Location of Hyōgo-ku in Kobe

Hyogo (兵庫区, Hyōgo-ku) is one of nine wards of Kobe, Japan. It has an area of 14.56 km2 and a population of 106,322 (as of January 1, 2015).[1]

The area's location with a natural harbour near the Akashi Strait which links Osaka Bay and the Seto inland sea has been an important location throughout the history of Japan. The capital of Japan was located in the area for a short period in the 12th century. Today the area is an important manufacturing zone.[2]

The modern ward of Hyogo was formed as Sōsai-ku (湊西区, 'Minato (a surname) West Ward') when Kobe adopted the system of wards in 1931. Its name was changed to Hyogo in 1933 and its current boundaries were settled in 1971. The floral emblem of the ward is the pansy.[3]

Etymology

The literal meaning of the two kanji that make up the name Hyogo is "weapons warehouse".[4] From the Heian period, the area was also known as Ōwada-no-Tomari (大輪田泊, Ōwada-no-tomari).[5]

History

Kiyomori-zuka, a 12th-century monument to Taira no Kiyomori

Pre Edo period

The features of the natural harbour around Wadamisaki Peninsula has meant the port in Hyogo has been an important gateway to the Seto inland sea since the 8th-century Nara period.[1] In the 12th century, in the latter part of the Heian period, Taira no Kiyomori recognized the strategic benefit of the location and developed the harbor,[1] including the building of Kyogashima (ja:経が島), a man-made island completed in 1173 and described as 37 hectares in size in The Tale of the Heike. Kiyomori, the de facto ruler of Japan between 1160 and 1180, moved his official residence to Fukuhara, in what is modern-day Hyogo.[6][7] Fukuhara became the capital of Japan for a brief period near the end of Kiyomori's rule.[1][8] A monument erected shortly after his death, the Kiyomori-zuka, stands in the gardens of a shrine opposite Kiyomori Bridge, also named in his honour.[9][10]

Edo-Meiji periods

During the Edo period Hyogo was within the Yatabe District of Settsu Province. Although Japan was placed under isolation by the ruling Tokugawa shogunate, Hyogo Port remained an important route for domestic trade.[11] Given its importance, Hyogo Port was under the direct administration of the Shogunate via the Osaka machi-bugyō. In 1868, at the end of the Edo period, Hyogo port was one of the first to be opened to foreign vessels, ending Japan's 250-year long isolation.[12]

As part of the Shogunate's efforts to protect Japan from Western colonial forces, the defence of Hyogo Port was upgraded with the construction of the Wadamisaki Battery, one of six land batteries built around Osaka Bay under the design of Count Katsu Kaishū.[13] It was completed in 1864 after 18 months of construction at a cost of 25,000 ryō.[14] The outer enceinte was built of granite from the Shiwaku Islands and the inner two-storey structure was made of keyaki (Japanese elm) wood harvested from the Nunobiki and Tekkai Mountains in Kobe.[14] In 1921 the battery was the first place in Hyogo Prefecture to be designated as a historic site by the prefectural government.[14]

Also, the Wadamisaki Lighthouse was completed in 1871 under the guidance of the "father of Japanese lighthouses", Englishman Richard Henry Brunton, who was brought to Japan by the Shogunate under an 1867 agreement with the United Kingdom to build five western-style lighthouses around Osaka Bay. The original lighthouse, which was first illuminated in 1872, was a wooden octagonal structure. This was replaced with a 17m tall, three-story, steel hexagonal structure in 1884. The steel lighthouse was moved to the Suma Kaihin (Seaside) Park in Suma-ku in 1967 and in September 1998 it was registered as a national tangible cultural asset under the name Old Wadamisaki Lighthouse (旧和田岬灯台, Kyū-Wadamisaki Tōdai).[15]

Modern period

On 1 September 1931 the city of Kobe was the 6th city in Japan to adopt the system of dividing the city into wards. The area of the previous Hyogo town which lay west of the Minato River became Sōsai-ku (湊西区, 'Minato (a surname) West Ward').[16] The area of Hyogo town which lay east of the Minato River became part of Sōtō-ku (湊東区, 'Minato (a surname) East Ward'). On 1 January 1933 Sōsai's name was changed to Hyogo in recognition of the area's historic name.[17]

Bombing during World War II

The concentration of military and industrial manufacturing facilities including Kobe Steel, Kawanishi Aircraft Company Kawasaki Aircraft Industries and the Kawasaki and Mitsubishi Shipyards made the city of Kobe a primary target of bombing by the United States during World War II.[18] It suffered the highest fatality rate of the five major Japanese cities (the others being Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya and Osaka).

