Document.no
Type of site
Online newspaper
Available inNorwegian
OwnerDocument.no AS
EditorHans Rustad
URLwww.document.no
Launched14 January 2003

Document.no is a Norwegian far-right[5] anti-immigration online newspaper.[6] Academics have identified Document.no as an anti-Muslim[12] website permeated by the Eurabia conspiracy theory.[3][7] The website received global media attention in connection with the 2011 Norway attacks due to its association with perpetrator Anders Behring Breivik, a former comment section poster on the website.[3][13][14]

The articles published in Document.no are often critical towards Islam[15][16] and immigration,[17][18] and supportive of Israel[19] and the United States;[20][21] although increasingly more critical of Barack Obama and supportive of Donald Trump and conspiracy theories such as election fraud in the 2020 election.[22] Faktisk.no found Document.no to be part of a far-right echo chamber that is one of Norway's most popular online newspapers in social media,[23] and a report on extremism on the Internet published in 2013 by the Ministry of Justice and Public Security described Document.no as an "extremist website."[24] Document.no has been met with mixed reception in media commentary.[29]

Document originally began as a small publishing company.[17][30] The website was launched by its owner Hans Rustad in 2003, and is owned by the limited company with the same name.[31][32][33] In 2018 Rustad was admitted to the Association of Norwegian Editors.[34] Document.no was granted financial press support from the Norwegian state in 2023.[35]

History and impact

Document.no began publishing as a blog on 14 January 2003. It moved from having the form of a blog to being a news site, as more authors as Christian Skaug, Nina Hjerpset-Østlie and Hanne Tolg joined the editorial team. Today it is referred to as an online newspaper.[30][36] By 2011, the website reached an audience of up to 40,000 unique visitors every week.[37] By 2018 the site had over 400,000 monthly readers.[38]

In 2015, Wales-based blogger Hanne Tolg was investigated for alleged anti-Muslim posts on the site, and quit her job at a fire service in North Wales as a result of the investigation.[39] In 2016, Tolg's articles twice topped the list of most-shared articles on social media in Norway.[40] According to fact-checking organization Faktisk.no, Document.no's content is primarily shared by an overlapping far-right echo chamber on social media that is among the most widely shared in Norway.[23]

Rustad and Document.no originally distanced themselves from counter-jihad blogger Peder "Fjordman" Jensen since as early as 2007,[41] but in 2020 Document Forlag published a book by Jensen about the Breivik case.[42] Document.no has still sometimes been identified as part of the counter-jihad movement.[43][44]

Government blasphemy bill

The website has been cited as the main player when for the first time in Norwegian history, in 2009 "bloggers" were credited for successfully setting the national political agenda. Document.no had criticized a government "blasphemy bill", a proposed extension of §185 with regards to "hate speech so that the provision protects the need for a criminal law protection against qualified attack on religions and belief." The proposed bill was met with nearly no exposure in the mainstream media, until close to a month later, although it had been criticized as an attack on democracy in Danish newspapers. Eventually the bill became criticized as attacking freedom of speech, and an online petition against it was supported by numerous notable figures and organisations in Norway. The pressure caused the government to later retract the proposal.[45][46][47]

Anders Behring Breivik

Document.no received global media attention after the 2011 Norway attacks when it became known that terrorist Anders Behring Breivik had contributed comments to the site (among over 40 websites including Stormfront, Minerva, VG and Aftenposten),[48][49] attended one of its events and been in contact with its owner Rustad over a possible cooperation.[3][50] Breivik posted numerous posts on Document.no (mainly in 2009) and praised the founder Hans Rustad.[51] He also attended an open meeting of "Documents venner" (Friends of Document), affiliated with the website, in the fall of 2009.[52] Breivik reportedly sought to start a Norwegian version of the Tea Party movement in cooperation with the owners of Document.no, who initially expressed interest but ultimately turned down his proposal because he did not have the contacts he promised.[51][53] Breivik eventually became disaffected with the website because he found it to be too moderate for his views,[30] and has later admitted that he has actually been a neo-Nazi since the early 1990s, who only disguised himself in later years.[54] When Breivik was named as the arrested, the website became unreachable due to an extreme increase in traffic.[55] Rustad expressed bleakness with inevitably having to be associated with Breivik, while maintaining that Breivik had disguised his extremist views through relatively moderate, non-violent user comments (which were compiled and made available on the site).[51]

