Army Group Courland
German: Heeresgruppe Kurland
Armband
Active25 January – 10 May 1945
Country Nazi Germany
Branch Heer ( Wehrmacht)
TypeArmy group
Commanders
Last commanderCarl Hilpert
Chief-of-StaffFriedrich Foertsch
Notable
commanders		Lothar Rendulic

Army Group Courland (German: Heeresgruppe Kurland) was a German Army Group on the Eastern Front which was created from remnants of the Army Group North, isolated in the Courland Peninsula by the advancing Soviet Army forces during the 1944 Baltic Offensive of the Second World War. The army group remained isolated in the Courland Pocket until the end of World War II in Europe. All units of the Army Group were ordered to surrender by the capitulated Wehrmacht command on 8 May 1945.

At the time agreed for all German armed forces to end hostilities (see the German Instrument of Surrender, 1945), the Sixteenth and Eighteenth armies of Army Group Courland, commanded by General (of Infantry) Carl Hilpert, ended hostilities at 23:00, on 8 May 1945, surrendering to Leonid Govorov, commander of the Leningrad Front. By the evening of 9 May 1945 189,000 German troops, including 42 officers in the rank of general, in the Courland Pocket had surrendered.[1]

History

Naming

Stamp used in Courland pocket (1945)

The aggregation of troops that became named Army Group Courland was created when the Red Army reached the Baltic Sea near the Memel river on Tuesday, 10 October 1944.

As a result, what was then known as Army Group North was cut off in one section of Latvia from the rest of the German Army, and was to stay cut off for the remainder of the war. Approximately 200,000 German troops in 26 divisions were in what was to become known as the Courland Pocket, pushed against the Baltic Sea in the West, the Irbe Strait in the North and the Gulf of Riga in the East. It covers northwestern Latvia. Army Group Courland remained in existence until the end of the war in Europe.

Army Group Courland was created on 25 January 1945, when German dictator Adolf Hitler renamed Army Group North, Army Group Center, and Army Group A. Hitler's name changes meant that Army Group North became Army Group Courland (Heeresgruppe Kurland), Army Group Center became Army Group North (Heeresgruppe Nord) and Army Group A became Army Group Center (Heeresgruppe Mitte).

Isolation

German civilians and soldiers of Army Group Courland evacuate via Windau (Ventspils), 19 October 1944.

Army Group Courland consisted of the German Sixteenth Army and the German Eighteenth Army. The two armies had been sent to Courland partly to protect training grounds for the remaining Nazi U-boat forces.[2]

Bypassed by the main Soviet thrusts, Army Group Courland remained relatively intact. Even towards the end of the war, the army was able to field between twenty-four and thirty-one divisions, with the exact number of divisions depending on how many of the associated or understrength divisions are counted.[2] Even so, with its back to the Baltic Sea, it also remained largely cut off from re-supply, and was unable to break out or evacuate.

Soviet ultimatum

On 7 May 1945, German Head of State (Staatsoberhaupt) and President (Reichspräsident) Karl Dönitz ordered Colonel-General Carl Hilpert, to surrender Army Group Courland. Hilpert was the army group's last commander-in-chief.[3] Hilpert surrendered himself, his personal staff, and three divisions of the XXXVIII Corps to Marshal of the Soviet Union Leonid Govorov. Hilpert sent the following message to his troops: "To all ranks! Marshal Govorod [sic] has agreed to a cease-fire beginning at 14:00 hours on 8 May. Troops to be informed immediately. White flags to be displayed. Commander expects loyal implementation of order, on which the fate of all Courland troops depends."[4]

On 8 May, a General Otto Friedrich Rauser (Chief of Logistics of the Army Group) succeeded in obtaining better surrender terms from the Soviets. On 9 May, the Soviet commission in Peilei started to interrogate the captive staff of Army Group Courland. The Soviets began a general round-up of all remaining German troops in the Courland Pocket.[5] By end of the 11 May the troops of the Leningrad Front had secured the Courland peninsula, reaching the coast of the Riga Bay and the Baltic Sea.[6]

From 9 May to 12 May 140,408 men and non-commissioned officers, 5,083 officers and 28 generals in the Courland Pocket, surrendered. The equipment captured in the same period consisted of 75 aircraft; 307 tanks and self-propelled guns; 1,427 guns; 557 mortars; 3,879 machine-guns; 52,887 rifles and submachine-guns; 219 armored personnel carriers; 310 radio stations; 4,281 motor vehicles; 240 tractors, 3,442 carts loaded with military cargoes, 14,056 horses.[7]