The first attack upon Kobe was by one B-25 bomber as a part of the Dolittle Raid on 18 April 1942.[19] With Japan's success in expanding its territory through south-east Asia at the time, an attack by foreign aircraft was not expected at the time and it was reported that some residents even waved flags at the plane as it flew overhead, thinking it was a Japanese aircraft.[20] One resident of Hyogo ward was the only fatality of the bombing of Kobe on that day.[21]

In 1945 the United States changed tactics from strategic bombing of military sites to indiscriminate bombing of cities, including the use of incendiary cluster bombs. The first successful firebombing raid against Japan was an attack on Kobe on 4 February 1945. The bombing was centred upon Hyogo and Minato wards.[19]

With the final attack upon eastern Kobe in June 1945, the United States command determined that Kobe had been destroyed to the extent that further attacks upon the city were not required.[19] By the end of the war, Kobe had suffered more than 7,400 deaths due to the air raids (Hyogo-ku had suffered 1250 deaths.[22]). Hyogo suffered the highest toll in terms of both lives lost and buildings destroyed.[19]

1995 Kobe earthquake

A collapsed Topos discount store in the Minatogawa neighbourhood of Hyogo
Burnt remains of wooden structures in the Shinminatogawa shopping arcade

At 5:46 on 17 January 1995 the Great Hanshin earthquake (阪神・淡路大震災, Hanshin Awaji daishinsai) (also known as the Kobe earthquake) devastated Kobe and the surrounding cities of the Hanshin region. Along with buildings that collapsed due to the earthquake, large areas of wooden houses and buildings burnt uncontrolled for many days, particularly in Nagata and Hyogo wards. A total of 6,434 people died in the earthquake,[23] of which the city of Kobe recorded fire as the cause of death of 528 people.[24]

Infrastructure in Hyogo was also significantly damaged by the earthquake. The underground Daikai Station collapsed and brought down National Route 28 that runs above it.[25] The loss of lives and infrastructure saw Hyogo lose a significant portion of its population; the ward's population has failed to return to its 1994 level twenty years later.[26]

Geography

Hyogo is bounded by Osaka Bay to the south, Kita Ward to the north, Nagata Ward to the west and Chūō Ward to the east. It features the eastern portion of a network of canals named the "Hyogo Canals" (Hyogo Unga) in the south,[1] and its northern border is at the base of the Rokko mountains.

Hyogo Canals

Hyogo Canal

The Hyogo Unga is the generic name for the network of five canals located along the southern coast of Hyogo and Nagata Wards, facing Osaka Bay. The canals have a total length of 6,470 metres and total area of almost 34 hectares,[27] making it one of the largest canal networks in Japan. They were first planned in the 1870s and completed in December 1899.[27]

Eastern end of Hyogo Canal from Kiyomori Bridge

The five canals are:

  1. Shinkawa Canal – The first canal to be completed, it was built between 1874 and 1876.
  2. Hyogo Canal
  3. Hyogo Feeder Canal
  4. Karumojima Canal – The longest canal at 2,200m.
  5. Shinminatogawa Canal – The shortest canal at 320m.

Boundary changes

Sōsai-ku was one of eight wards established when the system of wards was adopted by the city on 1 September 1931.[28] Following the name change to Hyogo in 1933, the next change occurred on 1 May 1945 when the city restructured the wards, with Hyogo expanded to include Minato-ku, the western portion of Sōtō-ku, and the portion of Hayashida-ku that lay east of the Hyogo Canals.[29]。

On 1 March 1947 the city of Kobe expanded due to the merger of the town of Arima and nine other villages from the districts of Muko, Arima and Akashi.[30] Of these, Arima town and the villages Yamada in Muko and Arino in Arima District became a part of Hyogo ward. On 1 July 1951 the villages of Hata, Dōjō and Ōzō that were located in Arima District merged into Kobe and Hyogo ward.[30] On 15 October 1955 Nagao village in Arima merged into Kobe and Hyogo ward.[30] This was followed by the village Ōgo of Minō District on 1 February 1958.[30] This expansion northwards made Hyogo the largest of Kobe's wards in size, encompassing 256.4 km2 of Kobe's 557 km2.

