Counter-Strike
Developer(s)Valve[lower-alpha 1]
Publisher(s)
Designer(s)
SeriesCounter-Strike
EngineGoldSrc
Platform(s)Windows, Xbox, OS X, Linux
Release
November 9, 2000
  • Microsoft Windows
  • November 9, 2000[2][3][4]
  • Xbox
    • NA: November 18, 2003
    • EU: December 5, 2003
  • OS X, Linux
    • WW: January 24, 2013
Genre(s)Tactical first-person shooter
Mode(s)Multiplayer

Counter-Strike (also known as Half-Life: Counter-Strike or Counter-Strike 1.6)[5] is a tactical first-person shooter game developed by Valve. It was initially developed and released as a Half-Life modification by Minh "Gooseman" Le and Jess Cliffe in 1999, before Le and Cliffe were hired and the game's intellectual property acquired. Counter-Strike was released by Valve for Microsoft Windows in November 2000, and is the first installment in the Counter-Strike series. Several remakes and ports were released on Xbox, as well as OS X and Linux.

Set in various locations around the globe, players assume the roles of counter-terrorist forces and terrorist militants opposing them. During each round of gameplay, the two teams are tasked with defeating the other by the means of either achieving the map's objectives or eliminating all of the enemy combatants. Each player may customize their arsenal of weapons and accessories at the beginning of every match, with currency being earned after the end of each round.

Gameplay

The player standing in the terrorist starting zone of de_dust using a CV-47 (AK-47)

Counter-Strike is a first-person shooter game in which players join either the terrorist team, the counter-terrorist team, or become spectators. Each team attempts to complete their mission objective and/or eliminate the opposing team. Each round starts with the two teams spawning simultaneously. All players have only one life by default and start with a pistol as well as a knife.

The objectives vary depending on the type of map, and these are the most usual ones:

  • Bomb defusal: To win, the terrorists must carry a bomb, plant it on one of the designated spots and protect it from being disarmed by the counter-terrorists before it explodes. The counter-terrorists win if the time runs out before the bomb is planted, or if the bomb is defused.
  • Hostage rescue: The counter-terrorists must rescue a group of hostages held by the terrorists to win. The terrorists win if the time runs out with no conclusion.
  • Assassination: One of the counter-terrorists is chosen to act as a VIP and the team must escort this player to a designated spot on the map to win the game. The terrorists win if the VIP is killed or if the time runs out with no conclusion.

A player can choose to play as one of eight different default character models (four for each side, although Counter-Strike: Condition Zero added two extra models, bringing the total to ten). Players are generally given a few seconds before the round begins (known as "freeze time") to prepare and buy equipment, during which they cannot attack or move. They can return to the buy area within a set amount of time to buy more equipment (some custom maps included neutral "buy zones" that could be used by both teams). Once the round has ended, surviving players retain their equipment for use in the next round; players who were killed begin the next round with the basic default starting equipment.

Standard monetary bonuses are awarded for winning a round, losing a round, killing an enemy, being the first to instruct a hostage to follow, rescuing a hostage, planting the bomb (Terrorist) or defusing the bomb (Counter-Terrorist).

The scoreboard displays team scores in addition to statistics for each player: name, kills, deaths, and ping (in milliseconds). The scoreboard also indicates whether a player is dead, carrying the bomb (on bomb maps), or is the VIP (on assassination maps), although information on players on the opposing team is hidden from a player until their death, as this information can be important.

Killed players become "spectators" for the duration of the round; they cannot change their names before their next spawn, text chat cannot be sent to or received from live players, and voice chat can only be received from live players and not sent to them. Spectators are generally able to watch the rest of the round from multiple selectable views, although some servers disable some of these views to prevent dead players from relaying information about living players to their teammates through alternative media (most notably voice in the case of Internet cafes and Voice over IP programs such as TeamSpeak or Ventrilo). This form of cheating is known as "ghosting."

