in)89 kg (196 lb)333 cm (131 in)325 cm (128 in)India Tamil Nadu
17Shon Thanghalathil John5 January 19971.93 m (6 ft 4 in)81 kg (179 lb)360 cm (140 in)345 cm (136 in)India Kerala
19Ashwal Rai2 February 19952.02 m (6 ft 8 in)87 kg (192 lb)360 cm (140 in)345 cm (136 in)India Karnataka
20Karthik Ashok24 January 19951.99 m (6 ft 6 in)83 kg (183 lb)354 cm (139 in)345 cm (136 in)India Karnataka

Results and schedule

2023

19 August 2023  India 0–3 (58–75)  Qatar Ghadir Arena of Urmia, Iran
(20–25, 19–25, 19–25)
20 August 2023  India 3–1 (98–82)  Afghanistan Ghadir Arena of Urmia, Iran
(25–15, 25–23, 23–25, 25–19)
23 August 2023  India 2–3 (112–110)  China Shahidan Ahandoust Hall, Iran
(29–31, 25–19, 18–25, 25–22, 13–15)
24 August 2023  India 0–3 (59–81)  Indonesia Ghadir Arena of Urmia, Iran
(29–31, 18–25, 12–25)
19 September 2023 (2023-09-19)
19:00		 India  3–0  Cambodia China Textile City Sports Centre Gymnasium, Hangzhou
Attendance: 454
Referees: Wong Chi Chor (HKG), Zolbayar Ganbaatar (MGL)
(25–14, 25–13, 25–19)
P2 Report
20 September 2023
19:00		 India  3–2  South Korea Linping Sports Centre Gymnasium, Hangzhou
Attendance: 1,302
Referees: Taisuke Togawa (JPN), Yul Benosa (PHI)
(25–27, 29–27, 25–22, 20–25, 17–15)
P2 Report
22 September 2023 (2023-09-22)
14:30		 India  3–0  Chinese Taipei China Textile City Sports Centre Gymnasium, Hangzhou
Attendance: 1,200
Referees: Banthom Pimthongkhonburi (THA), Agung Purwantoro (INA)
(25–22, 25–22, 25–21)
P2 Report
24 September 2023 (2023-09-24)
14:30		 Japan  3–0  India China Textile City Sports Centre Gymnasium, Hangzhou
Attendance: 3,100
Referees: Alireza Gharib (IRI), Banthom Pimthongkhonburi (THA)
(25–16, 25–18, 25–17)
P2 Report
26 September 2023 (2023-09-26)
18:30		 India  0–3  Pakistan China Textile City Sports Centre Gymnasium, Hangzhou
Attendance: 3,100
Referees: Fan Gaoxiang (CHN), Jaafar Abdulla Al-Moalem (BHR)
(21–25, 20–25, 23–25)
P2 Report

Competitive record

Summer Olympics

India has never qualified for the summer Olympics.[21][22][23]

Summer Olympics record Qualification record
Year Result Position Pld W L Pld W L
Japan 1964 did not qualify –
Mexico 1968
West Germany 1972
Canada 1976 did not enter did not enter
Soviet Union 1980 did not qualify 5th
United States 1984 5th
South Korea 1988 5th
Spain 1992 10th
United States 1996–2008 China did not qualify
United Kingdom 2012 3 0 3
Brazil 2016 Did not qualify
Japan 2020 3 0 3
France 2024 TBD TBD
Total0/15606

FIVB World Championship

India has appeared in the FIVB World Championship only twice.[24] They came really close to qualifying in the 2002 qualifiers, missing a place in the World Championship by one spot as they finished third among three best second-placed finishers.

FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship record qualification record
Year Result Position Pld W L Pld W L
Czechoslovakia 1949 did not enter –
Soviet Union 1952 7th–8th placings 8th 6 3 3
France 1956 21st–24th placings 21st 5 3 2
Brazil 1960 did not enter
Soviet Union 1962
Czechoslovakia 1966 did not enter
Bulgaria 1970
Mexico 1974
Italy 1978
Argentina 1982 did not qualify 6 5 1
France 1986 7 5 2
Brazil 1990 6th place
Greece 1994 did not enter did not enter
Japan 1998
Argentina 2002 did not qualify 3 2 1
Japan 2006 5 2 3
Italy 2010 6 3 3
Poland 2014 6 5 1
Italy & Bulgaria 2018 Suspended Suspended
Russia 2022 did not qualify No Asian qualification were held
Totals2/198th116520128

Asian Games

During the initial years, India had an immediate success as they clinched 2 bronze medals and a silver medal in their first 7 Asian Games' campaign.[25]

Following a bronze medal in 1986 Asian Games, India did not participate in the next two tournaments due to the controversy in the Federation and the death of Jimmy George.[26] Since then, India has seen a decline in its performance and hasn't won a medal yet.[27]

Asian Games record
Year Result Position Pld W L
Japan 1958 Group stage Bronze Medal 4 2 2
Indonesia 1962 Final round Silver Medal 7 6 1
Thailand 1966 Final round 4th 8 5 3
Thailand 1970 did not enter
Iran 1974 Classification 5th–8th 5th 5 3 2
Thailand 1978 Classification 7th–12th 7th 5 3 2
India 1982 Final round 4th 5 3 2
South Korea 1986 Final round Bronze Medal 8 5 3
China 1990 did not enter
Japan 1994
Thailand 1998 Classification 7th–8th 7th 5 3 2
South Korea 2002 Classification 5th–6th 5th 6 4 2
Qatar 2006 Preliminary round 9th 4 3 1
China 2010 Classification 5th–6th 6th 8 5 3
South Korea 2014 Classification 5th–6th 5th 8 4 4
Indonesia 2018 Classification 11th–12th 12th 6 2 4
China 2022 Classification 5th–6th 6th 5 3 2
Totals13/16Runners-up845133

Asian Volleyball Championship

India has appeared in the finals for 18 times out of 21.[28] Their highest ever finish being in 2005 when they ended up at the fourth place.

Asian Men's Volleyball Championship record
Year Result Position Pld W L
Australia 1975 did not enter
Bahrain 1979 Classification 5th–8th 5th 6 5 1
Japan 1983 Classification 5th–8th 5th 7 5 2
Kuwait 1987 Classification 5th–8th 5th 8 5 3
South Korea 1989 Classification 5th–8th 6th 8 5 3
Australia 1991 Classification 9th–12th 10th 5 2 3
Thailand 1993 Classification 9th–12th 9th 5 3 2
South Korea 1995 did not enter
Qatar 1997 Classification 9th–12th 9th 9 6 3
Iran 1999 Classification 9th–12th 9th 8 6 2
South Korea 2001 Classification 5th–8th 7th 6 2 4
China 2003 Classification 5th–8th 5th 9 6 3
Thailand 2005 Semi-finals 4th 7 4 3
Indonesia 2007 Classification 9th–12th 9th 10 9 1
Philippines 2009 Final round 9th 8 6 2
Iran 2011 5th–8th semi-finals 6th 6 3 3
United Arab Emirates 2013 5th–8th semi-finals 7th 7 3 4
Iran 2015 9th–12th semi-finals 11th 6 3 3
Indonesia 2017 Suspended
Iran 2019 5th–8th semi-finals 8th 9 2 7
Japan 2021 9th–12th semi-finals 9th 7 4 3
Iran 2023 Classification 7th–12th 11th 5 2 3
Totals19/224th1368155

Asian Volleyball Cup

India has done well in the recently introduced Asian Cup competition, qualifying for it three times. Their highest ever finish came in the 2014 edition where they beat old rivals Japan in the preliminary stage, Iran in the semi-finals before losing to South Korea in the final. They had to settle for a silver medal which extended their wait for a gold medal at the Asian level since their formation.[29][30]

Asian Men's Volleyball Cup record
Year Result Position Pld W L
Thailand 2008 did not qualify
Iran 2010 3rd place match Bronze Medal 6 3 3
Vietnam 2012 3rd place match 4th place 6 2 4
Kazakhstan 2014 1st place match Silver Medal 6 4 2
Thailand 2016 did not qualify
Taiwan 2018
Thailand 2022 Classification round 10th place 4 1 3
Totals4/7Runners-up221012

