Hugh Miller
Hugh Miller, photographed by Hill & Adamson (c. 1843–1847)
Born(1802-10-10)10 October 1802
Cromarty
Died24 December 1856(1856-12-24) (aged 54)
Portobello, Edinburgh
NationalityScottish
SpouseLydia Mackenzie Falconer Miller
Scientific career
Fieldsgeology

Hugh Miller (10 October 1802 – 23/24 December 1856) was a self-taught Scottish geologist and writer, folklorist[1] and an evangelical Christian.[2]

Life and work

Hugh Miller
Fossils of Hughmilleria socialis

Miller was born in Cromarty, the first of three children of Harriet Wright (bap. 1780, d. 1863) and Hugh Miller (bap. 1754, d. 1807), a shipmaster in the coasting trade. Both parents were from trading and artisan families in Cromarty.[3] His father died in a shipwreck in 1807, and he was brought up by his mother and uncles.[4] He was educated in a parish school where he reportedly showed a love of reading. It was at this school that Miller was involved in an altercation with a classmate in which he stabbed his peer's thigh. Miller was subsequently expelled from the school following an unrelated incident.[5] At 17 he was apprenticed to a stonemason, and his work in quarries, together with walks along the local shoreline, led him to the study of geology. In 1829 he published a volume of poems, and soon afterwards became involved in political and religious controversies, first connected to the Reform Bill, and then with the division in the Church of Scotland which led to the Disruption of 1843.[6]

In 1834 he became accountant in one of the local banks, and in the next year brought out his Scenes and Legends in the North of Scotland. In 1837 he married the children's author Lydia Mackenzie Falconer Fraser.[7] In 1840 the popular party in the Church, with which he had been associated, started a newspaper, the Witness, and Miller was called to be editor in Edinburgh, a position which he retained until the end of his life. He was an influential writer and speaker in the early Free Church.[8] From 1846 he was joined at "The Witness" by Rev James Aitken Wylie.[9]

Among his geological works are The Old Red Sandstone (1841), Footprints of the Creator (1850), The Testimony of the Rocks (1857), Sketch-book of Popular Geology. Of these books, perhaps The Old Red Sandstone was the best known. The Old Red Sandstone is still a term used to collectively describe sedimentary rocks deposited as a result of the Caledonian orogeny in the late Silurian, Devonian and earliest part of the Carboniferous period.

Miller held that the Earth was of great age, and that it had been inhabited by many species which had come into being and gone extinct, and that these species were homologous; although he believed the succession of species showed progress over time, he did not believe that later species were descended from earlier ones. He denied the Epicurean theory that new species occasionally budded from the soil, and the Lamarckian theory of development of species, as lacking evidence. He argued that all this showed the direct action of a benevolent Creator, as attested in the Bible – the similarities of species are manifestations of types in the Divine Mind; he accepted the view of Thomas Chalmers that Genesis begins with an account of geological periods, and does not mean that each of them is a day; Noah's Flood was a limited subsidence of the Middle East. Geology, to Miller, offered a better version of the argument from design than William Paley could provide, and answered the objections of sceptics, by showing that living species did not arise by chance or by impersonal law.[10]

In a biographical review about him, he was recognized as an exceptional person by Sir David Brewster, who said of him:

"Mr. Miller is one of the few individuals in the history of Scottish science who have raised themselves above the labors of an humble profession, by the force of their genius and the excellence of their character, to a comparatively high place in the social scale."

— Brewster (1851)[11]

Illness and death

Bust of Miller by William Brodie in the Scottish National Portrait Gallery
The grave of Hugh Miller, Grange Cemetery

For most of 1856, Miller had severe headaches and mental distress, and the most probable diagnosis is of psychotic depression. Victorian medicine did not help. He feared that he might harm his wife or children because of persecutory delusions.

Miller died by suicide, shooting himself in the chest with a revolver in his house, Shrub Mount, Portobello, on the night of 23/24 December 1856. That night he had finished checking printers' proofs for his book on geology and Christianity, The Testimony of the Rocks. Before his death, he wrote a poem called Strange but True.[12] He died on 24 December 1856.

His funeral procession, attended by thousands, was amongst the largest in the memory of Edinburgh residents.

He is buried in the Grange Cemetery in Edinburgh. His is a simple red granite monument on the north boundary wall, close to the northwest corner.

His son Hugh Miller FRSE (1850-1896), who was six years old when his father killed himself, lies on his left side.

Legacy

Though he had no academic credentials, he is today considered one of Scotland's most influential Victorian palaeontologists, particularly in communicating science to a wider audience. Miller made many new discoveries, including several Silurian sea scorpions (the eurypterid genus Hughmilleria was named in his honour), and many Devonian fishes, including several placoderms (the arthrodire Millerosteus also honoured him), described in his popular books. The fossil cypress Hughmillerites, and the parareptile Milleretta were also named after him. The BP-operated Miller oilfield in the North Sea was named after Hugh Miller. Hugh Miller Place, a street in the Stockbridge Colonies area of Edinburgh, is named in his honour.