NRK "Roma woman" feature

Nina Hjerpset-Østlie, writing for Document.no was the first to break a scandal regarding an eight-minute news feature about a Roma woman in the public service broadcaster NRK in January 2013. In the NRK-feature, Roma woman Mirela Mustata was presented as a victim of Norwegian law system prejudice against Roma people, however Document.no could report that the woman who was presented as a victim had actually been convicted for co-conspiring to the rape of her own 11-year-old daughter, having received payment for it. It was later found that NRK had been aware of this, but chose not to report it in the feature because it, according to them, would make the case too complicated.[56] The case was gradually rolled up by other commentators and gained widespread reporting in mainstream media, causing a major scandal for NRK.[30][27][57][58] NRK later apologized for broadcasting the feature.[59]

Reception

Document.no has been described by academics as a website that features anti-Muslim[12] and "hard right" rhetoric.[14] A report on extremism on the Internet published in 2013 by the Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Public Security cites Document.no as an example of an "extremist website".[24] According to Sindre Bangstad, an expert on the far-right, the website is permeated by the Eurabia conspiracy theory.[3] In September 2020, the leader of the Norwegian Young Conservatives Sandra Bruflot said Document.no is a "website propagating hate against minorities" and asked that conservatives don't "legitimise" the website by linking to it.[60]

The site has been described by Aftenposten as "an Islam-critical and Israel-friendly, so-called blue-blog",[19] and by Dagbladet as "Islam-critical and socially conservative."[61] Klassekampen has described it as a "leading online magazine" and has criticized it for not being transparent about the founding,[28] and among the political right's "most important arenas for debate" around immigration and Islam.[30] In 2014, the Norwegian Centre Against Racism (NCAR) described it as "the closest to an intellectual arena of debate" around the same topics for many on the political far-right, but did not consider it "far-right or onesidedly Islamophobic" at the time.[62] In a 2021 re-evaluation, the NCAR identified Document.no as a publisher of far-right anti-Islam rhetoric, stating that "far-right extremists often claim– as Rustad does, that Muslims today try to conquer Europe as their ancestors" and that "This rhetoric, and especially the three campaigns deemed to have halted the rise of Islam in Europe, plays a central role in the far-right discourse, especially as ideological motivation. The same mindset and rhetoric characterize the site Document.no."[63]

Helge Øgrim, editor of Journalisten, the journal of the Norwegian Union of Journalists, in July 2011 described Document.no as an "anti-immigrant forum which has evolved into a hotbed of galloping Islamophobia".[64] Lars Gule described it in The Vancouver Sun as "a far-right web forum" that is "dominated by Islamophobic and anti-immigration commentary",[65] while the conservative Muslim commentator Mohammad Usman Rana has called it "a right-wing populist and Muslimphobic interest group".[66] Writer on right-wing extremism Øyvind Strømmen however rejects that the website is far-right, instead describing the authors as "socially conservative immigration-opponents".[67] The Swedish Expo has described it as "right-wing radical and Islamophobic".[68]

According to Klassekampen in 2014, "Document has been accused of releasing racist and xenophobic voices but is also praised for being a serious and fact-based site for Islamic criticism."[28] Yvonne Rundberg Savosnick, the former chairman of the Norwegian Union of Jewish Students, mentioned the site in a 2009 feature with the student newspaper at the University of Oslo, Universitas, because of its "critical view of the Norwegian press," although she stated that she "rarely agreed with everything" on the website.[69] Author and former Aschehoug editor Halvor Fosli has expressed support for many of the website's positions, and has been involved in some limited publishing cooperation.[30] Elin Ørjasæter in 2013 wrote that the site includes "journalistic pearls and fresh revelations".[28] Aftenposten columnist Bjørn Stærk in 2013 described Document.no as "one of Norway's most important media", and as "obligatory reading" for everyone wanting to follow the immigration-debate. Stærk claimed that the most controversial contents of the website "are the guest articles. Geert Wilders has had several articles. Julia Cæsar had an article about African immigrants' low intelligence. Critics use this as evidence that the editorial board of Document are racists and haters of Islam. At the same time there is nothing in the commentaries by the website's permanent writers, which indicate this".[27][28]

In 2011, Hans Rustad complained to the Professional Committee of the Press over an article in the local newspaper Eidsvoll Ullensaker Blad, which described Rustad as a chief exponent of the "brown goo", stating that "it does not matter what the spill call themselves, this is very similar to Nazism" and concluding that "we do not want Behring Breivik, Rustad and other nutjobs to set the agenda". The committee criticized the article, emphasizing that it mostly discouraged the use of the term "Nazi" when referring to individuals.[70]

