Demographics of Slovakia
Population pyramid of Slovakia in 2020
Population5,428,797 (2023)[1]
Growth rate3.60% (2022 est.)
Birth rate9.7 births/1,000 population
Death rate11.0 deaths/1,000 population
Life expectancy78.31 years
 • male74.83 years
 • female82.04 years
Fertility rate1.57 children
Infant mortality rate4.82 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Sex ratio
Total0.94 male(s)/female (2022 est.)
Nationality
NationalitySlovak
Population density in Slovakia, by district.
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
18482,442,000—    
18692,481,811+0.08%
18802,477,521−0.02%
18902,595,180+0.47%
19002,782,925+0.70%
19102,916,657+0.47%
19212,993,859+0.24%
19303,324,111+1.17%
19463,327,803+0.01%
19503,442,317+0.85%
19614,174,046+1.77%
19704,537,290+0.93%
19804,991,168+0.96%
19915,274,335+0.50%
20015,379,455+0.20%
20115,397,036+0.03%
20215,449,270+0.10%
Source:

Demographic features of the population of Slovakia include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. The demographic statistics are from the Statistical Office of the SR, unless otherwise indicated.

Population

Total population: 5,795,199 as of 2023.

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2021.[2]

  • One birth every 10 minutes
  • One death every 9 minutes
  • One net migrant every 480 minutes
  • Net gain of one person every 1440 minutes

Population over time

Census Date Population Population
Density
(per km2)
1848 2,442,000 (est.) 50
1869 2,481,811 51
1880 2,477,521 51
1890 2,595,180 53
1900 2,782,925 57
1910 2,916,657 60
February 15th, 1921 2,993,859 61
December 1st, 1930 3,324,111 68
October 4th, 1946 3,327,803 68
March 1st, 1950 3,442,317 70
March 1st, 1961 4,174,046 85
December 1st, 1970 4,537,290 93
November 1st, 1980 4,991,168 102
March 3rd, 1991 5,274,335 108
May 26th, 2001 5,379,455 110
May 21st, 2011 5,397,036 110
June 13th, 2021 5,449,270 111

Population growth rate

-0.08% (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 202nd

Fertility

Slovakia total fertility rate by region (2014)
  1.5 - 1.7
  1.4 - 1.5
  1.3 - 1.4
  < 1.3

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation.[3]

Years187618771878187918801881188218831884188518861887188818891890[3]
Total Fertility Rate in Slovakia5.965.965.925.875.835.785.745.775.85.835.865.95.835.765.7
Years1891189218931894189518961897189818991900[3]
Total Fertility Rate in Slovakia5.635.565.545.525.55.495.475.425.375.31
Years1901190219031904190519061907190819091910[3]
Total Fertility Rate in Slovakia5.265.215.165.15.044.994.934.864.784.71
Years19111912191319141915191619171918[3]
Total Fertility Rate in Slovakia4.634.564.133.73.282.852.433.03

1.45 children born/woman (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 211th

Mother's mean age at first birth

27.2 years (2019 est.)

Life expectancy

Life expectancy at birth in Slovakia
total population: 78.07 years
male: 74.56 years
female: 81.82 years (2021 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 15.13% (male 423,180 /female 400,128)
15-24 years: 10.06% (male 280,284 /female 266,838)
25-54 years: 44.61% (male 1,228,462 /female 1,198,747)
55-64 years: 13.15% (male 342,142 /female 373,452)
65 years and over: 17.05% (male 366,267 /female 561,120) (2020 est.)

Median age

total: 41.8 years. Country comparison to the world: 41st
male: 40.1 years
female: 43.6 years (2020 est.)

