Sassanid bowl with sitting griffin, gilted silver, from Iran.
Restored griffin fresco.
—In the Throne Room, Palace of Knossos, Crete, original from Bronze Age

The griffin, griffon, or gryphon (Ancient Greek: γρύψ, romanized: grýps; Classical Latin: grȳps or grȳpus;[1] Late and Medieval Latin:[2] gryphes, grypho etc.; Old French: griffon) is a legendary creature with the body, tail, and back legs of a lion, and the head and wings of an eagle with its talons on the front legs.

Overview

Because the lion was traditionally considered the king of the beasts, and the eagle the king of the birds, by the Middle Ages, the griffin was thought to be an especially powerful and majestic creature. Since classical antiquity, griffins were known for guarding treasures and priceless possessions.[3]

In Greek and Roman texts, griffins and Arimaspians were associated with gold deposits of Central Asia. The earliest classical writings derive from Aristeas (7th cent. BC), preserved by Herodotus and Aeschylus (mid 5th century BC), but the physical descriptions are not very explicit. Thus even though they are sharp-beaked, their being likened to "unbarking hounds of Zeus" has led to the speculation they were seen as wingless.

Pliny the Elder (1st century) was the first to explicitly state that griffins were winged and long eared. But Apollonius of Tyana wrote that griffins did not have true bird wings, but only membranous webbed feet that only gave them capability of short-distanced flight. Writers after Aelian (3rd century AD) did not add new material to griffin lore, except for the later lore that griffins deposited agate stone among the eggs in their nest.

Pliny placed the griffins in Æthiopia, and Ctesias (5th century BC) in greater India. Scholars have observed that legends about the gold-digging ants of India may have contaminated griffin lore.

In the Christian era, Isidore of Seville (7th century AD) wrote that griffins were a great enemy of horses. This notion may have readily developed from the tradition that horseback-riding Arimaspians raided the griffin gold.

Nomenclature

Etymology

Griffin depicted on obverse side of coin. Silver tetradrachm. Greek city state of Abdera, Thrace (c. 450–430BC).
Griffin depicted on obverse side of coin.
—Silver tetradrachm. Abdera (c. 450–430BC).[4][lower-alpha 1]

The derivation of this word remains uncertain. It could be related to the Greek word γρυπός (grypos), meaning 'curved', or 'hooked'. Greek γρύφ (gryph) from γρύφ 'hook-nosed' is suggested.[5]

It could also have been an Anatolian loan word derived from a Semitic language; compare the Hebrew word for cherub כרוב kərúv.[6][7]

Persian names

Shirdal on the silver cup, Iranian Art.

In the modern Persian language, the griffin has come to be called shirdal (Persian: شیردال), meaning 'lion-eagle'. However, the practice of referring to ancient Iranian griffin objects or monuments as shirdal,[8] is not followed by other current archaeological scholarship (e.g., here[9]).

Possible Old or Middle Iranian names for the creature have been discussed. Middle Persian Sēnmurw in Sasanian culture was a fabulous composite creature, and Russian archaeologist Boris A. Litvinskij argued for the possibility that the application of this term may extend to the griffin.[10][11] The term Sēnmurw is recognized as the etymological ancestor of simurgh, which is generally regarded as a mythological bird (rather than a composite) in later medieval Persian literature,[12][lower-alpha 2] though some argue that this bird may have originated from the Mesopotamian lion-griffin.[13]

There is also the Armenian term Paskuč (Armenian: պասկուչ) that had been used to translate Greek gryp 'griffin' in the Septuagint,[14] which H. P. Schmidt characterized as the counterpart of the simurgh.[12] However, the cognate term Baškuč (glossed as 'griffin') also occurs in Middle Persian, attested in the Zoroastrian cosmological text Bundahishn XXIV (supposedly distinguishable from Sēnmurw which also appears in the same text).[15] Middle Persian Paškuč is also attested in Manichaean magical texts (Manichaean Middle Persian: pškwc), and this must have meant a "griffin or a monster like a griffin" according to W. B. Henning.[16] Deir El Bersha

Egyptian names

The griffin was given names which were descriptive epithets, such as tštš[lower-alpha 3] or tesh-tesh[17] meaning "Tearer[-in-pieces]"[18][17] inscribed on a griffin image found in a tomb at Deir El Bersha;[19][21] and sfr/srf "fiery one", attested at Beni Hasan.[22][23] The descriptive epithet "Tearer" is not uniquely applied to the griffin beast, and tštš (Teš-teš) has also been used to denote the god Osiris elsewhere.[24][27]

Form

Bronze figure of a griffin, Roman period (AD 50–270)

Most statuary representations of griffins depict them with bird-like forelegs and talons, although in some older illustrations griffins have a lion's forelegs (see bronze figure, right); they generally have a lion's hindquarters. Its eagle's head is conventionally given prominent ears; these are sometimes described as the lion's ears, but are often elongated (more like a horse's), and are sometimes feathered.

Cauldron figurines

The griffin of Greece, as depicted in cast[lower-alpha 4] bronze cauldron protomes (cf. below), has a squat face with short beaks[lower-alpha 5] that are open agape as if screaming, with the tongue showing.[30] There is also a "top-knob" on its head or between the brows.[30]

Tendrils

Griffins and lions on cauldron. Etruscan.
—8th - 7th centuries B.C., from Barberini tomb. National Etruscan Museum of Villa Giulia, Rome.[31]

There may also be so-called "tendrils", or curled "spiral-locks" depicted, presumably representing either hair/mane or feather/crest locks dangling down. Single- or double-streaked tendrils hang down both sides and behind the griffin's neck, carven on some of the Greek protomes.[30][32][lower-alpha 6] The tendril motif emerged at the beginning of the first millennium, BC., in various parts of the Orient.[33] The "double spiral of hair running downwards from the base of the ear" is said to be a hallmark of Iranian (Uratrian) art.[34] The Etruscan cauldron-griffins (e.g., from Barberini tomb, figure right[lower-alpha 7][lower-alpha 8]) also bear the "curled tresses" that are the signature of Uratrian workmanship.[35][lower-alpha 9] Even the ornate crests on Mycenean griffins (such as the fresco of the Throne Room, figure top of page) may be a development of these curled tresses.[38][lower-alpha 10]

Top-knob

One prominent characteristic of the cauldron griffins is the "top-knob between the brows"[30] (seemingly situated at the top of the head[39]).

The top-knob feature has clear oriental origins.[40] Jack Leonard Benson says these appendages were "topknots" subsequently rendered as "knobs" in later development of the cauldron Griffins.[41] Benson's emphasis is that the Greeks attached a stylized "anorganic" topknot[41] or an "inorganic" plug on the griffin's head (due to lack of information),[41][lower-alpha 11] while in contrast, a known oriental example (stone protomes from Nimrud) is simple but more "plausible" (naturalistic), resembling a forelock.[42]

Warts

A cluster of "warts" between the eyes are also mentioned.[43] One conjecture is that these derive from the bumps (furrows) on a lion's snout.[44] Another view regards the wart as deriving from the bumpy cockscomb on a rooster or other such fowls.[45]

Art in antiquity

Griffin seal impression. Susa, Iran. 4th millennium B.C..
Griffin seal impression.
—Susa, Iran. 4th millennium B.C.). Louvres.[46][47]
Bronze griffins from ancient Luristan, Iran, 1st millennium BC. Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin.
Bronze griffins from ancient Luristan, Iran, 1st millennium BC.