Anders Giæver, a commentator writing for the Verdens Gang tabloid, criticized the investigation that led to Tolg's resignation from her job in 2015 as a "Kafkaesque process" that followed "targeting" from online forums, Facebook groups, and RationalWiki.[71]

Following his admission to the Association of Norwegian Editors, Rustad has been criticised for increasingly promoting conspiracy theories, related to the 2020 United States presidential election, COVID-19 and the deep state.[22][72]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Figenschou, Tine Ustad; Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea (4 July 2019). "Challenging Journalistic Authority: Media criticism in far-right alternative media". Journalism Studies. Routledge. 20 (9): 1221–1237. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2018.1500868. ISSN 1461-670X. S2CID 150015621. Retrieved 20 February 2022 – via ResearchGate.
  2. ↑ Løvlie, Anders Sundnes; Ihlebæk, Karoline Andrea; Larsson, Anders Olof (22 June 2018). "'Friends call me racist': Experiences of repercussions from writing comments on newspaper websites" (PDF). Journalism. SAGE. 22 (3): 748–766. doi:10.1177/1464884918781794. hdl:11250/2587336. S2CID 52083872. Retrieved 20 February 2022. For the latter three dimensions included in our study, we find significant correlations in our quantitative analysis indicating that those who comment anonymously and those who are skeptical of strict editorial policies tend to experience repercussions more often, as do those who comment on the far-right anti-Islamic news site Document.no - indicating that issue controversy does increase the likelihood of experiencing repercussions.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bangstad, Sindre (12 June 2014). Anders Breivik and the Rise of Islamophobia. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78360-009-0. Retrieved 20 February 2022 – via Google Books.
  4. ↑ Shatz, Adam (20 November 2014). "West End Boy". London Review of Books. 36 (22). ISSN 0260-9592. He turned up at a pro-Israel meeting organised by the Friends of Document.no, a far-right website edited by Hans Rustad, a former soixante-huitard who claimed that Muslim men were using sex as a form of warfare, inflicting a 'slow castration' on Western men.
  5. ↑ [1][2][3]: 106 [4]
  6. ↑ "Skremmende hat". 23 July 2011.
  7. 1 2 Bergmann, Eirikur (29 April 2021). "The Eurabia conspiracy theory". Europe: Continent of Conspiracies. Routledge. pp. 47–48. doi:10.4324/9781003048640-3. ISBN 978-1-003-04864-0. S2CID 233612661. Retrieved 20 February 2022 – via ResearchGate. Many other examples of violent acts by those who subscribed to the Eurabia and the wider Great Replacement theory exist. I opened the chapter by discussing the terrorist attack of Anders Behring Breivik in Norway. The attack revealed a hidden sub-culture in Norway, simmering underneath on the Internet; a network of racist and Islamophobic groups operating around the country. One of the main forums for these politics was the online platform document.no, where Norwegian racists exchanged their views.
  8. ↑ Eriksen, Thomas Hylland (18 November 2016). "Social Anthropology and the Shifting Discourses about Immigrants in Norway". Engaged Anthropology: Views from Scandinavia. Springer International. p. 105. ISBN 978-3-319-40484-4. Retrieved 22 October 2020 – via Google Books. In Norway, strongly anti-Muslim and anti-immigrant voices increasingly began to make themselves heard, and they would soon enter the mainstream media. The most influential website devoted to anti-Muslim discourse, document.no, later infamous for being the terrorist Anders Behring Breivik's favorite website, was founded in January 2003.
  9. ↑ Gardell, Mattias (January 2014). "Crusader Dreams: Oslo 22/7, Islamophobia, and the Quest for a Monocultural Europe" (PDF). Terrorism and Political Violence. Taylor & Francis. 26 (1): 132. doi:10.1080/09546553.2014.849930. S2CID 144489939. Retrieved 22 October 2020. The day after the attacks, Hans Rustad—editor of the Norwegian anti-Muslim forum document.no where Breivik had been a frequent participant—revealed that "large parts" of 2083 were plagiarized from the Unabomber Manifesto, published in 1995 by anti-modernist and technology critic Ted Kaczynski, who carried out a series of 16 bomb attacks against universities and airline companies. [...] Is the claim correct? Well, not really. Three of 1516 pages are taken from the Unabomber Manifesto, from a section in which Kaczynski decries the left (substituted for multiculturalists by Breivik). The remaining 1513 pages come from elsewhere.