Development

Counter-Strike began as a mod of Half-Life's engine GoldSrc. Minh Le, the mod's co-creator, had started his last semester at university, and wanted to do something in game development to help give him better job prospects. Throughout university, Le had worked on mods with the Quake engine, and on looking for this latest project, wanted to try something new and opted for GoldSrc. At the onset, Valve had not yet released the software development kit (SDK) for GoldSrc but affirmed it would be available in a few months, allowing Le to work on the character models in the interim. Once the GoldSrc SDK was available, Le estimated it took him about a month and a half to complete the programming and integrate his models for "Beta One" of Counter-Strike. To assist, Le had help from Jess Cliffe who managed the game's website and community, and had contacts within level map making community to help build some of the levels for the game.[6] The theme of countering terrorists was inspired by Le's own interest in guns and the military, and from games like Rainbow Six and Spec Ops.[6]

Le and Cliffe continued to release Betas on a frequent basis for feedback. The initial few Betas, released starting in June 1999, had limited audiences but by the fifth one, interest in the project dramatically grew.[6] The interest in the game drew numerous players to the website, which helped Le and Cliffe to make revenue from ads hosted on the site.[7] Around 2000 at the time of Beta 5's release, the two were approached by Valve, offering to buy the Counter-Strike intellectual property and offering both jobs to continue its development.[7] Both accepted the offer, and by September 2000, Valve released the first non-beta version of the game. While Cliffe stayed with Valve, Le did some additional work towards a Counter-Strike 2.0 based on Valve's upcoming Source engine, but left to start his own studio after Valve opted to shelve the sequel.[7]

Counter-Strike itself is a mod, and it has developed its own community of script writers and mod creators. Some mods add bots, while others remove features of the game, and others create different modes of play. Some mods, often called "admin plugins", give server administrators more flexible and efficient control over their servers. There are some mods which affect gameplay heavily, such as Gun Game, where players start with a basic pistol and must score kills to receive better weapons, and Zombie Mod, where one team consists of zombies and must "spread the infection" by killing the other team (using only the knife). There are also Superhero mods which mix the first-person gameplay of Counter-Strike with an experience system, allowing a player to become more powerful as they continue to play. The game is highly customizable on the player's end, allowing the user to install or even create their own custom skins, HUDs, spray graphics, sprites, and sound effects, given the proper tools.

Valve Anti-Cheat

Counter-Strike has been a target for cheating in online games since its release. In-game, cheating is often referred to as "hacking" in reference to programs or "hacks" executed by the client. Valve has implemented an anti-cheat system called Valve Anti-Cheat (VAC). Players cheating on a VAC-enabled server risk having their account permanently banned from all VAC-secured servers.

With the first version of VAC, a ban took hold almost instantly after being detected and the cheater had to wait two years to have the account unbanned. Since VAC's second version, cheaters are not banned automatically. With the second version, Valve instituted a policy of 'delayed bans,' the theory being that if a new hack is developed which circumvents the VAC system, it will spread amongst the 'cheating' community. By delaying the initial ban, Valve hopes to identify and ban as many cheaters as possible. Like any software detection system, some cheats are not detected by VAC. To remedy this, some servers implement a voting system, in which case players can call for a vote to kick or ban the accused cheater. VAC's success at identifying cheats and banning those who use them has also provided a boost in the purchasing of private cheats.[8] These cheats are updated frequently to minimize the risk of detection, and are generally only available to a trusted list of recipients who collectively promise not to reveal the underlying design. Even with private cheats however, some servers have alternative anticheats to coincide with VAC itself. This can help with detecting some cheaters, but most paid for cheats are designed to bypass these alternative server-based anticheats.

Release

When Counter-Strike was published by Sierra Studios, it was bundled with Team Fortress Classic, Opposing Force multiplayer, and the Wanted, Half-Life: Absolute Redemption and Firearms mods.[9]

On March 24, 1999, Planet Half-Life opened its Counter-Strike section. Within two weeks, the site had received 10,000 hits. On June 19, 1999, the first public beta of Counter-Strike was released, followed by numerous further "beta" releases. On April 12, 2000, Valve announced that the Counter-Strike developers and Valve had teamed up. In January 2013, Valve began testing a version of Counter-Strike for OS X and Linux, eventually releasing the update to all users in April 2013.[10][11]