Mesopotamia

Griffins were depicted on cylinder seals in Mesopotamia c. 3000 BC,[48] perhaps as early as the Uruk period (4000–3100BC) and subsequent Proto-Elamite (Jemdet Nasr) period.[47] An example of a winged lion with beaks, unearthed in Susa (cf. fig. right[46]) dates to the 4th millennium B.C., and is a unique example of a griffin with a male lion's mane.[47] However, this monster then ceased to continue to be expressed after the Elamite culture.[47]

What the Sumerians of the Early Dynastic period portrayed instead were winged lions, and the lion-headed eagle (Imdugud).[49]

In the Akkadian Empire that succeeded Sumer, early examples (from early 3rd millennium BC[50]) of lion-griffins appeared on cylinder seals, shown pulling the chariots for its rider, the weather god.[52][53] The lion-griffin on Akkadian seals are also shown as fire-belching, and shaggy (at the neck) in particular examples.[54][49][50]

The bronzeworks of Luristan, the North and North West region of Iran in the Iron Age, include examples of Achaemenid art depicting both the "bird-griffin" and "lion-griffin" designs, such as are found on horse-bits.[55][8] Bernard Goldman maintains the position that Luristan examples must be counted as developments of the "lion-griffin" type, even when it exhibits "stylization .. approaching the beak of a bird".[56] The Luristan griffins resemble and perhaps are descended from Assyrian creatures, possibly influenced by Mitannian animals,[57][58] or perhaps there had been parallel development in both Assyrian and Elamite cultures.[55]

Iran

Griffin images appeared in art of the Achaemenian Persian Empire. Russian jewelry historian Elena Neva maintained that the Achaemenids considered the griffin "a protector from evil, witchcraft, and secret slander",[59] but no writings exist from Achaemenid Persia to support her claim. R.L. Fox (1973) remarks that a "lion-griffin" attacks a stag in a pebble mosaic at Pella, from the 4th century BC,[60][61] perhaps serving as an emblem of the kingdom of Macedon or a personal emblem of Antipater, one of Alexander's successors.

An golden frontal half of a griffin from the Ziwiye hoard (near Saqqez city) in Kurdistan Province, Iran resembles the western protomes in style.[62][lower-alpha 12] They were of Urartian workmanship (neither Assyrian or Scythian),[lower-alpha 13][34] though the hoard itself may have represented a Scythian burial.[63] The griffin is described as having a "visor" (i.e., beaks) made by Urartian craftsmen, similar to what is found on Greek protomes.[34]

Egypt

Representations of griffin-like hybrids with four legs and a beaked head appeared in Ancient Egyptian art dating back to before 3000 BC.[64] The oldest known depiction of a griffin-like animal in Egypt appears as a relief carving on slate on the cosmetic palette from Hierakonpolis,[66] the so-called "Two Dog Palette"[67] dated to the Early Dynastic Period,[68] c. 3300–3100 BC.[69]

Near East elsewhere

Griffin-type creatures combining raptor heads and mammalian bodies were depicted in the Levant, Syria, and Anatolia during the Middle Bronze Age,[70][71] dated at about 1950–1550 BC.[72]

Greece

Bronze griffin head fragment (of a cauldron protome)
—Olympia, Greece. 7th century BC. Olympia museum

The griffin appeared in the art of ancient Crete in the MM III Period (1650–1600 BC) in Minoan chronology, found on sealings from Zakro and miniature frescos dated to this period.[73] One early example of griffin-types in Minoan art occurs in the 15th century BC frescoes of the Throne Room of the Bronze Age Palace of Knossos, as restored by Sir Arthur Evans.

The griffin became a fixture of Aegean culture since the Late Bronze Age,[74] but the griffin did not appear in Greek art until about 700 BC,[34] or rather, it was "rediscovered" as artistic motif in the 8th to 7th centuries BC, adapting the style of griffin current in Neo-Hittite art.[74][75] It became quite popular in the 6th and 5th centuries BC, when the Greeks first began to record accounts of the "gryps" creature from travelers to Asia, such as Aristeas of Proconnesus. A number of bronze griffin protomes on cauldrons have been unearthed in Greece (on Samos, and at Olympia, etc., cf. fig. right).[76] Early Greek and early Etruscan (e.g. the Barberini) examples of cauldron-griffins may have been of Syric-Urartian make, based on evidence (the "tendrils" or "tresses" motif was already touched upon, above), but "Vannic (Urartian) originals" have yet to be found (in the Orient).[77] It has thus been controversially argued (by Ulf Jantzen) that these attachments had always since the earliest times been crafted by Greek workshops,[lower-alpha 14] added to the plain cauldrons imported from the Near East.[lower-alpha 15] Detractors (notably K. R. Maxwell-Hyslop) believe that (early examples of[78]) the griffin-ornamented cauldron, in its entirely, were crafted in the East, though excavated finds from the Orient are scarce.[79][80]

Central Asia

In Central Asia, the griffin image was included in Scythian "animal style" artifacts of the 6th–4th centuries BC, but no writings explain their meaning. The Golden Pectoral from Tovsta Mohyla, interred in Scythian king's burial site, was commissioned to Greek goldsmiths, who engraved the image of a griffin attacking a horse. Griffins are more typically shown attacking bulls and deer in Greek art, and this combination is rare. But horse-riders (Arimaspians) were responsible for stealing griffin gold according to tradition, and the craftsman may have seen fit to displace the horse-rider with horse in artistic depiction.[81]

Griffin inscription at Sanchi Stupa from 3rd century BCE

Ancient parallels

Several ancient mythological creatures are similar to the griffin. These include the Lamassu, an Assyrian protective deity, often depicted with a bull or lion's body, eagle's wings, and human's head.

Sumerian and Akkadian mythology feature the demon Anzu, half man and half bird, associated with the chief sky god Enlil. This was a divine storm-bird linked with the southern wind and the thunder clouds.

Jewish mythology speaks of the Ziz, which resembles Anzu, as well as the ancient Greek Phoenix. The Bible mentions the Ziz in Psalms 50:11. This is also similar to a cherub. The cherub, or sphinx, was very popular in Phoenician iconography.

In ancient Crete, griffins became very popular, and were portrayed in various media. A similar creature is the Minoan Genius.

In the Hindu religion, Garuda is a large bird-like creature that serves as a mount (vahana) of the deity Vishnu. It is also the name for the constellation Aquila.

Classical accounts

Herodotus, etc.