On 1 August 1973 the area of Hyogo north of the Rokko mountains, consisting of all of the former villages from the districts of Arima, Minō and Muko, were split from Hyogo to create the new Kita-ku.[30] This reduced Hyogo to its current size of 14.68 km2.[31]

Economy

Industry

Hyogo is one of the main industrial areas of Kobe. Fujitsu Ten[32] is headquartered within the ward, and other large corporations including Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Mitsubishi Electric and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries have manufacturing facilities in Hyogo.[1] In particular, railcars for the bullet train are manufactured in Hyogo by Kawasaki.In 2018 one of the renowned aerospace firms of USA established its subsidiary in Kobe called Swift Xi.

Arts and culture

Temples and shrines

Buddhist temples

As well as several monuments to Kiyomori, Hyogo is also the location of Nōfuku-ji temple, home of the Hyogo Daibutsu, an 11-metre-tall statue of Buddha.[33][34] This statue is the second generation, erected in 1991. The first one was erected in 1891 and was one of the three great Buddhist statues of Japan (Three great Daibutu of Japan), but was dismantled due to World War II.[35]

Shinto shrines and festivals

Yanagihara Ebisu Shrine is in the centre of Hyogo, close to Hyogo Station. It hosts the Tōka-Ebisu Festival (十日恵比寿大祭, Tōka-Ebisu Taisai, "10th Day Ebisu Grand Festival"), an annual festival held from 9 to 11 January in honour of Ebisu, the Shinto god of commerce. At the event people pray for success in their business, the health and safety of their family, and success in studies and obtaining employment.[36] Tōka-Ebisu is the most important cultural event in Hyogo throughout the year.

A yakuyoke festival (厄除大祭, yakuyoke taisai) is held annually from 18 to 19 January at two Hachiman shrines within Hyogo, the Minatogawa Hachiman Shrine and Misaki Hachiman Shrine. People who are approaching an "unlucky age" (yakudoshi) attend the shrine during the two days in order to undergo a yakuharai ritual to ward off unlucky spirits.[37][38]

Other places of worship

A Soka Gakkai church is located in the Misaki neighbourhood, close to the eastern end of the Hyogo canal. A Jehovah's Witnesses church is also located in the Misaki-Honmachi neighbourhood.

Entertainment

The Shinkaichi area in eastern Hyogo, with its numerous cinemas, theatres and restaurants, was known as the "Western Asakusa" in the period before World War II.[1]

Demographics

Hyogo-ku's population is decreasing now.[39] There is the second Vietnamese community in Kobe.

yearpopulationreference
1935145,064[40]
1940149,363[41]
194570,848[42]
1947130,633[43]
1950160,127[44]
1955211,414[45]
1960238,592[46]
1965254,076[47]
1970269,639[48]
1975165,868[49]
1980142,418
1985130,429
1990123,919
199598,856
2000106,897
2005106,985
2010108,304
2015106,956
2020109,144[50]
Foreigners in Hyogo-ku,Kobe[51]
NationalityPopulation (2018)
 China1,990
 Vietnam1,631
 South Korea1,410
Others793

Sports

Outside view of Misaki Park Stadium
Inside View of Misaki Park Stadium
Outside and inside views of Misaki Park Stadium.

