Guru Sishyan
Theatrical release poster
Directed byS. P. Muthuraman
Screenplay byPanchu Arunachalam
Based onInsaf Ki Pukar
by M. D. Sunder
Produced byMeena Panchu Arunachalam
StarringRajinikanth
Prabhu
Seetha
Gautami
CinematographyT. S. Vinayagam
Edited byR. Vittal
C. Lancy
Music byIlaiyaraaja
Production
company
P. A. Art Productions
Distributed byMangaadu Amman Films
Release date
  • 13 April 1988 (1988-04-13)
Running time
144 minutes[1]
CountryIndia
LanguageTamil

Guru Sishyan (pronounced [ɡuɾu siʂjan] transl. Master and Disciple) is a 1988 Indian Tamil-language action comedy film directed by S. P. Muthuraman. A remake of the Hindi film Insaf Ki Pukar (1987), it stars Rajinikanth, Prabhu, Seetha and Gautami with Pandiyan, Cho Ramaswamy, Ravichandran, Radha Ravi, Senthamarai, Vinu Chakravarthy and Manorama in supporting roles. The film is about two ex-convicts who set out to prove the innocence of their wrongfully imprisoned fellow convict.

Meena Panchu Arunachalam produced Guru Sishyan under the production company P. A. Art Productions. The screenplay was written by her husband Panchu Arunachalam. The cinematography was handled by T. S. Vinayagam, the editing was by R. Vittal and C. Lancy, and the art direction was by B. Chalam. The film is Gautami's debut role in Tamil cinema, and the first film in which Rajinikanth and Prabhu co-starred. Filming took place primarily in Mysore and Chennai, and was completed in 25 days.

Guru Sishyan was released on 13 April 1988 during the Puthandu (Tamil New Year) holiday. Despite being released at a time of political turmoil in Tamil Nadu after the death of chief minister M. G. Ramachandran months earlier, Guru Sishyan, which includes many political references, became a commercial success, running in theatres for over 175 days.

Plot

Soon-to-be-released convicts Raja and Babu meet Manohar, who is on death row. He tells them his sister Sumathi was kidnapped by a taxi driver and taken to Muthuraaj, a playboy who raped and killed her. Muthuraaj murdered the taxi driver and framed Manohar with his elder brother Rajamanickam, ally Jayaram and a corrupt police inspector Nallasivam. Raja and Babu believe Manohar; Raja stalls his execution by fracturing his left arm. Once released, the two men initiate an elaborate plan.

Posing as CBI officers, Raja and Babu conduct a fake income tax raid in Nallasivam's house in his absence. They discover he has an abundance of illegally earned wealth, and force his wife Kalyani to sign a paper confirming this. Nallasivam learns about the "raid" in his house and threatens to arrest Raja and Babu, but they gain leverage over him, having created numerous copies of the paper.

Raja later falls in love with Geetha, another police inspector. He tells Babu to "romance" Rajamanickam's daughter Chithra as part of the plan, but it backfires. Raja discovers that Geetha is Nallasivam's daughter and lies to her about being a CBI officer. Raja blackmails Nallasivam into helping him infiltrate Muthuraaj's services as a new bodyguard. Babu later genuinely falls in love with Chithra, who reciprocates. Though Raja soon reveals to Geetha the truth about himself and Nallasivam's corrupt nature, she accepts him.

Pressured by Raja, Nallasivam introduces Babu to Rajamanickam as a millionaire in love with Chithra; Rajamanickam arranges their marriage. During the ceremony, Babu tells Rajamanickam he knows of the group's crimes and says he will only marry Chithra if the group confess in writing. When Rajamanickam refuses, Babu reveals his true identity and cancels the marriage, telling Chithra her father refused to give him the requested dowry. Rajamanickam, Jayaram and Muthuraaj realise that Nallasivam lied to them, and Babu is helping Manohar. They plan revenge.

For over 20 years, Rajamanickam has been trying to uncover a secret that is only known to Kandhasamy, Manohar's father, held captive in his basement. Kandhasamy has amnesia so a rope is used to jolt his memory. It succeeds but Kandhasamy refuses to tell Rajamanickam. Jayaram believes Kandhasamy will only tell Babu because he is helping Manohar. Babu, now their prisoner, is taken to the basement. Raja follows to watch over Babu, and they secretly rescue Kandhasamy and his wife Padma and escape.