Local lore on the griffin was gathered by Aristeas of Proconnesus, a Greek who traveled to the Altai region between Mongolia and NW China in the 7th century BC. Although Aristeas's original poem was lost, the griffin lore preserved in secondhand accounts by the playwright Aeschylus (ca. 460 BC), and later his contemporary, Herodotus the historian.[82][83]

Herodotus explains (via Aristeas) that the gold-guarding griffins supposedly dwelled further north from the one-eyed Arimaspi people[lower-alpha 16] who robbed the gold from the fabulous creatures. Aristeas is said to have been informed through the Issedones people neighboring region to the Arimaspi, in the northern extremes (of Central Asia).[86][87] Aeschylus also concurs that the Arimaspi robbed the gold which the griffins collected from various areas in the periphery (presumably including the Armaspi's territorial stream, the stream of Pluto "rolling with gold"). The equestrian Arimaspi would ride off with the loot, and the griffins would give pursuit.[89]

Aeschylus likened the griffins to "unbarking dogs of Zeus"[90][lower-alpha 17] That they are called dogs or hounds here has led to the conjecture that Aeschylus considered them wingless or flightless.[82][lower-alpha 18]

Gryphons of India and gold-digging ants

Whereas Ctesias, had located the griffins in India, and more explicitly classed them as beaked, four-legged birds.[82]

Herodotus also mentions elsewhere that there are gold-collecting ants in Kashmir, India, and this has been interpreted by modern scholars as "doublets or garbled versions" of the lore of gold-hoarding griffins.[91] It appears that the accounts of griffins given by Pliny had been admixed with the lore of these gold-guarding ants of India,[90] and later Aelian also inserted attributes of the ant into his description of griffins.[84]

Pliny and later

Later, Pliny the Elder became the first to explicitly state the griffins as having wings and long ears.[92][93][lower-alpha 19] In one of the two passages, Pliny also located the "griffons" in Æthiopia.[93] According to Adrienne Mayor, Pliny also wrote, "griffins were said to lay eggs in burrows on the ground and these nests contained gold nuggets".[94]

Apollonius of Tyana,[lower-alpha 20] who was nearly coeval with Pliny, gave a somewhat unique account of the griffin, claiming them to be lion-sized, and having no true wings, and instead had paws "webbed with red membranes", that gave them ability to makes leaps of flight of only a short distance.[95][82][lower-alpha 21]

Pomponius Mela (fl. AD 43) wrote in his Book ii. 6:

In Europe, constantly falling snow makes those places contiguous with the Riphaean Mountains.. so impassable that, in addition, they prevent those who deliberately travel here from seeing anything. After that comes a region of very rich soil but quite uninhabitable because griffins, a savage and tenacious breed of wild beasts, love.. the gold that is mined from deep within the earth there, and because they guard it with an amazing hostility to those who set foot there.[97]

The aforementioned Aelian (Claudius Aelianus, d. 235 AD) added certain other embellishments, such as its reputation of "black plumage on its back with a red chest and white wings".[99] Aelian was the last source on the griffin to add fresh information on the griffin, and late writers (into medieval times) merely rehashed existing material on griffins, with the exception of the lore about their "agate eggs" which emerged at some indistinct time later on (cf. infra).[100]

Divine creature

The griffin has been associated with various deities (Apollo, Dionysus, Nemesis), in Greek mythography but here, the identifiable attested "accounts" presented in scholarship are largely not literary, but artistic,[101] or numismatic.

The griffin was naturally linked to Apollo, given the existence of the cultus of Hyperborean Apollo, with a cult center at the Greek colony of Olbia on the Black Sea.[81][102] And even the main Temple of Apollo at Delphi featured a statue of the god flanked by griffins, or so it can be presumed based on the representation struck on the tetradrachm coinage of Attica.[102] Apollo rode a griffin to Hyperboria each winter, leaving Delphi, or so it was believed.[103] Apollo riding griffin is known from multiple examples of red-figure pottery.[106][107] And Apollo hitched griffins to his chariot according to Claudian.[109]

Dionysus was also depicted on a griffin-chariot[110] or mounting griffin; the motif was borrowed from the god Apollo due to "syncretism between the two gods".[112]

At the Temple of Hera at Samos, a griffin-themed bronze "wine-cup"[113] or "cauldron"[114] had been installed, according to Herodotus. The vessel was attached griffin heads around the rim (like the protomes,[115] described above): it was an Argolic or Argive krater, according to the text,[lower-alpha 22] standing on a tripod shaped like colossal figures.[113][114]

Medieval accounts

A soldier fighting a griffin, 'Alphonso' Psalter, 1284
Stonemasonry with Griffins, late 11th-12th c, Gradina, Rakovac. Serbia
Medieval tapestry, Basel, c. 1450 CE

In medieval legend, griffins not only mated for life, but if either partner died, then the other would continue the rest of its life alone, never to search for a new mate. The griffin was thus made an emblem of the Church's opposition to remarriage.

The notion that griffins lay stones or agate instead of eggs was introduced "at some in the evolution of griffin lore".[116] Albertus Magnus (d. 1280) attributes to other writers the claim that "this bird places an 'eagle-stone' (echytem) or agate (gagatem) among its eggs" to change the ambient temperature and enhance reproduction.[117][118]

Christian symbolism

The account of the "gryphes" by Isidore of Seville (d. 636) lacked any Christian allegorical interpretation, and the griffin is classified as a "beast of prey".[119] Thus Isidore (Etymologies xii.2 .17)[5][120] gives:

The Gryphes are so called because they are winged quadrupeds. This kind of wild beast is found in the Hyperborean Mountains. In every part of their body they are lions, and in wings and heads are like eagles, and they are fierce enemies of horses. Moreover they tear men to pieces".[121][119]

Isidore's localization of the griffins in the mountains of Hyperborea derives from Servius (4th and 5th century).[122] Griffins had already been localized Riphean Mountains by Mela (1st century) as quoted above,[97] while the Hyperboreans are sometimes said to dwell further north than these mountains.

The idea that griffins hated horses can be explained as an offshoot of the lore that griffins had their gold stolen by horseback-riding Arimaspians.[123] The griffin were already being depicted attacking the horse in ancient art, as on the gold pectoral of the Scythian King noted above.[81]

Despite Isidore passing on classical without religious connotation, the griffin, being a union of an aerial bird and a terrestrial beast, came to be regarded in Christendom as a symbol of Jesus, who was both human and divine, espoused by many commentators, who see this evidenced in the griffin that draws the chariot in Dante's Purgatorio (cf. §In literature below).[124][125][3]

A slightly different interpretation was that the griffin symbolized the pope or papacy rather than Christ himself, as proposed by French critic Didron, who built this interpretation upon the observation that Herrad of Landsberg's manuscript (Hortus deliciarum, completed c. 1185) clearly depicted the two-colored bird as symbolic of the Church.[124]

At any rate, the griffin can be found sculpted at a number of Christian churches.[125][3]

Claw, egg, feather

Martin Schongauer: The griffin, 15th century

Alleged griffin's claws, eggs, and feathers were held as valuable objects, but actually derived from exotic animals, etc.[126][127] The eggs were often ostrich eggs, or in rare cases, fossilized dinosaur eggs.[128] The feather is a piece of forgery, an object crafted from raffia palm fiber, with painted colors.[129]

The supposed claws were often turned into drinking cups[126][130] (and griffin egg artifacts were also used as goblets, according to heraldry scholars).[126][131][132]

A number of medieval griffin's claws existed, sometimes purported to be very large.[133] St. Cuthbert is said to have obtained claw and egg: two claws and two eggs were registered in the 1383 inventory of the saint's shrine,[134] but the two-feet claws that still remain on display have been identified as Alpine ibex horns.[130]

There is said to be a legend that a griffin's claw was made into a cup and dedicated to Cuthbert.[135] As a matter of fact, griffin claws were frequently fashioned into goblets (drinking cups) in medieval Europe,[126][130] and specific examples can be given, such as Charlemagne's griffin-claw drinking horn, formerly at Saint-Denis and now housed in the Bibliothèque Nationale, is a drinking cup made of a bovine horn. Additional ornamentation were attached to it, such as a gilt copper leg for it to stand on, realistically resembling the taloned foot of a raptor.[136][lower-alpha 23] Kornelimünster Abbey located in Charlemagne's former capital of Aix-la-Chapelle (now Aachen, Germany) also houses a griffin horn of Pope Cornelius, made of Asian buffalo horn.[137]

Medieval iconography

Byzantine silk with griffins, 11th century, now in Sion, Switzerland

By the 12th century, the appearance of the griffin was substantially fixed: "All its bodily members are like a lion's, but its wings and mask are like an eagle's."[138] It is not yet clear if its forelimbs are those of an eagle or of a lion. Although the description implies the latter, the accompanying illustration is ambiguous. It was left to the heralds to clarify that.