Misaki Park Stadium is the home of the Vissel Kobe professional soccer and Kobelco Steelers professional rugby teams. The stadium hosted matches during the 2002 FIFA World Cup[52] and will also be one of the hosts of the 2019 Rugby World Cup.[53]

It was built on the site of the former Kobe Central Stadium, which occupied the location from 1970 until 1999. At the time of its construction, the Central Stadium was the first rectangular ball sports stadium built in Japan with lighting for night matches.[54] It hosted one of the groups 1979 FIFA World Youth Championship as well as a quarter final and semi final of the tournament.[54] The Kobe Keirin Stadium previously occupied the site and was in use from 1949 until 1960.[55]


Government

Hyogo is administered by the Hyogo ward office, which is located next to Minatogawa Station and Minatogawa Park. The Hyogo Police Station of the Hyogo Prefectural Police is located in the same vicinity and is responsible for policing the ward (excluding the marine areas that fall within the Kobe Water Police's jurisdiction). It maintains 14 kōban ("police boxes") within the ward and a substation near Hyogo Station.[56]

The ward is represented by 5 councilors in the 69-seat Kobe City council assembly.[57] In the April 2015 unified local elections, two candidates from the Liberal Democratic Party and one each from the Komeito, Communist and Innovation/Democratic (joint endorsement) were elected to the council.[58] Takashi Moriya, an LDP member elected to his sixth term in the council,[58] was subsequently elected by the council's members to serve as the council's chairman.[59]

Hyogo has two representatives on the 86-seat Hyogo Prefectural Assembly.[60] At the April 2015 election Issei Matsuda of the Komeito Party was elected to his fourth term and Shigetoshi Fukushima of the Liberal Democratic Party was elected to his first term.[61]

At the national level, the wards of Hyogo, Nagata and Kita form Hyogo No.2 District in the House of Representatives.[62] Kazuyoshi Akaba of the Komeito Party has represented the district from 1993 to 2009 and again from 2012 until present, most recently elected to his 7th term in the December 2014 general election. Upon his return to the Diet in 2012 Akaba served as a Senior Vice-Minister for Economy, Trade and Industry and Senior Vice-Minister for the Cabinet Office in Prime Minister Shinzo Abe's second cabinet from December 2012 until September 2014. Voter turnout at the December 2014 general election was 45.7% of Hyogo's 89,848 eligible voters,[63] the second lowest percentage in Kobe[63] and below the national turnout rate of 52.66%.[64] Electors in Hyogo also vote to elect members to the House of Representatives as part of the Kinki proportional representation block. For the House of Councillors, Hyogo is within the Hyogo at-large district, which covers the entire prefecture and elects a total of 4 councilors, while residents also vote for the national PR block.

Education

The following educational institutions are located in Hyogo:

High schools

references:[65]

  • Kobe Technical High School (operated by the Hyogo Prefectural Government)
  • Hyogo Technical High School (operated by the Hyogo Prefectural Government)
  • Kobe Gakuin University High School (operated by Kobe Gakuin University)
  • Kusunoki Senior High School (operated by the City of Kobe)
  • Shinko Senior High School (operated by the City of Kobe)

Junior high schools

All junior high schools in Hyogo are operated by the City of Kobe:[66]

  • Hyogo JHS
    • Hyogo JHS (Northern Campus)
  • Minatogawa JHS
  • Susano JHS
  • Yoshida JHS
  • Yumeno JHS

Elementary schools

All elementary schools in Hyogo are operated by the City of Kobe:[66]

  • Arata ES
  • Egeyama ES
  • Hamayama ES
  • Hirano ES
  • Hyogo Daikai ES
  • Meishin ES
  • Minatoyama ES
  • Mizuki ES
  • Wadamisaki ES
  • Yumenono'oka ES[a]

Special education

  • Kobe Yuusei Special Education School: A school for physically and mentally handicapped children, it has classes for children from kindergarten to high school.[67]

Infrastructure

Transportation

Rail

Hyogo is served by the JR Kobe Line and Wadamisaki spur line, the Kaigan and Seishin-Yamate lines of the Kobe Municipal Subway, Shintetsu Arima Line of the Kobe Electric Railway, and the Tozai Line (which carries Hankyu, Hanshin and Sanyo services).[68][69]

Road

Japan National Route 2 is the main arterial road through the area.[1] Route 3 (Kobe Route) of the Hanshin Expressway runs above National Route 2 and the Yanagihara entrance/exit ramp provides a connection point.[70] Other highways that run through the ward include National Routes 28 and 428.

Utilities

Kobe Water Science Museum

Water utilities in the ward are under the responsibility of the Kobe city water bureau. The Okuhirano Water Purification Plant, located in Kusudani-cho in the north of the ward,[71] was opened in 1900 and was the 7th modern waterworks plant to be constructed in Japan.[72] It occupies a 65,000m2 site and is capable of processing 60,000m3 of water per day.[71] The Kobe Water Science Museum is also located on the site.