Vital statistics

Average
population (from 1980 onwards December 31)		 Live births Deaths Natural
change		 Births
(per 1000)		 Deaths
(per 1000)		 Natural
change
(per 1000)		 Curde migration
change
(per 1000)		 Fertility
rates		 Induced
abortions
1919 2,940,000 91,729 56,866 34,863 31.2 19.3 11.9 3.64
1920 3,001,000 97,680 61,084 36,596 32.6 20.4 12.2 8.5 4.25
1921 3,006,000 114,947 63,507 51,440 38.2 21.1 17.1 -15.4 4.96
1922 3,046,000 111,059 62,902 48,157 36.5 20.7 15.8 -2.5 4.67
1923 3,095,000 111,070 54,176 56,894 35.9 17.5 18.4 -2.5 4.55
1924 3,135,000 106,062 56,322 49,740 33.8 18.0 15.9 -2.3 4.25
1925 3,168,000 102,867 56,171 46,696 32.5 17.7 14.7 -4.2 4.01
1926 3,202,000 103,955 59,701 44,254 32.5 18.6 13.8 -3.1 3.98
1927 3,232,000 99,891 59,172 40,719 30.9 18.3 12.6 -3.2 3.76
1928 3,258,000 99,673 58,320 41,353 30.6 17.9 12.7 -4.7 3.69
1929 3,286,000 95,387 56,447 38,940 29.0 17.2 11.9 -3.3 3.48
1930 3,315,000 96,898 52,268 44,630 29.2 15.8 13.5 -4.7 3.49
1931 3,350,000 93,309 54,273 39,036 27.9 16.2 11.7 -1.1 3.33
1932 3,388,000 93,140 52,992 40,148 27.5 15.6 11.9 -0.6 3.29
1933 3,424,000 84,975 50,655 34,320 24.8 14.8 10.0 0.6 2.96
1934 3,456,000 83,493 50,178 33,315 24.2 14.5 9.6 -0.3 2.86
1935 3,486,000 82,382 49,830 32,552 23.6 14.3 9.3 -0.6 2.8
1936 3,515,000 80,923 48,547 32,376 23.0 13.8 9.2 -0.6 2.79
1937 3,540,000 79,862 49,527 30,335 22.6 14.0 8.6 -1.5 2.77
1938 3,726,000 80,800 49,700 31,100 21.7 13.3 8.3 44.2 2.8
1939 3,577,000 81,200 48,800 32,400 22.7 13.6 9.1 -49.1 2.83
1940 3,553,000 85,300 52,900 32,400 24.0 14.9 9.1 15.8 2.87
1941 3,542,000 85,700 53,600 32,100 24.2 15.1 9.1 -12.2 2.9
1942 3,523,000 87,200 55,900 31,300 24.8 15.9 8.9 -14.3 2.93
1943 3,503,000 87,700 50,900 36,800 25.0 14.5 10.5 -16.2 2.96
1944 3,484,000 91,600 58,100 33,500 26.3 16.7 9.6 -15.0 3
1945 3,459,000 81,880 67,505 14,375 23.7 19.5 4.2 -11.4 3.03
1946 3,392,000 82,204 47,589 34,615 24.2 14.0 10.2 -29.6 3.09
1947 3,399,000 87,659 41,491 46,168 25.8 12.2 13.6 -11.5 3.21
1948 3,446,000 91,189 40,873 50,316 26.5 11.9 14.6 -0.8 3.24
1949 3,447,000 91,053 41,727 49,326 26.4 12.1 14.3 -14.0 3.28
1950 3,463,000 99,721 39,668 60,053 28.8 11.5 17.4 -12.8 3.56
1951 3,509,000 100,663 40,505 60,158 28.5 11.5 17.0 -3.7 3.58
1952 3,558,000 100,824 36,897 63,927 28.0 10.2 17.7 -3.7 3.57
1953 3,599,000 99,124 35,598 63,526 26.9 9.7 17.3 -5.8 3.50
1954 3,661,000 98,310 34,866 63,444 26.2 9.3 16.9 0.3 3.45
1955 3,727,000 99,305 32,917 66,388 26.0 8.6 17.4 0.6 3.47
1956 3,787,000 99,467 32,815 66,652 25.5 8.4 17.1 -1.0 3.46
1957 3,844,000 97,311 35,755 61,556 24.5 9.0 15.5 -0.4 3.34
1958 3,900,000 93,272 32,106 61,166 23.1 7.9 15.1 -0.5 3.25 12,383
1959 3,946,000 87,991 34,077 53,914 21.5 8.3 13.1 -1.3 3.07 17,217
1960 3,994,000 88,412 31,609 56,803 22.1 7.9 14.2 -2.0 3.08 20,738
1961 4,182,000 87,359 31,403 55,956 21.6 7.8 13.8 33.3 3.04 24,244
1962 4,238,000 83,899 34,398 49,501 19.8 8.1 11.7 1.7 2.84 23,784
1963 4,282,000 87,158 32,978 54,180 20.4 7.7 12.7 -2.3 2.95 19,076
1964 4,327,000 86,878 32,875 54,003 20.1 7.6 12.5 -2.0 2.91 19,174
1965 4,371,000 84,257 35,910 48,347 19.3 8.2 11.1 -0.9 2.80 21,037
1966 4,412,000 81,453 36,357 45,096 18.5 8.2 10.2 -0.8 2.68 24,445
1967 4,449,000 77,537 35,458 42,079 17.4 8.0 9.5 -1.1 2.50 26,571
1968 4,484,000 76,370 38,076 38,294 17.0 8.5 8.5 -0.6 2.40 27,398
1969 4,519,000 79,769 40,623 39,146 17.7 9.0 8.7 -0.9 2.43 28,534