Griffins also appear on a wide range of medieval luxury objects, such as textiles, and in these contexts are part of a shared visual language deployed by artisans in the Byzantine, western medieval, and Islamic worlds.[139]

Folklore

According to Stephen Friar's New Dictionary of Heraldry, a griffin's claw was believed to have medicinal properties and one of its feathers could restore sight to the blind.[3]

Attestation of griffin's feather as cure for blindness does occur in an Italian folktale,[140] classed as "The Singing Bone" tale type (ATU 780).[141] There is also a study that considers the griffin's feather tale as a variant of "The Twa Sisters" ballad (Child Ballad 10), as the tale incorporates the song in Italian, supposedly sung by the bones of the murdered finder of the feather).[142] It may not be a griffin's feather but another kind of avian plumage (peacock feather) that remedies blindness in other Italian variants of this folktale type.[143]

In heraldry

A heraldic griffin passant of the Bevan family crest.
A heraldic griffin passant of the Bevan family crest.
Griffin segreant wearing the mural crown of Perugia, 13th century
Griffin segreant wearing the mural crown of Perugia, 13th century
Pomeranian coat-of-arms
Pomeranian coat-of-arms
Similarly, the coat of arms of Greifswald, Germany, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, also shows a red griffin rampant – perched in a tree, reflecting a legend about the town's founding in the 13th century.
Coat-of-arms of Greifswald, Germany, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Gryf coat of arms of the Polish knighthood family Gryfici. Used since c. 1481
The Gryf coat of arms of the knighthood family Gryfici.[lower-alpha 24]
The Coat of arms of Crimea
Coat-of-arms of Crimea

Griffins in heraldry are usually portrayed with the rear body of a lion, an eagle's head with erect ears, a feathered breast, and the forelegs of an eagle, including claws.[144]

The heraldic griffin "denote[d] strength and military, courage and leadership", according to one source.[144] That it became a Christian symbol of divine power and a guardian of the divine,[145] was already touched upon above.

Griffins may be shown in a variety of poses, but in British heraldry are never shown with their wings closed. Heraldic griffins use the same attitude terminology as the lion, with the exception that where a lion would be described as rampant a griffin is instead described as segreant.[146]

In British heraldry, a male griffin is shown without wings, its body covered in tufts of formidable spikes, with a short tusk emerging from the forehead, as for a unicorn.[147] In some blazons, this variant is termed a keythong.. This distinction is not found outside of British heraldry; even within it, male griffins are much rarer than winged ones, which are not given a specific name. One example is John Butler, 6th Earl of Ormond, whose badge was described as featuring a "peyr [pair of] keythongs".[148] It is possible that the male griffin/keythong originated as a derivation of the heraldic panther.[146]

Houses and cities using the device

When Genoa emerged as a major seafaring power in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, griffins commenced to be depicted as part of the republic's coat of arms, rearing at the sides of the shield bearing the Cross of St. George.

The red griffin rampant was the coat of arms of the dukes of Pomerania and survives today as the armorial of West Pomeranian Voivodeship (historically, Farther Pomerania) in Poland. It is also part of the coat of arms of the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, representing the historical region Vorpommern (Hither Pommerania).

Variants

Hippogriff

A hippogriff is a related legendary creature, supposedly the offspring of a griffin and a mare.

Heraldic subtypes

Wingless griffin

Infrequently, a griffin is portrayed without wings, or a wingless eagle-headed lion is identified as a griffin. In 15th-century and later heraldry, such a wingless griffin may be called an alke, a keythong or a male griffin.

Sea-griffin

The sea-griffin, also termed the gryphon-marine, is a heraldic variant of the griffin possessing the head and legs of the more common variant and the hindquarters of a fish or a mermaid. Sea-griffins are present on the arms of a number of German noble families, including the Mestich family of Silesia and the Barony of Puttkamer.[146]

Opinicus

The opinicus or epimacus is another heraldic variety of griffin, which is depicted with the head of an eagle and all four legs of a lion where it occasionally has the neck and tail of a dromedary. It is sometimes wingless when born and will grow wings as it matures. The opinicus is rarely used in heraldry, but appears in the arms of the Worshipful Company of Barbers.[149][150][151]

In architecture

The Pisa Griffin, in the Pisa Cathedral Museum, 11th century
The Pisa Griffin, Pisa Cathedral Museum, 11th century
Statue of a griffin at St Mark's Basilica in Venice
Statue of a griffin. St Mark's Basilica, Venice

The Pisa Griffin is a large bronze sculpture that has been in Pisa in Italy since the Middle Ages, though it is of Islamic origin. It is the largest bronze medieval Islamic sculpture known, at over 3 feet tall (42.5 inches, or 1.08 m), and was probably created in the 11th century AD in Al-Andaluz (Islamic Spain).[152][153] From about 1100 it was placed on a column on the roof of Pisa Cathedral until replaced by a replica in 1832; the original is now in the Museo dell' Opera del Duomo (Cathedral Museum), Pisa.

In architectural decoration the griffin is usually represented as a four-footed beast with wings and the head of an eagle with horns, or with the head and beak of an eagle.

The statues that mark the entrance to the City of London are sometimes mistaken for griffins, but are in fact (Tudor) dragons, the supporters of the city's arms.[154] They are most easily distinguished from griffins by their membranous, rather than feathered, wings.

In fiction

For fictional characters named Griffin, see Griffin (surname)

Griffins are used widely in Persian poetry; Rumi is one such poet who writes in reference to griffins.[155]

In Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy story Purgatorio, after Dante and Virgil's journey through Hell and Purgatory has concluded, Dante meets a chariot dragged by a griffin in Earthly Paradise. Immediately afterwards, Dante is reunited with Beatrice. Dante and Beatrice then start their journey through Paradise.

Illustration for Mandeville's legend by H. J. Ford, 1899

Sir John Mandeville wrote about them in his 14th century book of travels:

In that country be many griffins, more plenty than in any other country. Some men say that they have the body upward as an eagle and beneath as a lion; and truly they say sooth, that they be of that shape. But one griffin hath the body more great and is more strong than eight lions, of such lions as be on this half, and more great and stronger than an hundred eagles such as we have amongst us. For one griffin there will bear, flying to his nest, a great horse, if he may find him at the point, or two oxen yoked together as they go at the plough. For he hath his talons so long and so large and great upon his feet, as though they were horns of great oxen or of bugles or of kine, so that men make cups of them to drink of. And of their ribs and of the pens of their wings, men make bows, full strong, to shoot with arrows and quarrels.[156][135]

Griffin misericord, Ripon Cathedral, alleged inspiration for the Gryphon in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

John Milton in Paradise Lost he mentions the griffin as an allusion to Satan:[157]

As when a Gryfon through the Wilderness

With winged course ore Hill or moarie Dale,
Pursues the Arimaspian, who by stelth
Had from his wakeful custody purloind

The guarded Gold [...]