While conversing with Padma, Raja realises he is Kandhasamy's first son who went missing years ago during a school trip. Babu identifies Kandhasamy as the murderer of his parents and has a fight with Raja. Kandhasamy stops their fight and reveals the truth: he had learned the location of a treasure cave, but wanted to tell only IG Sriram. Rajamanickam imprisoned Kandhasamy and his family to seek the location, but he refused. Rajamanickam then murdered Sriram and his wife disguised as Kandhasamy, sparing their son Babu so that he could blame him. The family escaped, and Padma reveals that they were recaptured after Manohar's arrest before being rescued by Raja and Babu. On learning the truth, Raja and Babu reunite and swear revenge.

Geetha and Chithra join Raja and Babu in their plan to avenge. Rajamanickam meets Raja and Babu, and at the instigation of Jayaram, agrees to sign a paper incriminating Muthuraaj in exchange for the location to the cave, which will be the "dowry" for Chithra and Babu's marriage. Chithra records Rajamanickam and Jayaram's conversation on tape; she gives it to Muthuraaj, who plans revenge along with Nallasivam.

Kandhasamy, Rajamanickam, Jayaram, Babu and Raja reach the cave and find many gold bars. Rajamanickam signs the paper as promised, but Raja and Babu intend to have him arrested for his crimes. Soon after, Muthuraaj and Nallasivam arrive and create chaos with thugs and bombs; Rajamanickam and Jayaram are killed while Raja, Babu and Kandhasamy escape. Muthuraaj and Nallasivam drive away with many gold bars but are stopped by Raja and Babu, and arrested by Geetha. Manohar, now fully healed, is exonerated.

Cast

Production

Development

When filmmaker and writer Panchu Arunachalam was in financial crisis, director S. P. Muthuraman suggested actor Rajinikanth to collaborate with Arunachalam for a film. Rajinikanth agreed and offered to give a call-sheet of 10 days, asking Muthuraman to prepare a story. Muthuraman objected, saying that if Rajinikanth did a "guest role", the audience would not accept it and distributors would not buy the film, meaning low chances of profit. Muthuraman asked Rajinikanth to give 25 call-sheet days and said he would finish the film within that time;[7] the average Tamil film then would take 45 days to film.[8]

Muthuraman had seen Insaf Ki Pukar (1987),[9] a Hindi film with two heroes. He decided to remake this film in Tamil and told Rajinikanth 25 days was enough. Rajinikanth signed on the film but said he would not act for longer than the given dates.[7] The film was produced by Arunachalam's wife Meena under their own company P. A. Art Productions,[10] while Arunachalam wrote the screenplay.[11] Cinematography was handled by T. S. Vinayagam,[12] editing by R. Vittal and C. Lancy, and art direction was by B. Chalam.[3][6] Arunachalam's son Subbu Panchu worked as an assistant production manager for the film.[13][14]

Casting and filming

Muthuraman said he made Guru Sishyan to exploit Rajinikanth's flair for comedy.[15][16] Rajinikanth and Prabhu were cast as Raja and Babu.[17][2] This was the first film in which the two actors were seen together onscreen; though they had first acted together in Dharmathin Thalaivan, it was released later in 1988.[18] Jayashree was initially cast as the police inspector Geetha, but she later backed out due to her marriage.[19] The role went to Gautami;[1][20] it marked her debut in Tamil cinema.[21][22] Ravichandran played the antagonist Rajamanickam,[1] deviating from the heroic roles he was previously known for.[23]

Principal photography began with the filming of the song "Jingidi Jingidi" at VGP Universal Kingdom, Chennai.[7] Gautami was initially nervous dancing with Rajinikanth in "Jingidi Jingidi" because it was the first time they acted together so it was decided to film non-dancing scenes for two days then film the dance. Choreographer Puliyur Saroja trained Gauthami, who was able to dance convincingly.[17] Many of the film's scenes were shot in Mysore,[24] as filming in Chennai turned problematic.[8][3] Initially, the script did not have a fight scene for Prabhu.[11] At Rajinikanth's insistence, the fight scene intended for him was later given to Prabhu.[17][25] The song "Kandu Pudichen", picturised on Rajinikanth and Gauthami, was shot in a day.[26]