Hyogo Post Office is the main office of Japan Post within the ward. It is located in Daikaidōri, in the centre of the ward, and operates a further 19 offices within the ward.[73]

Wholesale market

The Kobe City Central Wholesale Market (ja:神戸市中央卸売市場) is located on Nakanojima Island, in the southeastern corner of the ward. The market was first built in Hyogo port in 1932 and was the fifth such market to be opened in Japan.[74] The market sells seafood, fruit and vegetables via wholesale and auction, and operates a further two markets in Nagata and Higashinada wards.[75] There are restaurants and retail shops on site and an Aeon shopping mall opened opposite the market in September 2016.[76] The Chūō-Ichibamae Station of the Kaigan subway line is located beneath the market.[76]

Notable people

  • Takeo Azuma (1878–unknown) – silent film actor
  • Kazume Iritani (born 1961) – rakugo musician
  • Karumogawa Shinjiro (1886-unknown) – sumo wrestler
  • Hide Kawanishi (1894–1965) – printmaker and painter
  • Kazuki Kuriyama (born 1963) – songwriter and producer
  • Atsuhiro Mitsuhara (born 1980) – baseball player
  • Nobuo Okishio (1927–2003) – economics professor
  • Shiko Saito (1901–1961) – actor
  • Takatōriki Tadashige (born 1967) – sumo wrestler
  • Minami Uehara (born 1969) – television presenter and Kobe city councillor
  • Miyuki Utsumi (born 1957) – singer
  • Knock Yokoyama (1932–2007) – comedian and politician
  • Hishofuji Hiroki (born 1989) – sumo wrestler and Professional wrestler