Theories of origin

Possible influence by dinosaurs

Early historic references to the gryphon describe the area of the Dzungarian Gate, a region where Protoceratops and Psittacosaurus skeletons are very common.

Adrienne Mayor, a classical folklorist and historian of science, has speculated that the way the Greeks imagined griffins from the seventh century BC onwards may have been influenced in part by the fossilized remains of beaked dinosaurs such as Protoceratops observed on the way to gold deposits by nomadic prospectors of ancient Scythia (Central Asia).[158] This speculation is based on Greek and Latin literary sources and related artworks in a specific time frame, beginning with the first written descriptions of griffins as real animals of Asia in a lost work by Aristeas (referenced by Herodotus, ca. 450 BC) and ending with Aelian (3rd century AD), the last ancient author to report any "new" details about the griffin.

Mayor argues that Protoceratops fossils, seen by ancient observers, may have been interpreted as evidence of a half-bird-half-mammal creature.[159] She argues that over-repeated retelling and drawing or recopying its bony neck frill (which is rather fragile and may have been frequently broken or entirely weathered away) may become large mammal-type external ears, and its beak may be treated as evidence of a part-bird nature and lead to bird-type wings being added.[160]

Paleontologist Mark P. Witton has contested this hypothesis, arguing that it ignores the existence of depictions of griffins throughout the Near East dating to long before the time when Mayor posits the Greeks became aware of Protoceratops fossils in Scythia. Witton further argues that the anatomies of griffins in Greek art are clearly based on those of living creatures, especially lions and eagles, and that there are no features of griffins in Greek art that can only be explained by the hypothesis that the griffins were based on fossils. He notes that Greek accounts of griffins describe them as living creatures, not ancient skeletons, and that some of the details of these accounts suggest griffins are purely imaginary, not inspired by fossils.[161]

Modern culture

Griffins, like many other fictional creatures, frequently appear within works under the fantasy genre. Examples of fantasy-oriented franchises that feature griffins include Warhammer Fantasy Battle, Warcraft, Heroes of Might and Magic, the Griffon in Dungeons & Dragons, Ragnarok Online, Harry Potter, The Spiderwick Chronicles, My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic, and The Battle for Wesnoth.

Griffins appear in the fairy tales "Jack the Giant Killer", "The Griffin" and "The Singing, Springing Lark".

In Digimon, there is a Digimon called Gryphomon who is based off the depiction of a griffin that has a snake-headed tail.

In The Son of Neptune by Rick Riordan, Percy Jackson, Hazel Levesque, and Frank Zhang are attacked by griffins in Alaska.

In the Harry Potter series, the character Albus Dumbledore has a griffin-shaped knocker. Also, the character Godric Gryffindor's surname is a variation on the French griffon d'or ("golden griffon").

Modern art

"Griff" Statue in the forecourt of the Farkashegyi Cemetery Budapest, 2007

The griffin is the symbol of the Philadelphia Museum of Art; bronze castings of them perch on each corner of the museum's roof, protecting its collection.[162][163]

The "Griff" statue by Veres Kálmán was erected in 2007 at the forecourt of the Farkashegyi cemetery in Budapest, Hungary.

Logos, mascots

modern unicipal seal of Heraklion, Greece
Municipal official seal (modern) of Heraklion, Greece
Company logo for Merv Griffin Entertainment, using a silver griffin statue
Merv Griffin Entertainment logo

An archaic griffin design, created by artist Thomas Fanourakis (1915–1993), was adopted as the official symbol of the city of Heraklion on 22 March 1961 (cf. figure right).[lower-alpha 25][164]

Film and television company Merv Griffin Entertainment uses a griffin for its production company. Merv Griffin Entertainment was founded by entrepreneur Merv Griffin and is based in Beverly Hills, California. His former company Merv Griffin Enterprises also used a griffin for its logo.

The griffin is used in the logo of United Paper Mills, Vauxhall Motors, and of Scania and its former partners Saab Group and Saab Automobile.

Similarly, prior to the mid-1990s a griffin formed part of the logo of Midland Bank (now HSBC).

Saab Automobile previously used the griffin in their logo (Cf. Saab fighter Gripen)

Information security firm Halock uses a griffin to represent protecting data and systems.

School emblems and mascots

The Gryphon is the emblem and mascot of the University of Guelph

Three gryphons form the crest of Trinity College, Oxford (founded 1555), originating from the family crest of founder Sir Thomas Pope. The college's debating society is known as the Gryphon, and the notes of its master emeritus show it to be one of the oldest debating institutions in the country, significantly older than the more famous Oxford Union Society.[165] Griffins are also mascots for VU University Amsterdam,[166] Reed College,[167] Sarah Lawrence College,[168] the University of Guelph, and Canisius College.

The Gryphon is the official school mascot for Raffles Institution, appearing also on the top of the school crest.

The official seal of Purdue University was adopted during the university's centennial in 1969. The seal, approved by the Board of Trustees, was designed by Prof. Al Gowan, formerly at Purdue. It replaced an unofficial one that had been in use for 73 years.[169]

The College of William and Mary in Virginia changed its mascot to Griffin in April 2010.[170][171] The griffin was chosen because it is the combination of the British lion and the American eagle.

The 367th Training Support Squadron's and 12th Combat Aviation Brigade feature griffins in their unit patches.

The emblem of the Greek 15th Infantry Division features an ax-wielding griffin on its unit patch.

The English private school of Wycliffe College features a griffin on its school crest.

The mascot of St Mary's College, one of the 16 colleges in Durham University, is a griffin.

The mascot of Glebe Collegiate Institute in Ottawa is the gryphon, and the team name is the Glebe Gryphons.

The griffin is the official mascot of Chestnut Hill College and Gwynedd Mercy University, both in Pennsylvania.

The mascot of Leadership High School in San Francisco, CA was chosen by the student body by popular vote to be the griffin after the Golden Gate University Griffins, where they operated out of from 1997 to 2000.

The Gryphon is the school mascot for Glenlyon Norfolk School, an independent, co-ed, university preparatory day school in Victoria and Oak Bay, British Columbia, Canada.

Police and military

Yellow griffin pictured in the logo of the Estonian Internal Security Service.
Yellow griffin pictured in the logo of the Estonian Internal Security Service.
Flag of the Utti Jaeger Regiment of the Finnish Army
Flag of the Utti Jaeger Regiment of the Finnish Army

A griffin appears in the official seal of the Waterloo Police Department (Iowa).

The Royal Air Force Police depicts a griffin for their unit badge.

The Royal New Zealand Air Force Police depicts a griffin holding a taiaha for their unit badge.

Professional sports

The Grand Rapids Griffins professional ice hockey team of the American Hockey League.

Suwon Samsung Bluewings's mascot "Aguileon" is a griffin. The name "Aguileon" is a compound using two Spanish words; "aguila" meaning "eagle" and "leon" meaning "lion".

Amusement parks

Busch Gardens Williamsburg's highlight attraction is a dive coaster called the "Griffon", which opened in 2007.

In 2013, Cedar Point Amusement Park in Sandusky, Ohio opened the "GateKeeper" steel roller coaster, which features a griffin as its mascot.