1970 4,550,000 80,666 42,240 38,426 17.7 9.3 8.4 -1.5 2.40 27,873
1971 4,557,000 83,062 42,856 40,206 18.2 9.4 8.8 -7.3 2.42 28,619
1972 4,597,000 87,794 41,410 46,384 19.1 9.0 10.1 -1.3 2.49 26,213
1973 4,641,000 92,953 43,759 49,194 20.0 9.4 10.6 -1.0 2.56 25,335
1974 4,690,000 97,585 44,934 52,651 20.8 9.6 11.2 -0.6 2.60 26,086
1975 4,739,000 97,649 45,248 52,401 20.6 9.5 11.1 -0.7 2.53 26,160
1976 4,790,000 99,814 45,420 54,394 20.8 9.5 11.4 -0.6 2.52 27,700
1977 4,841,000 99,533 47,181 52,352 20.6 9.7 10.8 -0.2 2.47 27,875
1978 4,890,000 100,193 47,778 52,415 20.5 9.8 10.7 -0.6 2.45 28,641
1979 4,939,000 100,240 47,837 52,403 20.3 9.7 10.6 -0.6 2.44 29,981
1980 4,996,000[4] 95,100 50,579 44,521 19.1 10.1 8.9 2.6 2.31 31,240
1981 5,036,000 93,290 49,632 43,658 18.6 9.9 8.7 -0.7 2.28 31,943
1982 5,074,000 92,618 50,393 42,225 18.3 10.0 8.4 -0.9 2.26 33,107
1983 5,110,000 92,053 52,433 39,620 18.1 10.3 7.8 -0.7 2.27 33,625
1984 5,145,000 90,843 51,739 39,104 17.7 10.1 7.6 -0.8 2.25 34,268
1985 5,179,000 90,155 52,464 37,691 17.5 10.2 7.3 -0.7 2.26 36,283
1986 5,209,000 87,138 53,233 33,905 16.8 10.3 6.5 -0.7 2.20 40,624
1987 5,237,000 84,006 52,980 31,026 16.1 10.1 5.9 -0.5 2.18 49,690
1988 5,264,000 83,242 52,475 30,767 15.9 10.0 5.9 -0.7 2.15 51,000
1989 5,288,000 80,116 53,902 26,214 15.2 10.2 5.0 -0.4 2.08 48,602
1990 5,311,000 79,989 54,619 25,370 15.1 10.3 4.8 -0.5 2.09 48,437
1991 5,296,000 78,569 54,618 23,951 14.9 10.3 4.5 -7.3 2.05 45,902
1992 5,314,000 74,640 53,423 21,217 14.1 10.1 4.0 -0.6 1.99 42,626
1993 5,336,000 73,256 52,707 20,549 13.8 9.9 3.9 0.2 1.93 38,815
1994 5,356,000 66,370 51,386 14,984 12.4 9.6 2.8 0.9 1.67 34,883
1995 5,368,000 61,427 52,686 8,741 11.5 9.8 1.6 0.6 1.52 29,409
1996 5,379,000 60,123 51,236 8,887 11.2 9.5 1.7 0.3 1.47 25,173
1997 5,388,000 59,310 52,080 7,230 11.0 9.7 1.3 0.4 1.43 22,318
1998 5,393,000 57,582 53,156 4,426 10.7 9.9 0.8 0.1 1.37 21,109
1999 5,399,000 56,223 52,402 3,821 10.4 9.7 0.7 0.4 1.33 19,949
2000 5,403,000 55,151 52,724 2,427 10.2 9.8 0.4 0.3 1.29 18,468
2001 5,379,000 51,136 51,980 -844 9.5 9.7 -0.2 -4.2 1.20 18,026
2002 5,379,000 50,841 51,532 -691 9.5 9.6 -0.1 0.1 1.19 17,382
2003 5,380,000 51,713 52,230 -517 9.6 9.7 -0.1 0.3 1.20 16,222
2004 5,385,000 53,747 51,852 1,895 10.0 9.6 0.4 0.5 1.24 15,307
2005 5,389,000 54,430 53,475 955 10.1 9.9 0.2 0.5 1.25 14,427
2006 5,394,000 53,904 53,301 603 10.0 9.9 0.1 0.8 1.24 14,243
2007 5,401,000 54,424 53,856 568 10.1 10.0 0.1 1.2 1.26 13,424
2008 5,412,000 57,360 53,164 4,196 10.6 9.8 0.8 1.2 1.32 13,394
2009 5,425,000 61,217 52,913 8,304 11.3 9.8 1.5 0.9 1.41 13,240
2010 5,435,000 60,410 53,445 6,965 11.1 9.8 1.3 0.5 1.40 12,582
2011 5,404,000 60,813 51,903 8,910 11.3 9.6 1.7 -7.4 1.45 11,789
2012 5,411,000 55,535 52,437 3,098 10.3 9.7 0.6 0.7 1.34 11,214
2013 5,416,000 54,823 52,089 2,734 10.1 9.6 0.5 0.4 1.34 11,105
2014 5,421,000 55,033 51,346 3,687 10.2 9.5 0.7 0.2 1.37 10,582
2015 5,426,000 55,604 53,826 1,778 10.3 9.9 0.4 0.5 1.40 10,058
2016 5,435,000 57,557 52,351 5,206 10.6 9.6 1.0 0.7 1.48 9,390
2017[5][6] 5,443,000 57,969 53,914 4,055 10.7 9.9 0.8 0.7 1.52 9,083
2018 5,450,000 57,639 54,293 3,346 10.6 10.0 0.6 0.7 1.54 9,039
2019 5,458,000 57,054 53,234 3,820 10.5 9.8 0.7 0.8 1.56 6,682
2020[7] 5,459,781 56,650 59,089 -2,439 10.4 10.8 -0.4 0.7 1.59 6,180
2021 5,434,712 56,565 73,461 -16,896 10.4 13.5 -3.1 -1.5 1.64 5,552
2022 5,428,800 52,668 59,583 -6,915 9.7 11.0 -1.3 0.2 1.57 5,891

