Central Kilimanjaro
Central Chaga
Native toTanzania
RegionKilimanjaro
EthnicityChaga
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
vun – Wunjo
old – Mochi
Glottologvunj1238  Vunjo
moch1256  Mochi
E.622 (ex-E.62a,62b)[1]

Central Kilimanjaro, or Central Chaga, is a Bantu language of Tanzania spoken by the Chaga people.

There are several dialects:[1]

  • Moshi (Old Moshi, Mochi, Kimochi)
  • Uru
  • Mbokomu
  • Wuunjo (Wunjo, Vunjo, Kivunjo), including Kiruwa, Kilema, Mamba, Moramu (Marangu), Mwika

Moshi is the language of the Chaga cultural capital, Moshi, and the prestige dialect of the Chaga languages.

Phonology

Vowels

Front Central Back
High i iː u uː
Mid e eː o oː
Low a aː

Consonants

Consonants in the Moshi dialect[2][3]
Labial Alveolar Post-
alveolar		 Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Stop voiceless p t k
voiced b d
prenasal ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ
Affricate voiceless pf ts tʃ
prenasal ᵐbv ⁿdz ᶮdʒ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ h
voiced (β)
Rhotic trill r
tap ɾ
Lateral l
Approximant w ɻ j
  • Sounds /k, ᵑɡ, l/ become palatalized as [kʲ, ᵑɡʲ, lʲ] when occurring before front vowels /i, e/.
  • /w/ is heard as a fricative [β] when before front vowels /i, e/.
Consonants in the Vunjo dialect[4]
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Stop voiceless p t k
voiced b d ɡ
prenasal ᵐb ⁿd ᵑɡ
Affricate voiceless pf ts tʃ
prenasal ᵐbv ⁿdz ᶮdʒ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ h
voiced (β) ɣ
Rhotic trill r
tap ɾ
Lateral l (ʎ)
Approximant w ɹ j
  • Sounds /k, ᵑɡ, ɣ, l/ become palatalized as [kʲ, ᵑɡʲ, ɣʲ, lʲ] when occurring before front vowels /i, e/.
  • /l/ when palatalized as [lʲ] can also have a palatal lateral allophone [ʎ] in the Vunjo dialect.
  • /w/ is heard as a fricative [β] when before front vowels /i, e/.[4][3]

Bibliography

  • Dalgish, Gerard M. (1978) 'The syntax and semantics of the morpheme ni in kiVunjo (Chaga)', Kiswahili, 48, 1, 42–56.
  • Philippson, Gérard (1984) '"Gens des bananeraies" (Tanzanie): contribution linguistique à l'histoire culturelle des Chaga du Kilimanjaro' (Cahier no. 16.) Paris: Editions Recherche sur les civilisations.

References

  1. 1 2 Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
  2. ↑ Nurse, Derek; Philippson, Gérard (1977). Tone in Old Moshi (Chaga). Studies in African linguistics 8: University of California, Los Angeles. pp. 49–80.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  3. 1 2 Philippson, Gérard; Montlahuc, Marie-Laure (2003). Kilimanjaro Bantu (E60 and E74). In Nurse, Derek and Philippson, Gérard (eds.), The Bantu Languages: London & New York: Routledge. pp. 475–500.
  4. 1 2 McHugh, Brian David (1990). Cyclicity in the phrasal phonology of KiVunjo Chaga. University of California at Los Angeles.


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