In film and television

Griffins appear in The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian.

Griffins are also present in various animated series such as My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic, World of Quest, Yin Yang Yo!, and Family Guy.[172]

A griffin appeared in the 1974 film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad.

In the 1969 movie Latitude Zero, a creature called "Griffin" is made by inserting a woman's brain into a lion–condor hybrid.

In an episode of the sitcom The Big Bang Theory, Dr. Sheldon Cooper mentions that he attempted to create a griffin but could not obtain the "necessary eagle eggs and lion semen".[173]

Eponymy

The latest fighter produced by the Saab Group bears the name "Gripen" (Griffin), as a result of public competition.

During World War II, the Heinkel firm named its heavy bomber design for the Luftwaffe after the legendary animal, as the Heinkel He 177 Greif, the German form of "griffin". General Atomics has used the term "Griffin Eye" for its intelligence surveillance platform based on a Hawker Beechcraft King Air 35ER civilian aircraft.[174]

Fauna names

Some large species of Old World vultures are called griffines, including the griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus). The scientific name for the Andean condor is Vultur gryphus, Latin for "griffin-vulture". The Catholic Douay-Rheims version of the Bible uses griffon for a creature referred to as vulture or ossifrage in other English translations (Leviticus 11:13).

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ Abdera minted coins since it was founded in 544 BC as a colony of Teos, which also used the griffin motif.
  2. ↑ Also, Sēnmurw etymological root was Avestan mərəγō saēnō (marəya saēna) which also denoted a bird (falcon or eagle),[12] and not a composite, as conceded by Litvinskij.[11]
  3. ↑ tštš:
    t
    S    		 t
    S
    The "š" glyph seems to be 𓈚 rathe than 𓈙 and are thus superposed in Leibovitch's inline text; however the glyps are juxtaposed and seemingly the plain bar "š" is used on his Fig. 5 line sketch.
  4. ↑ The cast pieces could also have additional hammered details.[28] The "cast protomes" are grouped by Jantzen.[29]
  5. ↑ The beaks on the Greeks are identified as "visor" of beasts such as seen in Urartian art, by Ghirshman (1964c), p. 108.
  6. ↑ The example on figure right is the broken off head, and it is not certain whether the paired spiral-locks ran down its neck, as in other examples of griffin protomes from Olympia (Jantzen, GG no. 80, p. 20).
  7. ↑ See the cover photo of this cauldron in Papalexandrou (2021) and Fig. 3.2. The lateral side of the griffins are hard to see on this picture shown right; the lions do not have these hanging tresses. Cf. Fig. 3.3 for another cauldron, from the Bernardini tomb. Both are bronze cauldrons on a conical stand.
  8. ↑ An additional example of Etruscan griffin is the one found in Vetulonia, Italy.[35][36]
  9. ↑ While Maxwell-Hyslop, thought early griffin protomes were made in the east, she regarded later Etruscan examples as being made locally, imitating the Eastern originals, but such "Vannic (Urartrians) originals" are yet to be found.[37]
  10. ↑ In addition to the Throne Room, Goldman provides the following Mycenaean examples: the "ivory plaque of Mycenae" (Demargne, Pierre (1947), La Crète dédalique, fig. 24); the "gold cylinder seal from Pylos" (Blegen, Carl W. (5 December 1953). "A Royal Tomb of Homeric Times", Illustrated London News, fig. 7)
  11. ↑ Benson thinks using a simplified "plug" shape was the Greek "solution" to the problem of not knowing exactly what 3-dimensional shape to use, having only access to 2-dimensional renderings from the East.
  12. ↑ Ghirshman (and others, cf. Maxwell-Hyslop (1956), p. 160, citing André Godard.) thought the Ziwiye griffin was a protome to a lost cauldron. Goldman thinks this unlikely, as the griffin is posed in couchant position, and gold is too soft a metal.
  13. ↑ Godard, André (1950), "Le trésor de Ziwiye" at Fig. 30, considered the object a Scythinan import. Cited by Maxwell-Hyslop (1956), p. 160.
  14. ↑ That later griffin protomes are Greek-made is "without question" (Goldman (1960), p. 321).
  15. ↑ George M. A. Hanfmann agreed with Jantzen that the protomes were always Greek, but disagreed with Jantzen on the caudron, and doubted cauldrons were separately made in the East.
  16. ↑ But "Heordotus doubted that Arimaspeans were monocular".[84]
  17. ↑ To distinguish from the (screaming) harpies, referred as "dogs of Zeus" (by Apollonius of Rhodes, II.289).[88]
  18. ↑ Mayor's reasoning being that Aeschylus elsewhere refers to eagles as "winged dogs of Zeus".[82] However this seems contradictory to Apollonius being able to refer to winged harpies as "Zeus' dogs",[88] as noted previously.
  19. ↑ The word for "eared" in the text is aurita in declined form. auritus. Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary on Perseus Project. gives the definition: "Furnished with ears (acc. to auris, l.), having long or large ears".
  20. ↑ Apollonius of Tyana's writings, as recorded in his biography by Flavius Philostratus.
  21. ↑ Apollonius also compares the griffins to gold-gathering ants, though he places the ants not in India but in Africa (Aethiopia).[96]
  22. ↑ κρητῆρος Ἀργολικοῦ.
  23. ↑ Mayor seems to suggest it may have been the "carved ivory horn" obtained as a gift from Harun al-Rashid, who also gave Charlemagne the live elephant Abul-Abbas.[136] However, the ivory horn given by the caliph seems more likely to be Charlemagne's olifant, perhaps the one held in Aachen.
  24. ↑ Used since c. 1481 Polish noble families.
  25. ↑ The design of the griffin is a mock-up of Minoan art, but the inscription language is archaicized Greek, not Minoan (Linear A and Cretan hieroglyphs).