The climactic fight sequence was planned to be filmed in the Borra Caves at Araku Valley, but because Rajinikanth's call-sheet dates were nearing the end and a round-trip to Araku Valley would take longer, Chalam designed an identical cave set in Chennai.[17] The scene in which Raja and Babu escape through a tunnel while being pursued by a rolling boulder was based on a similar scene from Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981).[27] While Rajinikanth had given a call-sheet of 25 days, all his scenes were filmed in 23 days;[8][17] he stayed for the remaining two days, during which he moved the trolley for the song "Vaa Vaa Vanji", which was picturised on Prabhu and Seetha (who played Babu's love interest Chithra), and filmed at Brindavan Gardens.[11][17] The final length of the film is 3,996.19 metres (13,110.9 ft).[6]

Themes

Film critic Naman Ramachandran considers the film to have an "overt political message".[28] He, Jeeva Sahapthan of Patrikai and writer S. Rajanayagam interpret the scene in which many convicts fight for the chief's chair and Raja sings "Naatkaalikku Sandai Podum Naamellam Paithiyam Thaanda" (People who fight for a chair are mad) as a reference to infighting that occurred within the political party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) following the death of Tamil Nadu chief minister M. G. Ramachandran on 24 December 1987; after his death, the AIADMK was split into two factions.[29][30][31][32] Jeeva Sahapthan notes that Raja's dialogue "Mike aala pesaradhu andha kaalam, mike aala adikkaradhu indha kaalam" (Talking through the microphone is old, beating with the microphone is new) references several incidents in which people were beaten with microphones.[32][33]

A writer from Hindu Tamil Thisai using the nom de plume "Cinema Pithan" compared Guru Sishyan to many other Rajinikanth films from the 1980s like Polladhavan (1980), Moondru Mugam (1982), Naan Mahaan Alla (1984) and Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985) because revenge is a mutual theme in them,[34] while other sources identify it as a treasure hunt film in the vein of the Indiana Jones films.[27][35] S. Rajanayagam writes that the scene in which the jailer advises Raja not to visit the jail again, and Raja asks why he should have to come to the jail if those outside are good, mirrors many films in which Rajinikanth's character submits himself to the law and gets punished as a routine but does not generally feel guilty about his petty crimes and is depicted as taking for granted that minor offences are a part of daily living.[36]

Writing for Firstpost in 2014, S. Srinivasan said the film says people with "families and reputations and clean linen shirts to protect" should normally "avoid messing up with the poor, who have nothing to lose, or the rich, who can swat us like a fly".[37] In another Firstpost article, Apoorva Sripathi noted that the hand gestures Jayaram (Cho Ramaswamy) makes in one scene in which he is in deep thought were actually symbols of the AIADMK, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and the Indian National Congress. She called this an example of Ramaswamy making references to politics in his films.[38] Film historian Mohan Raman said, "Cho was one person who could spout political dialogues and display his brand of wit ... His comedy in [Guru Sishyan] was satire-driven ... maybe because he was essentially a stage actor".[39] Rajanayagam states that "Kandu Pudichen" replaying in part at the film's end signifies a trend in Tamil cinema wherein the last song to be played is usually heard earlier in the film.[40]

Soundtrack

The music for Guru Sishyan was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.[41] Vaali wrote the lyrics of all songs except "Jingidi Jingidi", which Ilaiyaraaja himself wrote. The soundtrack was released by Echo Records.[42] "Kandu Pudichen" is set in the Carnatic raga known as Shubhapantuvarali.[43][44] Unlike most Shubhapantuvarali songs, which are composed with melancholic overtones, it was written to be "playful" and "fun".[44][45] The song attained popularity,[46] as did "Naatkaalikku Sandai" despite its anti-political lyrics,[32][47] and "Jingidi Jingidi" with its nonsensical lyrics.[48]