On 23 May, the Soviet round-up of the German troops in the Courland Pocket was completed. A total of about 180,000 German troops were taken into captivity. Captive German officers were turned over to the NKVD. The bulk of the captives were taken to camps in Valdai Hills.[5]

Aftermath

After the surrender, some elements of Army Group Courland briefly attempted to reform itself as a Freikorps. This was an act reminiscent of similar actions taken at the end of World War I, but atypical for the end of World War II. The formation of a Freikorps was prevented by the Soviets, who were obviously unwilling to allow such an action by a beaten foe.[2] In addition, the Soviets did not intend for Germans to remain settled in the Courland area after the war.

A number of German, Estonian and, Latvian soldiers evaded Soviet capture. Approximately 4000 Latvian soldiers went to the forests and formed partisan organizations to continue their fight against the Soviets and to gain independence for the Soviet-occupied Latvia.[8]

Commanders

Ultra decrypt of a message from Berlin to Army Group Courland, 14 February 1945
No. Portrait CommanderTook officeLeft officeTime in office
1
Lothar Rendulic
Rendulic, LotharGeneraloberst
Lothar Rendulic
(1887–1971)		15 January 194527 January 194512 days
2
Heinrich von Vietinghoff
Vietinghoff, HeinrichGeneraloberst
Heinrich von Vietinghoff
(1887–1952)		27 January 194510 March 194542 days
(1)
Lothar Rendulic
Rendulic, LotharGeneraloberst
Lothar Rendulic
(1887–1971)		10 March 194525 March 194515 days
3
Carl Hilpert
Hilpert, CarlGeneraloberst
Carl Hilpert
(1888–1947)		25 March 19458 May 194544 days

Senior officers at capitulation

See also

References

  1. ↑ May 9th 1945 (From the Soviet Information Bureau) Archived 2007-05-26 at the Wayback Machine part of the RIA Novosti 60 anniversary of surrender project Archived May 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  2. 1 2 3 World War II - Willmott, H.P. et al., Dorling Kindersley Publishers Ltd, 2004
  3. ↑ May 12th, 1945 (From the Soviet Information Bureau Our Victory) Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine part of the RIA Novosti 60 anniversary of surrender project Archived May 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine notes that Hilpert was commander of the XXXVIII Corps, it explains why only three divisions surrendered with him
  4. ↑ Hans Dollinger 'The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan -, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047, Page 290
  5. 1 2 The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan - Hans Dollinger, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047, Page 278
  6. 1 2 May 11th, 1945 (From the Soviet Information Bureau Our Victory) Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine part of the RIA Novosti 60 anniversary of surrender project Archived May 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  7. 1 2 May 12th, 1945 (From the Soviet Information Bureau Our Victory) Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine part of the RIA Novosti 60 anniversary of surrender project Archived May 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  8. ↑ Bleiere, Daina; Ilgvars Butulis; Antonijs Zunda; Aivars Stranga; Inesis Feldmanis (2006). History of Latvia : the 20th century. Riga: Jumava. p. 364. ISBN 9984-38-038-6. OCLC 70240317.
  9. ↑
    • SS Obergruppenfuhrer von Pfeffer-Wildenbrauch of the 6th Army Corps
    May 10th, 1945 (From the Soviet Information Bureau Our Victory) Archived 2007-05-30 at the Wayback Machine part of the RIA Novosti 60 anniversary of surrender project Archived May 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine

Sources

  • May 09th 1945 (From the Soviet Information Bureau) part of the Russian News and Information Agency Novosti 60 anniversary of surrender project
  • Dollinger, Hans. The Decline and Fall of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan, Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number 67-27047
  • Tessin, Georg (1980). Die Landstreitkräfte: Namensverbände / Die Luftstreitkräfte (Fliegende Verbände) / Flakeinsatz im Reich 1943–1945 [Ground forces: Named units and formations / Air forces (Flying units and formations) / Anti–aircraft service in the Reich 1943–1945] (in German). Vol. 14. Osnabrück: Biblio. ISBN 3-7648-1111-0. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  • Willmott, H.P. et al. World War II, Dorling Kindersley Publishers Ltd, 2004
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