References

Citations
  1. ↑ Félix Gaffiot (1934). Dictionnaire Illustré Latin-Français. Paris: Hachette.
  2. ↑ Ronald Edward Latham; David Robert Howlett; Richard Ashdowne (1975–2013). Dictionary of Medieval Latin from British Sources. London: British Academy.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Friar, Stephen (1987). A New Dictionary of Heraldry. London: Alphabooks/A & C Black. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-906670-44-6.
  4. ↑ Bement, Clarence S. (1921). Descriptive Catalogue of Greek Coins selected from the cabinet. Philadelphia: American Numismatic Society. p. 43 and Plate X, 144. 144 AR [silver] Phoenician Tetradrachm; 14.94 gr.; 27 mm. Obv. Griffin seated l. on a fish, with rounded, feathered wing; around, magistrate's name Καλλιδαμασ; around, circle of dots. Rev. → Αβδηριτων on border of an incuse square; within, smaller linear square in four compartments.
  5. 1 2 Isidore of Seville (2005). Isidore of Seville's Etymologies: Complete English Translation. Vol. 2. Translated by Throop, Priscilla. MedievalMS. xii.2.17. ISBN 9781411665262.
  6. ↑ William H. C. Propp, Exodus 19–40, volume 2A of The Anchor Bible, New York: Doubleday, 2006, ISBN 0-385-24693-5, p. 386; citing Julius Wellhausen, Prolegomena to the History of Israel, Edinburgh: Black, 1885, p. 304.
  7. ↑ Also see Robert S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, volume 1, Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2010 ISBN 978-90-04-17420-7, p. 289, entry for γρυπος, "From the archaeological perspective, origin in Asia Minor (and the Near East: Elam) is very probable."
  8. 1 2 Taheri (2013).
  9. ↑ Asadi, Arezoo; Darvishi, Farangis (Winter 2020). "The Reflection of Mythological Concepts in Achaemenid Jewelry Art". Journal of Iranian Studies. Faculty of Literature and Humanities Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman. 18 (36): 21–41.
  10. ↑ Litvinskij, Boris A. [in Russian]; Pičikian, Igor R. (1995), Invernizzi, Antonio (ed.), "An Achaemenian griffin handle from the Temple of the Oxus: the makhaira in Northern Bactria", In the Land of the Gryphons: Papers on Central Asian Archaeology in Antiquity, Le lettere, p. 123, ISBN 9788871662480
  11. 1 2 Litvinskij, Boris A. [in Russian] (2002). "Copper cauldrons from Gilgit and Central Asia: more about Saka and Dards and related problems". East and West. 52 (1–4): 141.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Schmidt, Hanns-Peter (2003). "Simorg". Encyclopedia Iranica. Costa Mesa: Mazda Pub.
  13. ↑ Harper, P. O. (1961), "The Sēnmurw", Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, Series 2, 20 (3): 95–101, doi:10.2307/3257932, JSTOR 3257932 apud Schmidt.[12]
  14. ↑ Marr, N. Ya. (1918), "Ossetica-Japhetica", Izvestiya Rossiskoi Akademii Nauk Известия Российской академии наук: 2087, n. 2 apud Schmidt.[12]
  15. ↑ Kiperwasser, Reuven; Shapira, Dan D. Y. (2012), Secunda, Shai; Fine, Steven (eds.), "Irano-Talmudica II: Leviathan, Behemoth and the 'Domestication' of Iranian Mythological Creatures in Eschatological Narratives of the Babylonian Talmud", Shoshannat Yaakov: Jewish and Iranian studies in honor of Yaakov Elman, Brill, p. 209 and n22, ISBN 9789004235458
  16. ↑ Henning, W. B. (1947), "Two Manichæan Magical Texts with an Excursus on the Parthian Ending -ēndēh", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 12 (1): 41, 42, doi:10.1017/S0041977X0007988X, JSTOR 608983, S2CID 194111905; Reprinted in Duchesne-Guillemin, Jacques ed. (1977) "B. Henning selected papers", Acta Iranica 10, pp. 274–275
  17. 1 2 3 Griffith, F. Ll; Newberry, Percy Edward (1895). El Bersheh. Vol. 2. Appended by George Willoughby Fraser. Sold at the Offices of the Egypt Exploration Fund. pp. 34–35 and Pl. XVI, tomb no. 5. Another monster is seen just above; a lion with the head of a hawk, the wings of an eagle, and the horns and feathers of a god... called tesh-tesh, "the tearer-in-pieces"
  18. ↑ Riefstahl (1956), p. 2 citing Leibovitch.
  19. ↑ Leibovitch (1942), pp. 186–187 and Fig. 5: "tštš.. signifie déchirer, triturer, couper, metter en pièces [tštš.. denotes tearing, grind up, chopping, ripping to pieces]". Citing Griffith & Newberry (1895) El-Bersheh 2: Pl. XVI, tomb no. 5.[17]
  20. 1 2 David, Arlette (2016), "3. Hybridism as a Visual Mark of Divinity: The Case of Akhenaten", in David, Arlette; Milstein, Rachel; Ornan, Tallay (eds.), Picturing Royal Charisma: Kings and Rulers in the Near East from 3000 BCE to 1700 CE, Archaeopress Publishing Limited, pp. 52–53 and Table 3.1, ISBN 9781803271613
  21. ↑ David glosses tštš as "Crusher",[20] which is consistent with one of Leibovitch's several glosses.<!!-- But David note 8 indicates the source to be Newberry 1893b (Beni Hasan II), Pl. 16, which probably should by Griffith & Newberry (El-Bersheh II)0, Pl. 16-->
  22. ↑ Leibovitch (1942), pp. 186–187.
  23. ↑ David,[20] citing Newberry (1893a, 1893b recte [1893], [1894]). Beni Hasan.
  24. ↑ Leibovitch (1942), p. 187.
  25. ↑ Leibovitch (1942), pp. 186.
  26. ↑ Prakash, Tara (2022). Ancient Egyptian Prisoner Statues: Fragments of the Late Old Kingdom. Lockwood Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 9780892362233.
  27. ↑ The epithet "the Crusher" (or "Trampler") is also given by Riefstahl (1956), p. 2 citing Leibovitch, but the words do not actually occur as names/epithets in Leibovitch's reading of the inscription: "Spdw le seigneur des pays montagne, qui écrase (en les piétinant)　Sopdu the lord of the mountain countries, who crushes (trampling them)]". The inscription is from Sahure (pharaoh of Fifth Dynasty of Egypt).[25] A relief represents Sahure as an enemy-trampling griffin in the reliefs work found in his pyramid complex.[26]
  28. ↑ Benson (1960), p. 60 et passim.
  29. ↑ Third Group GG, p. 56 apud Benson (1960), pp. 59–60.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 Goldman (1960), p. 321.
  31. ↑ Ghirshman (1964c), p. 434.
  32. ↑ Jantzen (1955), pp. 20, 69–70.
  33. ↑ Goldman (1960), p. 322.
  34. 1 2 3 4 Ghirshman (1964c), p. 108.
  35. 1 2 Chahin, Mack (2001) [1987]. The Kingdom of Armenia. Curzon. p. 151. ISBN 9780700714520.
  36. ↑ Papalexandrou (2021), Fig. 3.6
  37. ↑ Goldman (1960), pp. 320–321.
  38. ↑ Goldman (1960), p. 322 and note 22.
  39. ↑ The positioning is between the brows, yet looks to be at the top of the head, as seen on the example Goldman (1960), p. 324 provides: Plate 90, fig. 1 (adapted from GG 75).
  40. ↑ Goldman (1960), p. 321: "the top-knob on the cauldron griffin is a straight-forward carryover from its oriental counterparts".
  41. 1 2 3 Benson (1960), p. 63.
  42. ↑ Benson (1960), p. 62 and Fig. 5, griffin protome of stone, from Nimrud.
  43. ↑ Examples of GG no. 14,[30]
  44. ↑ Goldman (1960), p. 321: "wart-like protuberances between the eyes..natural property of th e lion". An example from the east is given as Fig. 10: "Lion-griffin. Middle Assyrian (after Corpus 596)".
  45. ↑ Benson (1960), p. 64.
  46. 1 2 Delaporte, Louis-Joseph (1920). Catalogue des cylindres, cachets et pierres gravées de style oriental : Musée du Louvre. Paris: Hachette. p. 49. Items S. 366 (Pl. 44, fig. 10); S. 367 (Pl. 44, fig. 11); S. 368 (Pl. 45, fig. 2) BnF copy. The "S" indicates Susa expedition, under the direction of J. de Morgan (1897–1912).