  10. ↑ Døving, Cora Alexa (20 February 2020). ""Muslims Are..."". In Hoffmann, Christhard; Moe, Vibeke (eds.). The Shifting Boundaries of Prejudice: Anti-Semitism and Islamophobia in Contemporary Norway. Scandinavian University Press. doi:10.18261/978-82-15-03468-3-2019-09. The most active among the more established anti-Muslim organisations are Stop Islamisation of Norway, Human Rights Service and Document.no.
  11. ↑ Ranstorp, Magnus (2013). "'Lone Wolf Terrorism'. The Case of Anders Breivik". Sicherheit und Frieden. Nomos. 31 (2): 89. doi:10.5771/0175-274x-2013-2-87. ISSN 0175-274X. JSTOR 24234145. Øyvind Strømmen argues in his book, Det Mørke Nettet, that it is essential to understand the dangerous undercurrents of counter-jihad movements that flourish on the Internet. It was these chat forums and specialised sites, like 'Gates of Vienna' and Document.no, which steadily nourished Breivik with a constant stream of anti-immigrant, Islamophobic and xenophobic arguments and which provided a ready-tailored and adapted counter-jihad ideological framework.
  12. 1 2 [3]: 106 [7][8][9][10][11]
  13. ↑ "Attacks strike at Norway's values". BBC News. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  14. 1 2 Ward, Andrew; Wigglesworth, Robin (25 July 2011). "Killings sure to stir immigration debate". Financial Times.
  15. ↑ "Terror in Norwegen - Das Netzwerk der Hass-Blogger". Der Standard. 26 July 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  16. ↑ "Norvège: Anders Behring Breivik aurait copié-collé des textes de Kaczynski, dit Unabomber". Slate.fr. 22 July 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  17. 1 2 3 Lars Akerhaug. "Fortsatt kontrær" Archived 4 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Minerva. 7 January 2014.
  18. ↑ "Højreradikal terror har ramt Norge". 23 July 2011.
  19. 1 2 Henmo, Ola (20 February 2009). "Dynamittgubben". A-magasinet (in Norwegian). p. 20.
  20. ↑ Bangstad, Sindre (26 May 2016). "Norwegian Right-Wing Discourses: Extremism Post-Utøya". In Pratt, Douglas; Woodlock, Rachel (eds.). Fear of Muslims?: International Perspectives on Islamophobia. Springer International. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-3-319-29698-2. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  21. ↑ "Samles mot islam".
  22. 1 2 "Document.no viser en voksende appetitt på konspirasjonsteorier". Utrop (in Norwegian). 4 December 2020.
  23. 1 2 Dahlback, Morten Langfeldt (17 June 2021). "Her er ekkokammeret". Faktisk.no. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  24. 1 2 Inger Marie Sunde, Forebygging av radikalisering og voldelig ekstremisme på internett [Prevention of radicalization and violent extremism on the Internet] (p. 28), Norwegian Police University College, Report 1/2013
  25. ↑ Shakeel Rehman. "«Document er ikke rasister»". Aftenposten. 20 December 2013.
  26. ↑ Gunnar Stavrum (editor). "Document.no - elsket og hatet". Nettavisen. 18 December 2013.
  27. 1 2 3 Bjørn Stærk (18 December 2013). "Går alene mot strømmen". Aftenposten. p. 41.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 "– Vis kortene". Klassekampen. 23 January 2014.
  29. ↑ [25][26][27][28][17]
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "På vei til Document.no". Klassekampen. 22 January 2014.
  31. ↑ Norge i Dag 21 December 2012, "En ikke-representative elite domminerer nyhetsbildet" Archived 22 February 2013 at archive.today
  32. ↑ "Slåss videre mot flerkulturelt Stiklestad". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 31 July 2011.
  33. ↑ Klassekampen 6 May 2006, "Vil ta friheten i forsvar" Archived 19 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ↑ "Document.no-redaktøren får være med i Redaktørforeningen". Journalisten.no (in Norwegian). 8 June 2018.
  35. ↑ "Document får nær tre millioner kroner i pressestøtte". MSN (in Norwegian). NTB. 7 November 2023.
  36. ↑ "Fra blogg til nettavis". Journalisten. 3 September 2008.