Notes

^a. Opened in 2009 as a result of a merger of Kikusui, Higashiyama, Hiyodorigoe and Yumeno Elementary Schools.[77]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "兵庫区の概要 (Outline of Hyogo Ward)". Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  2. ↑ "県内企業の景況感、4四半期連続で「下降」超 10～12月期 製造業、原材料高騰などで伸び悩む". 26 December 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  3. ↑ "兵庫区の紹介". 1 April 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  4. ↑ "兵庫とは". Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  5. ↑ "大輪田の泊と平清盛の時代" [Ōwada-no-Tomari and the Age of Taira Kiyomori]. 16 April 2008. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  6. ↑ Tadahiro Tsujita (1989). 神戸考概論 [Overview of Kobelogy]. Toshi Seisaku (in Japanese). Kōbetoshimondaikenkyūjo. 56: 11. doi:10.11501/1833526. ISSN 0385-0390.
  7. ↑ Masaaki Takahashi [in Japanese] (2007). 平清盛の対中国外交と大輪田泊. The Port Cities Research (in Japanese). The Port Cities Research Center, Faculty of Letters, Kobe University. 2: 33–34. doi:10.24546/80030016. ISSN 0288-1535.
  8. ↑ Hall, John W. (1988). "Kyoto as Historical Background". In Hall, John W.; Mass, Jeffrey P. (eds.). Medieval Japan: Essays in Institutional History. Stanford University Press. p. 23. ISBN 0-8047-1511-4.
  9. ↑ NHK KOBE Broadcasting Station, ed. (2013). 新兵庫史を歩く 2 [New visiting history of Hyogo 2] (in Japanese). kobenp-printing. p. 214. ISBN 978-4343007766.
  10. ↑ Faculty of Sociology, Otemae University (2022). 兵庫津の道 [Hyogotsu Road] (PDF) (Map) (in Japanese). Kobe: Otemae University. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  11. ↑ 神戸港の歴史 [History of Kobe Port] (in Japanese). Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  12. ↑ Marius B. Jansen (1988). The Cambridge History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. p. 304. ISBN 978-0-521-22356-0.
  13. ↑ 和田岬砲台 [Wadamisaki Battery] (in Japanese). MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES, LTD. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  14. 1 2 3 和田岬砲台 [Wadamisaki Battery] (in Japanese). Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  15. ↑ 登録有形文化財（建造物） [Registered Tangible Cultural Asset (Structure)] (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  16. ↑ 神戸市文書館 神戸歴史年表（昭和6年） [Kobe City Archives, Kobe Historical Chronological Table (1931)] (in Japanese). Kobe city. Retrieved 20 August 2022.
  17. ↑ New History of Kobe City Editing Committee (1995). 新修神戸市史 行政編 [New History of Kobe City Administration edition] (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Kobe city. pp. 266–267.
  18. ↑ Yoshitaka Mizushima; Masao Hiratsuka (2015). Masao Hiratsuka (ed.). Nihon Kūshū no Zen. Yosensha. pp. 47, 96–99.
  19. 1 2 3 4 神戸市における戦災の状況（兵庫県） [The situation of war damage in Kobe City (Hyogo Prefecture)]. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  20. ↑ Ian, Toll (14 June 2013). 第八章 ドゥーリットル、奇跡の帝都攻撃 [Chapter 8 Dolittle, Miraculous capital Attack]. 太平洋の試練 真珠湾からミッドウェイまで 下 [Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942]. Translated by Kazuhisa, Murakami. Bungeishunjū. pp. 89–91. ISBN 978-4-16-376430-6.
  21. ↑ Kobe City Hall (1962). 神戸市史第三集 行政編 [History of Kobe city third episode Administration edition] (in Japanese). Kobe city. pp. 546–547.
  22. ↑ New History of Kobe City Editing Committee (1994). 新修神戸市史 歴史編 [New History of Kobe City history edition] (in Japanese). Vol. 4. Kobe city. pp. 906–907.
  23. ↑ 阪神・淡路大震災の概要 [Outline of Great Hanshin earthquake] (in Japanese). Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. 19 May 2006. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  24. ↑ "阪神・淡路の焼死者、２つの公式数の「謎」" ["Mystery" of two official statistics for people burned to death in Hanshin earthquake]. 17 August 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  25. ↑ Great Hanshin earthquake Recognize the railway compilation committee (1996). よみがえる鉄路 [Recognize the railway] (in Japanese). Sankaido. p. 327. ISBN 4-381-00989-4.
  26. ↑ Kojiro Niino [in Japanese] (2018). 少子高齢化時代の神戸市の人口問題. Toshi Seisaku (in Japanese). Kōbetoshimondaikenkyūjo. 170: 2–3. ISSN 0385-0390.
