Hakhel (Hebrew: הקהל haqhēl) is a biblical commandment of assembling all Israelite men, women and children, as well as converts, to assemble and hear the reading of the Torah by the king of Israel once every seven years, to strengthen their fear of God.

Originally this ceremony took place at the site of the Temple in Jerusalem during Sukkot in the year following a Seventh Year. According to the Mishna, the "commandment to assemble" (Hebrew: מצות הקהל mitzvat hakhel) was performed throughout the years of the Second Temple era and, by inference, during the First Temple era as well. The biblical mitzvah of Hakhel is only in effect when all the Jewish people reside in Israel. However, more recently attempts have been made to revive a symbolic form of hakhel.^[1]

In the Bible

The Hebrew Hiphil verb haqhêl (Hebrew: הַקְהֵ֣ל, "assemble"), from which comes the term mitzvat hakhel, is used in Deuteronomy 31:10–12:

" 10 And Moses instructed them as follows: At the end of every seventh year, the year set for remission, at the Feast of Booths, 11 when all Israel comes to appear before Yhwh your God in the place that He will choose, you shall read this Teaching aloud in the presence of all Israel.12 Gather the people—men, women, children, and the strangers in your communities—that they may hear and so learn to revere Yhwh your God and to observe faithfully every word of this Teaching. 13 Their children, too, who have not had the experience, shall hear and learn to revere Yhwh your God as long as they live in the land that you are about to cross the Jordan to possess (NJPS with modifications)."^[2]

In the Mishnah

According to the Mishnah, the ceremony was conducted on the first day of Chol HaMoed Sukkot, the day after the inaugural festival day, on behalf of all the Jews who participated in the pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Trumpets would sound throughout Jerusalem (Tosefta) and a large wooden platform would be erected in the Temple in the court of the women (Hebrew: ezrat hanashim עזרת הנשים). The king would sit on this platform and all in attendance would gather around him. The hazzan haknesset (החזן הכנסת, "servant of the synagogue") would hand the Book of the Law to the rosh haknesset (ראש הכנסת, "archisynagogue"), who would hand it to the deputy kohen gadol, who would hand it to the High Priest, who would present it to the king. According to the Sefer Hachinuch, the king would accept the sefer Torah while standing, but could sit while he read it aloud. The rest of Israel were required to stand, which led to Jeroboam's revolt.

The king began the reading with the same blessings over the Torah that are recited before every Aliyah La-Torah in synagogues today. Seven additional blessings were recited at the conclusion of the reading.

The reading consisted of the following sections from the Book of Deuteronomy:

1. From the beginning of the book through Shema Yisrael (6:4);
2. The second paragraph of the Shema (11:13-21);
3. "You shall surely tithe" (14:22-27);
4. "When you have finish tithing" (26:12-15);
5. The section about appointing a king (17:14-20);
6. The blessings and curses (28:1-69).

Twentieth-century revival

The idea of reviving the mitzvat hakhel in modern times was first proposed by Rabbi Eliyahu David Rabinowitz-Teomim (the "Aderes"), who published two pamphlets on the issue, Zecher leMikdash and Dvar Be'ito.

Chief Rabbi Shmuel Salant of Jerusalem would gather all the Talmud Torah students in front of the Western Wall on the first day of Chol HaMoed Sukkot and read to them the same passages that the king would read at Hakhel.

The first official Israeli ceremony of Hakhel was held during Sukkot of 1945, the year following the sabbatical year. A special service was held in the Yeshurun Synagogue, after which a mass procession moved on to the Western Wall where the Torah portions were read.^[3] Similar ceremonies presided over by Israel government officials have been held every seven years since.^[4] The Hakhel ceremony conducted in 1994 was attended by the Chief Rabbis of Israel, the President of Israel and other dignitaries. The ceremony performed at the Western Wall in 2001 was led by the President of Israel, Moshe Katzav.^[5]

Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, the Lubavitcher Rebbe, urged Jews everywhere that the year of hakhel has a very special energy to unite Jews, and to inspire them to strengthen their commitment to fulfilling the words of the Torah.

The Rebbe requested that every single Jew, men women and child attend activities of "hakhel" throughout this year, through gathering the Jewish mean and women around them and bring them closer to Torah and fear of Heaven. There should be large and small Hakhel gatherings throughout the Hakhel year in synagogues and private homes to foster greater unity and increase Torah learning, mitzvah observance, and the giving of charity.

The Rebbe also requested that once a month, everyone should update the Hakhel activities that they have done that month to one central system. This should be done via filling out a "hakhel card" that has in recent years become available online as well. ^[6]

The Rebbe stressed that every small 'hakhel' gathering, even in exile, is, in fact, the actual idea of the original mitzvah of hakhel in the Holy Temple. The Small 'hakhels' will also bring about the ultimate and complete 'hakhel' with the ingathering of the exiles with the coming of Moshiach (Messiah.)

The Rebbe didn't agree with making a symbolic ceremony as a remembrance of Hakhel, rather explained that every hakhel gathering is the "thing itself" and therefore the Sages never instructed us to conduct such ceremonies.

References

Further reading

• Schneerson, Menachem M. "A Rosh Hashana Message: What Exactly Is Hakhel?".

External links

• Time Magazine report on the commemoration of Hakhel in Israel in October 1952
• Hakhel Guide on chabad.org