  37. ↑ Nipen, Kjersti (23 July 2011). "- Han ville organisere det nasjonalkonservative Norge". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2011.
  38. ↑ "Journalister reagerer med forskrekkelse på alternative medier som Resett og Document. Men vi trenger dem mer enn noen gang". m24.no (in Norwegian). 21 June 2018.
  39. ↑ Jez Hemming: North Wales fire service employee quits amid investigation into alleged posts on far-right website, Daily Post 25 Aug., downloaded 2 Jan 2017
  40. ↑ Norway 2016: Daily top stories Hanne Tolg tops the lists on 24 Dec 2016 and 27 May 2016
  41. ↑ Enebakk, Vidar (2012). "Fjordmans radikalisering". In Sørensen, Øystein; Hagtvet, Bernt; Steine, Bjørn Are (eds.). Høyreekstremisme. Ideer og bevegelser i Europa. Dreyer. pp. 66–67.
  42. ↑ "Documents høyreekstreme retorikk". Antirasistisk senter (in Norwegian). 18 February 2021.
  43. ↑ "Far-right anti-Muslim network on rise globally as Breivik trial opens". The Guardian. 14 April 2012.
  44. ↑ Berntzen, Lars Erik (2019). Liberal Roots of Far Right Activism: The Anti-Islamic Movement in the 21st Century. Routledge. p. 195. ISBN 9781000707960.
  45. ↑ Thorenfeldt, Gunnar (4 February 2009). "Bloggere senket regjeringens blasfemi-forslag". Dagbladet (in Norwegian). Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  46. ↑ "Frykter forbud mot religionskritikk i Norge". 15 January 2009.
  47. ↑ "Regjeringen vil verne religioner mot kritikk". 19 December 2008.
  48. ↑ "Anders Behring Breivik" (in Norwegian). 21 April 2023.
  49. ↑ "Breivik hadde over 20 e-postadresser". TV 2 (in Norwegian). 20 November 2011.
  50. ↑ "Breivik lot som han var moderat på nettet". 7 March 2011.
  51. 1 2 3 NTB (23 July 2011). "Tungt å bli rost av den terrorsiktede". DN.no. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  52. ↑ "Som en liten gutt". bt.no. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  53. ↑ Schwirtz, Michael; Saltmarsh, Matthew (25 July 2011). "Oslo Suspect Cultivated Parallel Life to Disguise 'Martyrdom Operation'". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  54. ↑ "Breivik: - Jeg leste Hitlers Mein Kampf da jeg var 14 år". Nettavisen (in Norwegian). 16 March 2016.
  55. ↑ "Document.no nede for telling". fvn.no. Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  56. ↑ "Derfor unnlot NRK å fortelle om barnevoldtekt". 29 January 2013.
  57. ↑ "Dagsrevyens groteske journalistikk". Dagbladet. 25.01.2013.
  58. ↑ "Tør ikke NRK ta debatten? | Gunnar Stavrum". Archived from the original on 21 January 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  59. ↑ "NRK må rydde opp". 30 January 2013.
  60. ↑ Falnes, Joha (11 September 2020). "Unge Høyre-lederen ber partifolk slutte å dele saker fra Document.no". Journalisten.no (in Norwegian).
  61. ↑ Dagbladet 4 February 2009, "Bloggere senket regjeringens blasfemi-forslag"
  62. ↑ Shoaib Sultan; Rune Berglund Steen (June 2014). "Høyreekstremisme i Norge" (PDF). Norwegian Centre Against Racism. p. 20.
  63. ↑ Sheikh, Mehreen (18 February 2021). "Documents høyreekstreme retorikk" [Document's far-right rhetoric]. Norwegian Centre Against Racism (in Norwegian). Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  64. ↑ "Retter krass kritikk mot nettsted". Aftenposten (in Norwegian). 24 July 2011. Archived from the original on 15 January 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
  65. ↑ Peter O'Neil (27 July 2011). "Expert says he confronted mass murderer Anders Behring Breivik about his views". The Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
  66. ↑ Brandvold, Åse (13 March 2009). "– Bare Frp som vinner". Klassekampen (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  67. ↑ Are Vogt Moum. "Nyttig bok – men det viktigste mangler". Utrop. 15 April 2012.
  68. ↑ Expo: Expert: 10 000 kan dela Breiviks världsbild
  69. ↑ "Pensum". Universitas (in Norwegian). 21 January 2009. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  70. ↑ "PFU-sak nr 236/11". Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 7 May 2012.
  71. ↑ Giæver, Lars (10 October 2015). "Lønn eller ytringsfrihet?". VG (in Norwegian). Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  72. ↑ "Rustad splitter redaktørene". Klassekampen (in Norwegian). 4 February 2021.
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