South Asian Games

India is the most successful team at the South Asian Games having won an overall number of nine gold medals and two silver medals.[31][32]

Year Position
India 1987
1st place, gold medalist(s)
Pakistan 1989
2nd place, silver medalist(s)
Sri Lanka 1991
1st place, gold medalist(s)
Bangladesh 1993
2nd place, silver medalist(s)
India 1995
1st place, gold medalist(s)
Nepal 1999
1st place, gold medalist(s)
Pakistan 2004
1st place, gold medalist(s)
Sri Lanka 2006
1st place, gold medalist(s)
Bangladesh 2010
1st place, gold medalist(s)
India 2016
1st place, gold medalist(s)
Nepal 2019
1st place, gold medalist(s)

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Sahara to sponsor Indian volleyball". Retrieved 8 March 2023.
  2. ↑ "Sahara India to sponsor Indian volleyball". Retrieved 8 February 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Indian volleyball team: star names and Asian Games success". Olympic Channel. 1 June 2020.
  4. ↑ "formation of Volleyball Federation of India". Volleyball Federation of India.
  5. 1 2 3 "Review of India's past performance in Asian Games Volleyball (1958–2010)". Sportskeeda. 16 September 2014.
  6. 1 2 "The story of Jimmy George, one of India's greatest volleyball players". Red Bull. 15 January 2018.
  7. ↑ "Past Masters of Indian Sports: Jimmy George – volleyball legend who pursued excellence on and off the court". First Post. 28 August 2020.
  8. ↑ "Asian Games 2014: India Finish Fifth in Men's Volleyball". NDTV. 2 October 2014.
  9. 1 2 "Volleyball federation suspended". Times of India. 12 December 2016.
  10. ↑ "South Asian Games 2019: India add to gold haul after winning men's and women's volleyball summit clashes". Firstpost. 3 December 2019.
  11. ↑ "Former India volleyball captain Udayakumar dead". Chennai, India: indianexpress. 1 October 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
  12. ↑ "Remembering a volleyball legend". Chennai, India: thehindu. 1 October 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2012.
  13. ↑ "TPPNair".
  14. 1 2 "Achutha Kurup is no more". The Hindu. 14 November 2017.
  15. ↑ "Sundar Rao's 54 years of romance with volleyball". telangana Today. 26 June 1986.
  16. ↑ "The essential coach". The Hindu. 22 August 2002. Archived from the original on 19 September 2004. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  17. ↑ "Sridharan: 'PVL will help India catch up with Asian teams'". Sportstar. 28 November 2018.
  18. ↑ "Asian Men's Championship Volleyball 2023 / Jaideep Sarkar: The team without defects will win the cup". Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  19. ↑ "Asian Men's Championship Volleyball 2023 / Jaideep Sarkar: The team without defects will win the cup". Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  20. ↑ "FIVB – AVC Men's Tokyo Volleyball Qualification India's team roster". January 2020.
  21. ↑ "Indian volleyball team fails to make Olympic cut". Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  22. ↑ "India volleyball team fall to Qatar in Olympic qualifier". Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  23. ↑ "2020 Men's Olympic Volleyball Qualifiers: India knocked out following three-set loss against Korea". Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  24. ↑ "1952 Volleyball World Championship results". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  25. ↑ "Volleyball in India". Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  26. ↑ "Iconic Asian Games medals: India's historic volleyball bronze in Seoul". Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  27. ↑ "Asian Games 2014: India Finish Fifth in Men's Volleyball". Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  28. ↑ "India finish ninth at Asian volleyball championship". Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  29. ↑ "Indian volleyball team felicitated". The Hindu. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  30. ↑ "India finish 10th in Asian Men's Volleyball Cup 2022". Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  31. ↑ "13th South Asian Games: Indian men's volleyball team clinch Gold; crushes Pakistan in title clash". Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  32. ↑ "South Asian Games: It's India vs Pakistan in men's volleyball final". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
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