Gulf of İzmir
İzmir Körfezi (Turkish)
The Gulf of İzmir as seen from the International Space Station
Gulf of İzmir is located in Turkey
Gulf of İzmir
Gulf of İzmir
Locationİzmir Province, Turkey
Coordinates38°29′N 26°49′E / 38.483°N 26.817°E / 38.483; 26.817
TypeGulf
Etymologyİzmir
River sources
Ocean/sea sourcesAegean Sea
Basin countriesTurkey
Max. length64 km (40 mi)
Max. width32 km (20 mi)
Surface area960.4 km2 (370.8 sq mi)
Max. depth100 m (330 ft)
Shore length1464 km (288 mi)
Surface elevation0 m (0 ft)
Islands
Sections/sub-basinsGülbahçe Bay
Settlements
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

The Gulf of İzmir (Turkish: İzmir Körfezi), formerly known as the Gulf of Smyrna, is a gulf on the Aegean Sea, with its inlet between the Karaburun Peninsula and the mainland area of Foça. It is 64 kilometres (40 mi) in length by 32 kilometres (20 mi) in breadth, with an excellent anchorage. The city of İzmir, an important port city of Turkey, surrounds the end of the gulf.

Geography

The northern limit of the Gulf of İzmir is defined as a 13 nmi line running from Cape Kanlıkaya (38°40′29″N 26°28′23″E / 38.67472°N 26.47306°E / 38.67472; 26.47306) of the Karaburun Peninsula, to Cape Aslan (38°44′29″N 26°44′24″E / 38.74139°N 26.74000°E / 38.74139; 26.74000) of Foça.[1] The surface area of the gulf is 960.4 km2 (370.8 sq mi), while its shore length is 464 km (288 mi).[2][3]

Uzunada located in the Gulf of İzmir is Turkey's fourth largest island. Other islands of the gulf include Hekim Island, Foça Islands (Orak Island, Fener Ada, Incir Ada, Metalik Ada), Çiçek Islands (Yassıca Island, Pırnarlı Island, İncirli Island, Akça), Karantina Island, Yılan Island, and Büyük Ada.

Seventeen rivers empty into the gulf, most notably the Gediz and the Meles.[1] Gediz Delta, which is a Ramsar site, is located in the northeast of the gulf.

Levent Marina is the only marina located in the gulf.

Geology

The Gulf of İzmir was formed during the Quaternary geological period.[1] The east-west direction pit of the gulf was formed as a result of breaking the faults.[1]

Flora and fauna

The northeastern coast of the gulf is the habitat of the Mediterranean monk seal. İzmir Birds Paradise in the north of the gulf and Çakalburnu Lagoon in the south are the breeding ground of the birds.

History

Map of the gulf by Piri Reis

It is known that the first settlements around the gulf were in the Neolithic Age.[1] The most known settlement is Smyrna, which was established around present-day Bayraklı in 3300s BC.[1] Timur, who came to İzmir after the Battle of Ankara, seized İzmir Port Castle and its surroundings in December 1402 and ordered the destruction of the castle.[1] During the First World War, naval battles occurred between Sancakburnu Castle and Urla in March 1915 and around Uzunada in May 1916.[4]

Economy

Port of İzmir is a cargo and passenger port located to the east of the gulf. It is the seventh largest port of the country in terms of container volume and thirteenth in terms of cargo tonnage.[5][6]

There are nine active passenger ferry quays in the gulf. The İZKARAY project, which envisages the joining of the two sides of the gulf with a bridge, an artificial island and a tunnel, will provide road and rail connections between Balçova and Çiğli districts.[7]

Shipwrecks

There are five known shipwrecks in the Gulf of İzmir.[8] At a depth of 16.4 meters off the Sancakburnu Castle, there are wrecks of two ships, one of which is 118 meters and the other is 86 meters long, which crashed into each other in 1957. There is another shipwreck located off Güzelbahçe at a depth of 42 meters, which was discovered at the beginning of 2017, thought to be a 78 meters long cargo ship that sank in the late 1800s.[8][9] It is also stated that one to four ships were sunk in the gulf during the First World War.[4][10] Dozens of shipwrecks off the Sancakburnu Castle were removed from the sea in 1967 and in the following years.[11]