Track listing
No.TitleLyricsSinger(s)Length
1."Kandu Pudichen"VaaliS. P. Balasubrahmanyam04:34
2."Vaa Vaa Vanji"VaaliS. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra04:28
3."Naatkaalikku Sandai"VaaliMalaysia Vasudevan, Mano04:30
4."Jingidi Jingidi"IlaiyaraajaMano, K. S. Chithra04:27
5."Uthama Puthiri Naanu"VaaliSwarnalatha04:13
Total length:22:12

Release and reception

Guru Sishyan was released on 13 April 1988 during Puthandu, the Tamil New Year holiday,[9][49] and was distributed by Mangaadu Amman Films.[50] According to trade analyst Sreedhar Pillai, the overseas rights of the film were sold for ₹1 lakh (equivalent to ₹11 lakh or US$14,000 in 2023);[51] Prathibha Parameswaran of Scroll.in, however, said the film "did a business of just about a lakh of rupees", its distributor having acquired its overseas rights for ₹60,000 (equivalent to ₹690,000 or US$8,600 in 2023).[52]

On 24 April 1988, the review board of the magazine Ananda Vikatan praised Guru Sishyan for its comedy and Rajinikanth's performance—especially his English malapropisms—giving it a rating of 40 out of 100.[53] N. Krishnaswamy of The Indian Express wrote, "Rajinikanth and Prabhu enjoy to the hilt playing their light-hearted roles, lissom newface Gautami and short and square [Seetha] prance around with abandon. [Ilaiyaraaja's] numbers are pleasant and add sparkle to the song-and-dance sequences."[27] Despite being released at a time of political turmoil in Tamil Nadu after M. G. Ramachandran's death,[9][54] the film became a commercial success, running in theatres for over 175 days,[3] thereby becoming a silver jubilee film.[55][lower-alpha 1]

Legacy

Guru Sishyan brought Gautami to instant stardom.[57] Many of Rajinikanth's English malapropisms such as "Es-kiss me" or "Yes kiss me" instead of "Excuse me",[58][59] "underwear" instead of "understand",[60] "jaundice" instead of "justice",[27] and "ABC" instead of "CBI" gained popularity,[58] as did the scene where Raja and Babu conduct a fake income tax raid.[61][62] S. Rajanayagam wrote that the imaging of Rajinikanth's politics can be seen in four phases, where the second covers "the period from Guru Sishyan (1988) to Baatshaa [sic] (1995)".[63] Naman Ramachandran noted that after the release of Guru Sishyan, "overt political commentary would become increasingly common in Rajinikanth's films".[9] Guru Sishyan was later screened at Chennai's AGS Cinemas on 27 September 2010 as part of their "Rajnikanth Film Festival".[64]

In his review of Sundhara Travels (2002), S. R. Ashok Kumar of The Hindu compared Vinu Chakravarthy's comical police character to Nallasivam.[65] The 2010 film Guru Sishyan, directed by Sakthi Chidambaram, has a different storyline from its 1988 namesake. Sakthi Chidambaram said, "the story demanded such a title, we short-listed 50 titles, finally decided we could use the old one".[66] In Enkitta Mothathe (2017), "Naatkaalikku Sandai" plays in a theatre where, at the same time, there is a scuffle between Ravi (Natarajan Subramaniam) and Mandhramoorthy (Radha Ravi) on who is bigger.[67]