An unofficial browser version was released in 2023 on a Russian website.[12]

Reception

Upon its retail release, Counter-Strike received highly favorable reviews.[9][13][15][17][18] In 2003, Counter-Strike was inducted into GameSpot's list of the greatest games of all time.[23] The New York Times reported that E-Sports Entertainment ESEA League started the first professional fantasy e-sports league in 2004 with the game Counter-Strike.[24][25] Some credit the move into professional competitive team play with prizes as a major factor in Counter-Strike's longevity and success.[26]

Global retail sales of Counter-Strike surpassed 250,000 units by July 2001.[27] The game sold 1.5 million by February 2003 and generated $40 million in revenue.[28] In the United States, its retail version sold 550,000 copies and earned $15.7 million by August 2006, after its release in November 2000. It was the country's 22nd best-selling PC game between January 2000 and August 2006.[29]

The Xbox version sold 1.5 million copies in total.[30]

Brazilian sale ban

On January 17, 2008, a Brazilian federal court order prohibiting all sales of Counter-Strike and EverQuest began to be enforced. The federal Brazilian judge Carlos Alberto Simões de Tomaz ordered the ban in October 2007 because, as argued by the judge, the games "bring imminent stimulus to the subversion of the social order, attempting against the democratic state and the law and against public security."[31][32][33] As of June 18, 2009, a regional federal court order lifting the prohibition on the sale of Counter-Strike was published. The game is now being sold again in Brazil.[34]

Competitive play

The original Counter-Strike has been played in tournaments since 2000 with the first major being hosted in 2001 at the Cyberathlete Professional League Winter Championship.[35][36] The first official sequel was Counter-Strike: Source, released on November 1, 2004. The game was criticized by the competitive community, who believed the game's skill ceiling was significantly lower than that of CS 1.6. This caused a divide in the competitive community as to which game to play competitively.[37]

Sequels

Following the success of the first Counter-Strike, Valve went on to make multiple sequels to the game. Counter-Strike: Condition Zero, a game using Counter-Strike's GoldSrc engine, was released in 2004. Counter-Strike: Source, a remake of the original Counter-Strike, was the first in the series to use Valve's Source engine and was also released in 2004, eight months after the release of Counter-Strike: Condition Zero. The next game in the Counter-Strike series to be developed primarily by Valve was Counter-Strike: Global Offensive, released for Windows, OS X, Linux, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 in 2012.

The game spawned multiple spin-offs for the Asian gaming market. The first, Counter-Strike Neo, was an arcade game developed by Namco and released in Japan in 2003.[38] In 2008, Nexon Corporation released Counter-Strike Online, a free-to-play instalment in the series monetized via microtransactions. Counter-Strike Online was followed by Counter-Strike Online 2 in 2013. In 2014, Nexon released Counter-Strike Nexon: Zombies worldwide via Steam.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Additional development by Barking Dog Studios.[1] The Xbox version of the game was developed by Ritual Entertainment and Turtle Rock Studios.
  2. ↑ The Xbox version of the game was published by Microsoft Game Studios.