Miller's wife Lydia played a major role in editing and securing posthumous publication of compilations as books of many of his Witness articles and public addresses, thus gaining for him a continued wider readership for another 50 years after his death. His second daughter, Harriet Miller Davidson was a published poet who married a clergyman after her father's suicide. She moved to Adelaide where her husband was a minister and she published poems and stories in both countries about temperance and of daughters left by inspirational fathers.[13]

There is a bust of Hugh Miller in the Hall of Heroes at the Wallace Monument in Stirling.[14] His home in Cromarty is open as a geological museum, with specimens collected in the immediate area; a weekend event at the site in 2008 was part of celebrations marking the bicentenary of the Geological Society of London.[15][16]

The Hugh Miller Trail starts at a small car park on a minor road just past Eathie Mains, about 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Cromarty, and leads about 1 mile (1.6 km) down a steep slope through woodland to the foreshore at Eathie Haven on the Moray Firth, where Miller began collecting fossils. It was here that he found his first fossil ammonite, in Jurassic rocks. The haven was originally a salmon fishing station, and a former fishermen's bothy, open to the public, has a display board about the geology of the area and Miller's fossil discoveries.[17]

The Friends of Hugh Miller are a charity set up to celebrate and promote his legacy, and encourage the study and practice of the earth sciences in the 21st century in Miller's name. Since 2015 the bi-annual Hugh Miller Writing Competition has been held, with entries inspired by Miller and related themes.

Main works

Biographies

  • The Life of Hugh Miller – A Sketch for Working Men (1862) The Compiler (Northern Daily Express)[18]
  • Peter Bayne (1871), The Life and Letters of Hugh Miller, Volume 1,[19] Volume 2[20]
  • Life of Hugh Miller (1880)[21]
  • Hugh Miller – A Critical Study (1905)[22]
  • George Rosie (1981), Hugh Miller: Outrage and Order, Mainstream Publishing, Edinburgh, ISBN 0-906391-17-2
  • Anderson, Lyall I. (2005) "Hugh Miller: introducing palaeobotany to a wider audience", in Bowden, A.J., Burek, C.V. & Wilding, R. (eds). History of Palaeobotany: Selected Essays. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 241, 63 – 90.
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via Wikisource.

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Henderson, Lizanne (2003) "The Natural and Supernatural Worlds of Hugh Miller", in Celebrating the Life and Times of Hugh Miller. Scotland in the Early 19th Century Ed. Lester Borley. Cromarty Arts Trust. ISBN 0906265339. pp. 89–98.
  2. ↑ Wylie, James Aitken (1881). Disruption worthies : a memorial of 1843, with an historical sketch of the free church of Scotland from 1843 down to the present time. Edinburgh: T. C. Jack. pp. 405–412. Retrieved 18 August 2018.
  3. ↑ Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (23 September 2004). "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. ref:odnb/18723. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/18723. Retrieved 8 December 2019. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  4. ↑ Brown, Thomas (1884). Annals of the Disruption: With Extracts from the Narratives of Ministers who Left the Scottish Establishment. Edinburgh: McNiven & Wallace. pp. 460–462. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  5. ↑ Alston, David (2021). Slaves and Highlanders: Silenced History of Scotland and the Caribbean (First ed.). Edinburgh University Press. p. 1. ISBN 9781474427302.
  6. ↑ Cousin, John William (1910). A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London: J. M. Dent & Co. Retrieved 13 December 2007.
  7. ↑ Marian McKenzie Johnston, 'Miller, Lydia Mackenzie Falconer (bap. 1812, d. 1876)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2008 accessed 8 December 2014
  8. ↑ Miller, Hugh (1871). The Headship of Christ and the Rights of the Christian People (5th ed.). Edinburgh: William P. Nimmo. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  9. ↑ Ewing, William Annals of the Free Church
  10. ↑ Miller, Hugh (1857) Testimony of the Rocks, Lecture Five, et passim.
  11. ↑ The Foot-prints of the Creator: Or, The Asterolepis of Stromness (1851), Harvard University, Department of Geological Sciences. Hugh Miller: Sketches of His Life and Writings, p. 14
  12. ↑ Sharp, Robert Farquharson (1904). A Dictionary of English Authors: Biographical and Bibliographical. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Company, Limited. p. 198.
  13. ↑ W. G. Blaikie, 'Davidson, Harriet Miller (1839–1883)', rev. Pam Perkins, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 8 December 2014
  14. ↑ Carter, Owain F. (2002) The Wallace Monument. tesco.net
  15. ↑ Hugh Miller Museum & Birthplace Cottage Museum. National Trust for Scotland
  16. ↑ "Local hero's shores 'fossil rich'". BBC News. 12 April 2008.
  17. ↑ Davidson, John (24 May 2011). "A steep descent into ancient Black Isle history : Features : Active-Outdoors". Inverness Courier. Retrieved 1 October 2013., supplemented by information from notice boards at the car park and in the bothy. See also WalkHighlands.
  18. ↑ The life of Hugh Miller, a sketch for working men. London: Samuel W. Partridge. 1862. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  19. ↑ Bayne, Peter (1871). The life and letters of Hugh Miller Volume 1. London: Strahan. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  20. ↑ Bayne, Peter (1871). The Life and Letters of Hugh Miller Volume 2. London: Strahan and Co. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  21. ↑ Watson, Jean L. (1880). Life of Hugh Miller. Edinburgh: James Gemmel. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
  22. ↑ Mackenzie, William Mackay (1905). Hugh Miller; a critical study. London: Hodder and Stoughton. Retrieved 1 May 2017.

Sources

Further reading

  • Kerr, John (1962), The Last Scotchman, in Gordon, Giles and Scott-Moncrieff, Michael (eds.), New Saltire 3: Spring 1962, The Saltire Society, Edinburgh, pp. 11–15.
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