Pollution

In the period when 200,000 people lived around the gulf, the discharge of wastewater into the gulf did not cause any obvious problems.[1] However, with the population exceeding 500,000 and industrialization, waste that has exceeded the capacity of the gulf to renew itself has begun to be discharged into the gulf.[1] In this period, pollution became noticeable and the people could no longer swim in the gulf.[1] With the population exceeding 1.7 million in the 1990s, the level of pollution has risen a lot and heavy metal traces were found in fish.[1] In 1992, the treatment and sewage system, called the Grand Canal Project, started to be built by İZSU.[1] Launched in October 2002, the system prevented waste water discharge to the gulf.[12] By the 2010s, it was observed that the pollution in the gulf was removed and the marine life returned to normal.[1][13] With the Gulf of İzmir Oceanographic Monitoring Project carried out by İZSU since 2000, the cleaning of the gulf is tracked.[14]

Leisure

Sailing is supported by Karşıyaka S.K. and Göztepe S.K. in the inner gulf. Yacht, sailing, canoe, rowing and dragon boat races are held in the gulf with the İzmir Gulf Festival, which is organized annually since 2017.[15] The gulf hosts the İnciraltı Sea Museum and the Zübeyde Hanım Education and Museum Ship. There are nine Blue Flag beaches around the gulf (four in Foça, three in Karaburun, one in Güzelbahçe and one in Urla).[16] There is a ban on diving in twelve points in the gulf to protect cultural and natural heritage.[17]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Tekeli, İlhan. İzmirlilerin Denizle İlişkisini Güçlendirmekte Uygulanacak Tasarım Stratejisi (in Turkish). academia.edu. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  2. ↑ Güçlüsoy, Harun (March 2016). "İzmir Körfezi'nin Deniz ve Kıyı Koruma Alanları". Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  3. ↑ "İzmir Körfezi'ni Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemi ile Tanımak". Dağarcık Türkiye. 22 March 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
  4. 1 2 "Körfezde 4 düşman batığı var". Yeni Asır. 24 September 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  5. ↑ "Yük İstatistikleri". Deniz Ticareti Genel Müdürlüğü. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  6. ↑ "Konteyner İstatistikleri". Deniz Ticareti Genel Müdürlüğü. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
  7. ↑ "5 milyarlık dev projede ilk adım". Yeni Asır. 20 September 2012. Retrieved 31 May 2016.
  8. 1 2 "İzmir Körfezi'nde batık gemi buldular". Hürriyet. 3 June 2017. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  9. ↑ İlhan, Tarık; Duman, Muhammet; Eronat, A. Hüsnü (Fall 2017). "İzmir Körfezi Batıkları" (PDF). Uluslararası Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi. Vol. 2, no. 2. pp. 371–381. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  10. ↑ "Avusturya-Macaristan Gazetelerine Göre 1915-1916'da İzmir'in Savunulması ve Kösten Adası'nın Fethi". Düşünce ve Tarih Dergisi. No. 37. September 2017. Archived from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  11. ↑ Ürük, Yaşar. "Martı Sevdalısı Bergama Vapuru'nun 50. Yaşına Merhaba". izmirkitap.com. Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  12. ↑ "İzmir Körfezi'nin kurtuluşu olan Büyük Kanal Projesi yüzde yüze ulaştı". Arkitera. 23 September 2002. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  13. ↑ "İzmir Körfezi yeniden canlandı". Posta. 17 February 2013. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  14. ↑ "Körfezde Oşinografik İzleme". İZSU. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  15. ↑ "İzmir Körfez Festivali'nde yarış heyecanı". TRT Haber. 22 September 2018. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  16. ↑ "Blue Flag". Foundation for Environmental Education. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  17. ↑ "Su Altında Korunması Gerekli Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıkları ile İlgili Olarak Kültür Bakanlığı'nca Tespit Edilen ve Koordinat Listesi ve Haritalarda Belirtilen Bölgelerde Dalış Yasağının Uygulanması Hakkındaki 89/14235 ve 98/11087 Sayılı Kararnamelerin Yürürlükten Kaldırılması Hakkında Karar". T.C. Resmî Gazete. 24 September 2001. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.

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