References

  1. ↑ Gestalt (March 10, 2000). "Minh Le of Counter Strike team". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on April 14, 2022. Retrieved April 14, 2022.
  2. ↑ Cliffe, Jess (November 9, 2000). "CS V1.0 Released!". counter-strike.net. Archived from the original on December 1, 2000.
  3. ↑ Walker, Trey (November 9, 2000). "Counter-Strike 1.0 Released". GameSpot. Archived from the original on May 15, 2017. Retrieved July 3, 2019.
  4. ↑ Gibson, Steve (November 9, 2000). "Counter-Strike v1.0". Shacknews.
  5. ↑ Henningson, Joakim (August 6, 2020). "The history of Counter-Strike". Red Bull. Retrieved February 11, 2021.
  6. 1 2 3 McLean-Foreman, John (May 30, 2001). "Interview with Minh Le". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
  7. 1 2 3 "The Making of Counter-Strike". Retro Gamer. Vol. 119. 2014. pp. 84–87.
  8. ↑ "Valve Anti-Cheat System (VAC)". Steam. Archived from the original on December 27, 2009. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
  9. 1 2 3 Wolfe, Clayton (November 22, 2000). "Counter-Strike Review". IGN. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  10. ↑ "Counter-Strike 1.6 Beta released". Steam. January 28, 2013. Archived from the original on February 14, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
  11. ↑ "Counter-Strike 1.6 update released". Steam. April 1, 2013. Archived from the original on March 16, 2014. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
  12. ↑ Stanton, Rich (February 2, 2023). "Play Counter-Strike 1.6 in your browser". PC Gamer. Future plc. Retrieved February 2, 2023.
  13. 1 2 "Counter-Strike for PC". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on January 14, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  14. ↑ "Counter-Strike for Xbox". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on January 14, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  15. 1 2 "Counter-Strike for PC Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 21, 2010. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  16. ↑ "Counter-Strike for Xbox Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on January 22, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  17. 1 2 Dodson, Joe (January 1, 2001). "Counter-Strike Review". Game Revolution. Archived from the original on February 2, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2014.
  18. 1 2 Osborne, Scott (November 27, 2000). "Half-Life: Counter-Strike Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on April 1, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  19. ↑ "GameSpot Presents: Best and Worst 2000". GameSpot. Archived from the original on June 7, 2001.
  20. ↑ "GameSpot Presents: Readers' Choice - Best and Worst 2000". GameSpot. Archived from the original on June 18, 2001.
  21. ↑ Thomas (September 17, 2002). "Golden Joystick Awards Is Announced". Worthplaying. Retrieved September 17, 2002.
  22. ↑ "1st Annual Game Developers Choice Awards". Game Developers Conference. Retrieved January 28, 2021.
  23. ↑ "The Greatest Games of All Time: Counter-Strike". GameSpot. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007.
  24. ↑ Walker, Rob (February 5, 2006). "Double Fantasy". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
  25. ↑ "ESEA's Fantasy E-Sports League Opens". SK-Gaming. September 10, 2004. Archived from the original on December 10, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
  26. ↑ Mehta, Prakash (April 10, 2010). "Counter-Strike: Success Unlimited". GameGuru. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved March 16, 2014.
  27. ↑ Price, Tom (July 2001). "Army of One". Computer Gaming World. No. 204. pp. 50–55.
  28. ↑ Slangle, Matt (February 25, 2003). "Modder-day adventures". Lansing State Journal. p. 20. Retrieved September 27, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
  29. ↑ Edge Staff (August 25, 2006). "The Top 100 PC Games of the 21st Century". Edge. Archived from the original on October 17, 2012.
  30. ↑ Remo, Chris (December 3, 2008). "Analysis: Valve's Lifetime Retail Sales For Half-Life, Counter-Strike Franchises". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on October 13, 2012.
  31. ↑ McWhertor, Michael (January 19, 2008). "Brazilian Government Bans Counter-Strike, EverQuest, Fun". Kotaku Australia. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  32. ↑ Chalk, Andy (January 21, 2008). "Brazil Bans Counter-Strike, EverQuest". The Escapist. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  33. ↑ Bishop, Stuart (January 21, 2008). "Banned in Brazil: Counter-Strike and EverQuest". Computer and Video Games. Archived from the original on October 8, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  34. ↑ "Justiça libera venda do game 'Counter-Strike' no Brasil". G1. June 18, 2009. Archived from the original on October 6, 2011.
  35. ↑ Mitchell, Ferguson (September 19, 2018). "Esports Essentials: The Impact of the Counter-Strike Majors". The Esports Observer. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
  36. ↑ Llewellyn, Thomas (September 17, 2018). "An eSports phenomenon: Counter-Strike". National Science and Media Museum. Retrieved December 27, 2019.
  37. ↑ Michael Kane (June 19, 2008). Game Boys: Triumph, Heartbreak, and the Quest for Cash in the Battleground of Competitive Videogaming. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1-4406-3188-7.
  38. ↑ "プログラマー急募" [Urgent recruitment of programmers]. LEDZONE (in Japanese). June 10, 2003. Archived from the original on June 11, 2003.
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