  27. 1 2 兵庫運河の今昔物語 [The Hyogo Canals: The Story of Now and Then] (in Japanese). 25 March 2009. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  28. ↑ 神戸市の誕生 [The birth of Kobe] (in Japanese). City of Kobe. 25 March 2009. Archived from the original on 4 January 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  29. ↑ 神戸市文書館 神戸歴史年表（昭和20年） [Kobe City Archives, Kobe Historical Chronological Table (1945)]. Cite of Kobe. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 神戸市北区：歴史 [Kita-ku, Kobe: History]. City of Kobe. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  31. ↑ "Pocket Statistics: Outline of Kobe". City of Kobe. 31 May 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  32. ↑ "Fujitsu Ten Corporate Profile" (PDF). June 2015. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  33. ↑ 能福寺の歴史概略 [History of Nofukuji]. Nofukuji. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  34. ↑ NHK KOBE Broadcasting Station, ed. (2013). 新兵庫史を歩く 2 [New visiting history of Hyogo 2] (in Japanese). kobenp-printing. pp. 211–212. ISBN 978-4343007766.
  35. ↑ New History of Kobe City Editing Committee (1994). 新修神戸市史 歴史編 [New History of Kobe City history edition] (in Japanese). Vol. 4. Kobe city. pp. 40–41.
  36. ↑ "蛭子神社/柳原のえべっさん" [Ebisu Shrine/Yanagihara's Ebissan]. Archived from the original on 3 July 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
  37. ↑ 厄除 [yakuyoke]. Minatohachiman shrine. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  38. ↑ 厄払い１年の無病息災願う 神戸の各神社で「厄除大祭」 [We pray good health for one year by yakuyoke "Yakuyoke taisai" at each shrine in Kobe]. The Kobe shimbun. 18 January 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  39. ↑ 兵庫区 地域の基礎データ（統計版） [Hyogo-ku fundamental area data (statistics version)] (PDF) (in Japanese). Kobe city. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  40. ↑ "国勢調査 / 昭和10年国勢調査 / 市町村別人口" [Japanese Census / 1935 Census / Population by Municipality] (PDF) (in Japanese). National Census Division, Statistics and Surveys Department, Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Retrieved 2022-09-20., Obtained from 国勢調査 / 昭和10年国勢調査 / 市町村別人口 24三重県～31鳥取県
  41. ↑ "国勢調査 / 昭和15年国勢調査 / 人口総数・男女の別・年令・配偶の関係・民籍または国籍" [Japanese Census / 1940 Census / Total population, sex, age Marital status, civil status or nationality] (PDF) (in Japanese). National Census Division, Statistics and Surveys Department, Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Retrieved 2022-09-20., Obtained from 国勢調査 / 昭和15年国勢調査 / 人口総数・男女の別・年令・配偶の関係・民籍または国籍 24三重県～35山口県
  42. ↑ Statistics Bureau, Prime Minister's Office, ed. (1977). 人口調査集計結果摘要〈昭和20年〉 [Summary of Population Survey Tabulation Results <1945>]. Japan Statistical Association. BN10999055 (NCID).
  43. ↑ "国勢調査 / 昭和22年臨時国勢調査 / 全国都道府県郡市区町村別人口（確定数）" [Japanese Census / 1947 Provisional Census / National Population by Prefecture, County, City, Town, and Village (fixed number)] (PDF) (in Japanese). National Census Division, Statistics and Surveys Department, Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Retrieved 2022-09-20., Obtained from 国勢調査 / 昭和22年臨時国勢調査 / 全国都道府県郡市区町村別人口（確定数）24三重県～29奈良県
  44. ↑ "国勢調査 / 昭和25年国勢調査 / 人口総数" [Japanese Census / 1950 Census / Total population] (PDF) (in Japanese). National Census Division, Statistics and Surveys Department, Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Retrieved 2022-09-20., Obtained from 国勢調査 / 昭和25年国勢調査 / 人口総数 28兵庫県～33岡山県
  45. ↑ "国勢調査 / 昭和30年国勢調査 / 人口総数" [Japanese Census / 1955 Census / Total population] (PDF) (in Japanese). National Census Division, Statistics and Surveys Department, Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Retrieved 2022-09-20., Obtained from 国勢調査 / 昭和30年国勢調査 / 人口総数 16富山県～29奈良県
  46. ↑ "国勢調査 / 昭和35年国勢調査 / 人口総数" [Japanese Census / 1960 Census / Total population] (PDF) (in Japanese). National Census Division, Statistics and Surveys Department, Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Retrieved 2022-09-20., Obtained from 国勢調査 / 昭和35年国勢調査 / 人口総数 23愛知県～46鹿児島県
  47. ↑ "国勢調査 / 昭和40年国勢調査 / 人口総数" [Japanese Census / 1965 Census / Total population] (PDF) (in Japanese). National Census Division, Statistics and Surveys Department, Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Retrieved 2022-09-20., Obtained from 国勢調査 / 昭和40年国勢調査 / 人口総数 15新潟県～29奈良県
  48. ↑ "国勢調査 / 昭和45年国勢調査 / 人口総数" [Japanese Census / 1970 Census / Total population] (PDF) (in Japanese). National Census Division, Statistics and Surveys Department, Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Retrieved 2022-09-20., Obtained from 国勢調査 / 昭和45年国勢調査 / 人口総数 15新潟県～29奈良県