Current vital statistics

[8]

Period Live births Deaths Natural increase
January - October 2022 44,803 49,366 -4,563
January - October 2023 40,823 44,046 -3,223
Difference Decrease -3,980 (-8.88%) Positive decrease -5,320 (-10.78%) Increase +1,340

Structure of the population

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.I.2021): [9]
Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 2 666 486 2 793 295 5 459 781 100
0–4 151 050 143 932 294 982 5.40
5–9 148 703 141 292 289 995 5.31
10–14 145 175 138 142 283 317 5.19
15–19 134 762 127 412 262 174 4.80
20–24 146 693 139 514 286 207 5.24
25–29 178 989 171 583 350 572 6.42
30–34 205 583 197 417 403 000 7.38
35–39 223 148 210 774 433 922 7.95
40–44 233 997 219 935 453 932 8.31
45–49 210 693 203 524 414 217 7.59
50–54 172 944 172 772 345 716 6.33
55–59 174 312 181 729 356 041 6.52
60–64 167 771 185 911 353 682 6.48
65-69 150 908 184 068 334 976 6.14
70-74 103 829 143 803 247 632 4.54
75-79 59 778 100 517 160 295 2.94
80-84 34 122 69 918 104 040 1.91
85-89 16 505 40 150 56 655 1.04
90-94 5 395 15 678 21 073 0.39
95-99 1 462 4 076 5 538 0.10
100+ 667 1 148 1 815 0.03
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 444 928 423 366 868 294 15.90
15–64 1 848 892 1 810 571 3 659 463 67.03
65+ 372 666 559 358 932 024 17.07

Languages

Slovak (official) 81.77%, Hungarian 8.48%, Roma 1.84%, Rusyn 0.71%, other or unspecified 7.2% (2021 census)

Employment and income

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

Total: 19.4%. Country comparison to the world: 81st
Male: 18.3%
Female: 21.2% (2020 est.)

Ethnic groups

Ethnic composition within the territory of modern Slovakia in 1910
Ethnic structure of Slovakia according to Census 2011
Linguistic structure of Slovakia in 2021

The majority of the 5.4 million inhabitants of Slovakia are Slovak (83.82%). Hungarians are the largest ethnic minority (7.75%) and are concentrated in the southern and eastern regions of Slovakia. Other ethnic groups include Roma (1.23%), Czechs, Croats, Rusyns, Ukrainians, Germans, Poles, Gorals, Serbs[10] and Jews (about 2,300 remain of the estimated pre-WWII population of 120,000).