Notes

  1. ↑ A silver jubilee film is one that completes a theatrical run of 25 weeks or 175 days.[56]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Guru Sishyan (1988)". AllMovie. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Guru Sishyan Cast and Crew". Moviefone. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "குரு சிஷ்யன் – (1988)" [Guru Sishyan (1988)]. Cinema Express (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  4. ↑ ""மந்திரியின் லஞ்சம் கட்சிக்கு நிதி!" – சோவின் அரசியல் பகடிகள்" ["The Minister's bribe is the party's justice!" – Cho's political jokes]. Ananda Vikatan (in Tamil). 8 December 2016. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  5. ↑ Sundaram, Nandhu (28 April 2017). "The man who found Silk Smitha: Vinu Chakravarthy reminded us of the classicism in cinema". The News Minute. Archived from the original on 16 December 2017. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Guru Sishyan (motion picture) (in Tamil). P. A. Art Productions. 1988. Opening credits, from 0:00 to 2:14.
  7. 1 2 3 Muthuraman, S. P. (26 October 2016). "சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 81: கண் தானத்தை ஊக்குவித்த ரஜினி!" [Try to make a film 81: Rajini encouraged eye donation!]. Hindu Tamil Thisai (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  8. 1 2 3 "சூப்பர்ஸ்டார் ரஜினிகாந்த் வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு 48" [Superstar Rajinikanth's life history 48] (PDF). Uthayan (in Tamil). Canada. 26 June 2015. p. 33. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Ramachandran 2014, p. 113.
  10. ↑ "Meena Panchu Arunachalam v. Sun T.V." CaseMine. Madras High Court. 9 February 2001. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  11. 1 2 3 "பிளாஷ்பேக்: பிரபு பாடல் காட்சிக்கு டிராலி தள்ளிய ரஜினி" [Flashback: Rajini moved the trolly for a song picturised on Prabhu]. Dinamalar (in Tamil). 8 November 2016. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  12. ↑ "ஒளிப்பதிவாளர் டி.எஸ்.விநாயகம் மரணம்" [Cinematographer T. S. Vinayagam is dead]. Dinakaran (in Tamil). 13 November 2018. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  13. ↑ Ashok Kumar, S. R. (12 February 2011). "My First Break: Subbu". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 18 May 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  14. ↑ Subramanian, Anupama (5 March 2016). "Subbu Panchu on a roll". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  15. ↑ The Hindu 2012, p. 17.
  16. ↑ Muthuraman, S. P. (22 December 1999). "Rajini acts in front of the camera, never behind it". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Muthuraman, S. P. (2 November 2016). "சினிமா எடுத்துப் பார் 82: பிரபுவுக்கு விட்டுக்கொடுத்த ரஜினி!" [Try to make a film 82: Rajini, who sacrificed for Prabhu!]. Hindu Tamil Thisai (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  18. ↑ The Hindu 2012, p. 36.
  19. ↑ ஆனந்தராஜ், கு. (7 January 2020). "80'ஸ் எவர்கிரீன் நாயகிகள் 26: அன்று நடிகை... இன்று புராஜெக்ட் மேனேஜர்!" [80's evergreen heroines 26: Then an actress... today a project manager!]. Ananda Vikatan (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 15 July 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  20. ↑ Shrikumar, A. (15 February 2017). "Conquering cancer, celebrating cinema". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 3 September 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  21. ↑ Subhakeerthana, S (8 July 2019). "I miss being in films: Gautami". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
  22. ↑ Ashok Kumar, S. R. (20 July 2007). "Determined to make a mark, again". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  23. ↑ Kesavan, N. (14 April 2016). "Villains with heroic pasts". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  24. ↑ Dhananjayan, G. (11 February 2017). "Excellence in execution is the key to success". DT Next. Archived from the original on 7 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  25. ↑ Shoba, V. (18 December 2014). "The Enduring Legend of Rajini". Open. Archived from the original on 8 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  26. ↑ "கமலின் ஸ்கேட்டிங் டான்ஸ்... ரஜினியின் மலை டான்ஸ்..!" [Kamal's skating dance... Rajini's mountain dance..!]. Kungumam (in Tamil). 19 August 2013. Archived from the original on 29 July 2019. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
  27. 1 2 3 4 Krishnaswamy, N. (29 April 1988). "Guru Sishyan". The Indian Express. p. 5. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  28. ↑ Ramachandran 2014, p. 112.
  29. ↑ Ramachandran 2014, pp. 112–113.
  30. ↑ Ramachandran, Naman (27 January 2018). "Rajinikanth and realpolitik: In search of the Superstar's political script". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 19 December 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  31. ↑ Rajanayagam 2015, p. 169.
  32. 1 2 3 "ரஜினிகாந்த் முதலமைச்சராக வாய்ப்பிருக்கிறது: ஜீவசகாப்தன்" [Rajinikanth may likely become chief minister: Jeeva Sahapthan]. Patrikai (in Tamil). 22 January 2018. Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