  49. ↑ "市区町別総人口の推移" [Total population by city/town] (XLS) (in Japanese). Statistics Division, Planning Department, Hyogo Prefecture. Retrieved 2022-09-20., Obtained from 市区町別累年データ（人口・世帯）
  50. ↑ "国勢調査 / 令和２年国勢調査 / 人口等基本集計" [Japanese Census / 2020 Census / Basic Aggregation of Population, etc.] (XLSX) (in Japanese). National Census Division, Statistics and Surveys Department, Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Retrieved 2022-09-20., Obtained from 国勢調査 / 令和２年国勢調査 / 人口等基本集計 （主な内容：男女・年齢・配偶関係，世帯の構成，住居の状態，母子・父子世帯，国籍など）
  51. ↑ "神戸市 統計)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2018.
  52. ↑ Brooke, James (2 June 2002). "SOCCER; Legacy of World Cup May Be the Stadiums Left Behind". New York Times. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  53. ↑ "Japan's Venues Confirmed for 2019 Rugby World Cup". 2 March 2015. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  54. 1 2 歴史 [History] (HTML) (Press release) (in Japanese). Kobe City Football Association. 10 January 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  55. ↑ 神戸百景 [One Hundred Views of Kobe] (in Japanese). 24 January 2023.
  56. ↑ "交番案内－兵庫警察署" [Koban Guide – Hyogo Police Station]. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  57. ↑ 神戸市会 議員 [Kobe City Council Councillors] (in Japanese). 11 June 2015. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  58. 1 2 議員名簿（兵庫区） [List of Councillors (Hyogo-ku)] (in Japanese). 26 June 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  59. ↑ 議長・副議長 [Chairman/Deputy Chairman] (in Japanese). 19 June 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  60. ↑ ひょうご県議会だより 令和4年 夏号 [News from the Hyogo Prefectural Assembly, 2022 summer issue] (PDF). Hyogo Prefectural Assembly. p. 2. Retrieved 20 October 2022.
  61. ↑ 議員紹介/選挙区別一覧表 [List of Members by Electoral District] (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 10 July 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  62. ↑ Kobe City Electoral Committee (31 October 2022). 選挙結果調 [Election results Survey] (PDF) (Report) (in Japanese). p. 4. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  63. 1 2 選挙結果調 [Election Results Survey] (PDF) (in Japanese). Kobe City Electoral Committee. p. 63. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  64. ↑ 投票率５２．６６％、戦後最低を更新 総務省発表 [Election turnout 52.66%, lowest since World War II] (in Japanese). Asahi Shimbun. 15 December 2014. Archived from the original on 24 May 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  65. ↑ 市内の公立高等学校一覧 [List of public high schools in Kobe city]. Kobe city. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  66. 1 2 施設紹介 – 学校 [Introduction to Facilities – Schools] (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 September 2015.
  67. ↑ 神戸市立友生支援学校 [Kobe Yuusei Special Education School] (PDF) (in Japanese). Kobe city. pp. 28–29. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  68. ↑ 神戸新聞総合出版センター, ed. (2011). 兵庫の鉄道全駅 JR・三セク (in Japanese). Kobe: 神戸新聞総合出版センター. pp. 34–35. ISBN 9784343006028.
  69. ↑ 神戸新聞総合出版センター, ed. (2012). 兵庫の鉄道全駅 : 私鉄・公営鉄道 (in Japanese). Kobe: 神戸新聞総合出版センター. pp. 204–232. ISBN 9784343006745.
  70. ↑ 【昭和４１年１０月１７日】阪神高速の京橋−柳原間が開通. Mainichi Shimbun (in Japanese). 20 October 2016.
  71. 1 2 奥平野浄水場のあらまし [Outline of Okuhirano Water Purification Plant] (in Japanese). 1 September 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  72. ↑ "Kobe Water Supply Service100 Years of History". 31 March 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  73. ↑ 警察・郵便局など [Police, post offices, etc.] (in Japanese). Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  74. ↑ "A tour of Kobe's kitchen". Archived from the original on 2 February 2016. Retrieved 27 January 2016.
  75. ↑ "神戸市中央卸売市場 - 市場について - 施設情報" [Kobe Central Wholesale Market - About the Market - Facility Information]. City of Kobe. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  76. 1 2 "～兵庫運河周辺エリアに関西地区最大級の「食」特化型モール～「イオンモール神戸南」６月３０日（金） 第一期オープン！９月中旬 全館オープン" [～One of the largest malls specializing in "food" in the Kansai region in the Hyogo Canal area～ "Aeon shopping mall Kobe minami" 6/30 (Fri) First phase open! All buildings open in mid-September.] (PDF) (in Japanese). AEON shopping mall. 30 May 2017. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
  77. ↑ 沿革史 [History] (in Japanese). Retrieved 25 September 2015.

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