While both international organizations (the United Nations and the World Bank) and the official Slovak statistics office offer population figures for ethnic groups, these figures seldom come close to agreement. Figures for the Roma population (for a variety of reasons) vary between 1% and 10% of the population. In the most recent survey carried out by the Slovak Government's Roma Plenipotentiary, the figure for the percentage of Roma was arrived at through interview with municipality representatives and mayors, according to how many Roma they think live in their jurisdictions. The figure arrived at by this means was in the region of 300,000 (about 5.6%). Note that in the case of the 5.6%, however, the above percentages of Hungarians and Slovaks are lower accordingly.

Population of Slovakia according to ethnic group 1950–2021[11][12]
Ethnic
group		 census 1950 census 1961 census 1970 census 1980 census 1991 census 2001 census 2011 census 2021[13]
Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  % Number  %
Slovaks 86.6 85.3 85.5 4,317,008 86.5 4,519,328 85.7 4,614,854 85.8 4,352,775 80.7 4,567,547 83.8%
Hungarians 10.3 12.4 12.2 559,49011.2567,29610.8520,5289.7 458,467 8.5 422,065 7.7%
Romani1 - - - --75,8021.489,9201.7 105,738 2.0 67,179 1.2%
Czechs 1.2 1.1 1.0 57,1971.159,3261.144,6200.8 30,367 0.6 28,996 0.5%
Rusyns 1.4 - 0.9 36,850 0.7 17,1970.324,2010.4 33,482 0.6 23,746 0.4%
Ukrainians 13,2810.310,8140.2 7,430 0.1 9,451 0.2%
Others/undeclared 0.5 1.2 0.4 20,623 0.4 22,1050.474,5181.4 408,777 7.5 330,286 6.1%
Total 3,442,317 4,174,046 4,537,290 4,991,168 5,274,335 5,379,455 5,397,036 5,450,421
1 Before 1991 the Romani were not recognized as a separate ethnic group

The official state language is Slovak, and Hungarian is widely spoken in the southern regions.

Despite its modern European economy and society, Slovakia has a significant rural element. About 45% of Slovaks live in villages with fewer than 5,000 inhabitants, and 14% in villages with fewer than 1,000.

Immigration

Foreign residents:[14]

2022
Total 278,595
 Ukraine156,881
 Serbia18,215
European Union Czechia12,755
European Union Hungary9,655
 Vietnam8,039
 Russia7,436
European Union Romania6,970
European Union Poland6,086
European Union Germany4,525
European Union Italy2,932
 North Macedonia2,842
 Georgia2,805
 China2,732
 United Kingdom2,722
European Union Austria2,591
 India1,671
European Union Bulgaria1,620
 Bosnia and Herzegovina1,552
European Union France1,538
 South Korea1,481
Others/undeclared37,273

Religion

Religious structure of Slovakia in 2011

The Slovak constitution guarantees freedom of religion. The majority of Slovak citizens (55,76%) practice Roman Catholicism; the second-largest group consider themselves atheists (23.79%). About 5.27% are Protestants, 4% are Greek Catholics, and 0.93% are Orthodox and Reformed Christian Church 1.56% (2021 census).

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Population on 1 January". data.europa.eu. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  2. ↑ "Slovakia Population 2021", World Population Review
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Max Roser (2014), "Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries", Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation, archived from the original on 2019-03-09, retrieved 2019-05-02
  4. ↑ datacube Slovakia, visited 23 december 2023
  5. ↑ "Štatistický úrad SR". Portal.statistics.sk. Archived from the original on 7 February 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  6. ↑ "Main demographic data". Infostat.sk. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  7. ↑ "Štatistický úrad SR". Portal.statistics.sk.
  8. ↑ "Population Change".
  9. ↑ "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2023-05-10.
  10. ↑ "Serbs in Slovakia granted minority status". Archived from the original on 2010-09-18. Retrieved 2010-09-18.
  11. ↑ "Demographic data from population and housing censuses in Slovakia". Sodb.infostat.sk. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  12. ↑ "Development of prices in production area in July 2017" (PDF). Portal.statistics.sk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 July 2007. Retrieved 29 August 2017.
  13. ↑ "Ethnic composition of Slovakia 2021". Retrieved 5 July 2022.
  14. ↑ "Štatistický prehľad legálnej a nelegálnej migrácie cudzincov na slovensku" (PDF).
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