  33. ↑ Guru Sishyan (motion picture) (in Tamil). P. A. Art Productions. 1988. From 27:42 to 27:46.
  34. ↑ பித்தன், சினிமா (25 April 2014). "திரையும் கதையும்: பழிவாங்கும் படங்களின் பரிணாமம்" [Screen and story: The evolution of revenge films]. Hindu Tamil Thisai (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 26 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  35. ↑ "Rajini's sidekicks". Sify. slide 8. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  36. ↑ Rajanayagam 2015, p. 89.
  37. ↑ Srinivasan, S (20 December 2014). "Why the Buddha never smiled". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 17 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  38. ↑ Sripathi, Apoorva (7 December 2016). "Remembering Cho Ramaswamy: From theatre to films, a lodestar of lampoon". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  39. ↑ Ramanujam, Srinivasa (7 December 2016). "A different brand of wit". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  40. ↑ Rajayanagam, S. (2002). "Narrative Structuring". Cultural and Political Ramifications of Popular Screen Image in Thamizh Nadu: A Comparative Study of the Films of M G Ramachandran and Rajinikanth (PDF). University of Madras. p. 79. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  41. ↑ "Guru Sishyan (1988)". Raaga.com. Archived from the original on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
  42. ↑ "Guru Sishyan Tamil FIlm LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja". Mossymart. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  43. ↑ Sundararaman (2007) [2005]. Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music (2nd ed.). Chennai: Pichhamal Chintamani. p. 136. OCLC 295034757.
  44. 1 2 Mani, Charulatha (24 February 2012). "Sorrowful Subhapantuvarali". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  45. ↑ Pramod Kumar, G. (13 December 2018). "The Saketharaman interview: 'Bhava is very important in music. My ultimate goal is spiritual'". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
  46. ↑ Subhakeerthana, S. (3 December 2018). "The best SP Balasubrahmanyam-Rajinikanth songs". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  47. ↑ "ரஜினியின் புதிய படம் நாற்காலி ?" [Rajini's new film titled Naatkaali?]. Dinamalar (in Tamil). 6 December 2018. Archived from the original on 12 September 2019. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  48. ↑ "தமிழ்சினிமா இசையில் அகத்தூண்டுதல் : 6(முற்றும்) : T .சௌந்தர்". Inioru (in Tamil). 14 September 2012. Archived from the original on 10 September 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2019.
  49. ↑ "Guru Sishyan". The Indian Express. 13 April 1988. p. 4. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  50. ↑ "Guru Sishyan". The Indian Express. 15 April 1988. p. 4.
  51. ↑ Pillai, Sreedhar (16 April 2016). "A gold mine around the globe". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 7 June 2018. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  52. ↑ Parameswaran, Prathibha (7 August 2016). "The Tamil film industry's Look East-West policy is opening up new markets". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  53. ↑ Vikatan Review Board (24 April 1988). "குரு சிஷ்யன்" [Guru Sishyan]. Ananda Vikatan (in Tamil). Archived from the original on 10 February 2020. Retrieved 12 September 2019.
  54. ↑ Ramki 2005, p. 34.
  55. ↑ Ramki 2005, p. 114.
  56. ↑ Krishnamoorthy, Suresh (29 December 2014). "Disappointing year for Telugu tinseltown". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 January 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  57. ↑ Nadar, A Ganesh (12 June 1999). "Sex should be displayed naturally". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  58. 1 2 Iyer, Anuja. "Like ah, No like ah?". Behindwoods. Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  59. ↑ "Rajini punch lines". Sify. slide 15. Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  60. ↑ Kumar, S. Shiva (17 January 2019). "Thalaiva versus thala: 'Petta' vs 'Viswasam'". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  61. ↑ The Hindu 2012, p. 44.
  62. ↑ Shrikumar, A. (5 November 2015). "Flitting into flashbacks". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 24 February 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  63. ↑ Rajanayagam 2015, p. 168.
  64. ↑ "One for the fans". The Hindu. 24 September 2010. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 12 October 2019.
  65. ↑ Ashok Kumar, S. R. (6 September 2002). "Sundara Travels". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 17 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  66. ↑ Aishwarya, S. (18 July 2009). "Old titles retain charm". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 29 January 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  67. ↑ Ramanujam, Srinivasa (24 March 2017). "Enkitta Mothathe: Brush with fame". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 27 June 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.

Bibliography

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.