  47. 1 2 3 4 Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 106.
  48. ↑ Image of Persian griffin. granger.com (picture). The Granger Collection. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
  49. 1 2 3 Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 107.
  50. 1 2 3 Fishbane, Michael A. (2005). Biblical Myth and Rabbinic Mythmaking. Oxford University Press. pp. 45–46. ISBN 9780199284207.
  51. ↑ "Worshiper pouring libation before goddess standing on lion-griffin that draws chariot driven by weather god". Morgan Library & Museum. 6 July 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  52. ↑ Fishbane's example from early 3rd millennium BC is a four-wheeled chariot, citing Pritchard.[50] There is another four-wheeled chariot which generally match the description, held by the Morgan Library (shelfmark Morgan Seal 220), dated to between 2340 and 2150 BC.[51]
  53. ↑ Frankfort's example is a two-wheeled chariot in the seal-impression image shown on Fig. 4.[49]
  54. ↑ Goldman (1960), p. 324 and pl. 90, fig. 15}}{{Refn|Frankfort classed it as a "winged, tailed, and taloned dragon which spat fire".
  55. 1 2 Álvarez-Mon (2011), p. 320.
  56. ↑ Goldman (1960), p. 324 and Pl. 90, Fig. 12 "Luristan lion head" (which has the beak-like feature)
  57. ↑ Goldman (1960), p. 324.
  58. ↑ Cf. Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 110: "The immediate source of non-Mesopotamian motives in Assyrian art is the kingdom of Mitan"; "The griffin is as common in Mitannian (Figs. 21, 22) as in Assyrian art, and the question arises whether it was peculiar to the ephemereal kingdom, or reached it from one of the sources".
  59. ↑ Neva, Elena (12 March 2008). "Central Asian Jewelry and their Symbols in Ancient Time". Artwis. Archived from the original on 25 July 2014; who cites Pugachenkova, G. (1959). "Grifon v drevnem iskusstve central'noi Azii" Грифон в древнем искусстве центральной Азии [Griffin in the ancient art of Central Asia]. Sovetskya Arheologia. 2: 70, 83.
  60. ↑ Fox, R.L. (1973). Alexander the Great. p. 31, & notes on p. 506.
  61. ↑ "Dartmouth College expedition to Greece" (image). May 2009.
  62. ↑ Benson (1960), p. 63 and Pl. 2, #3 (monochrome photograph)
  63. ↑ Ghirshman (1958) BibO 15 p. 259, apud Goldman (1960), p. 319, note 3
  64. ↑ "Griffin". Buffaloah.com. Illustrated Dictionary of Egyptian Mythology. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  65. 1 2 Quibell, James Edward; Green, Frederick Wastie (1902). Hierakonpolis ...: Plates of discoveries, 1898-99, with Description of the site in detail. Vol. Part II. B. Quaritch. p. 41 and Pl. XXVIII.
  66. ↑ Leibovitch (1942), pp. 184–185 and Fig 3 (detail of griffin-like beast), citing Quibell & Green (1902)[65]
  67. ↑ Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 110, also citing Quibell & Green (1902)[65]
  68. ↑ Leibovitch (1942), pp. 184–185.
  69. ↑ Patch, Diana (2012). Dawn of Egyptian Art. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-0300179521. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  70. ↑ Teissier, Beatrice (1996). Egyptian Iconography on Syro-Palestinian Cylinder Seals of the Middle Bronze Age. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 88–90. ISBN 978-3525538920. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  71. ↑ Aruz, Joan; Benzel, Kim; Evans, Jean M. (2008). Beyond Babylon: Art, trade, and diplomacy in the second millennium B.C. Metropolitan Museum of Art and Yale University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-1588392954. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  72. ↑ Teissier, Beatrice (1996). Egyptian Iconography on Syro-Palestinian Cylinder Seals of the Middle Bronze Age. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-3525538920. Retrieved 24 May 2014.
  73. ↑ Frankfort (1936–1937), p. 113.
  74. 1 2 Benson (1960), p. 58.
  75. ↑ Goldman (1960), p. 326: "the griffin-headed bird appears in the orientalizing phase of seventh century B.C. Greek art".
  76. ↑ Jantzen (1955).
  77. ↑ Goldman (1960), pp. 319–320.
  78. ↑ Maxwell-Hyslop (1956), p. 156 viewed later examples to have been western, copied from eastern "originals" (cited by Goldman (1960), pp. 319–320) , as shall be iterated below.
  79. ↑ Jantzen (1951). "Die Bedeutung der Greifenprotomen aus dem Heraion von Samos". Festschrift für Hans Jantzen; also Jantzen (1955) GG. Cited by Goldman (1960), p. 319
  80. ↑ Benson (1960), p. 58, and note 2, naming/citing Maxwell-Hyslop (1956), pp. 150ff. and Pierre Amandry (1958) "Objets orientaux..", pp. 73ff.
  81. 1 2 3 Künzl, Ernst [in German] (2016), "13 Life on Earth and Death from Heaven: The Golden Pectoral of the Scythian King from the Tolstaya Mogila (Ukraine)", in Bintliff, John; Rutter, N. K. (eds.), Archaeology of Greece and Rome: Image, Text and Context. Studies In Honour of Anthony Snodgrass, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 331–332, ISBN 9781474417105
  82. 1 2 3 4 5 Mayor & Heaney (1993), p. 42.
  83. ↑ Phillips (1955), pp. 161–163.
  84. 1 2 Mayor & Heaney (1993), n9.
  85. ↑ Herodotus (1909). The History of Herodotus. Vol. 2. Translated by Rawlinson, George. New York: Tandy-Thomas. III.16, IV.13 (pp. 146, 192).
  86. ↑ Herodotus III.116, IV.13.[85]
  87. ↑ Phillips (1955), p. 161.
  88. 1 2 3 Aeschylus (1870). Watson, John Selby (ed.). Aischulou Promētheus desmōtēs. The Prometheus vinctus, from the text of Dindorf. vv. 802–806, and endnotes, pp. 115–116.
  89. ↑ Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound vv. 805–806, and notes by Watson.[88]
  90. 1 2 Phillips (1955), p. 163.
  91. ↑ Mayor & Heaney (1993), n9, citing Bolton (1962), p. 81 and Costello (1979), p. 75.
  92. ↑ Mayor & Heaney (1993), p. 42 and n11, citing Pliny the Elder 10.70.136; 7.2.10
  93. 1 2 Pliny the Elder (1855), The Natural History of Pliny, translated by John Bostock; Henry Thomas Riley, H. G. Bohn, VII.2 (p. 123); X.70 (p.539), ISBN 9780598910769
  94. ↑ Mayor & Heaney (1993), pp. 40, 42 : "Pliny wrote: 'Arimaspeans... are always fighting for gold with the griffins, winged animals whose appearance is well known. The griffins toss up gold when they make their burrows.'" and n11, citing 11. Pliny the Elder 10.70.136; 7.2.10
  95. ↑ The Life of Apollonius of Tyana. Translated by F. C. Conybeare. W. Heinemann. 1912. volume I, book III. Chapter XLVIII, p. 333.
    As to the gold which the griffins dig up, there are rocks which are spotted with drops of gold as with sparks, which this creature can quarry because of the strength of its beak. "For these animals do exist in India" he said, "and are held in veneration as being sacred to the Sun ; and the Indian artists, when they represent the Sun, yoke four of them abreast to draw the images ; and in size and strength they resemble lions, but having this advantage over them that they have wings, they will attack them, and they get the better of elephants and of dragons. But they have no great power of flying, not more than have birds of short flight; for they are not winged as is proper with birds, but the palms of their feet are webbed with red membranes, such that they are able to revolve them, and make a flight and fight in the air; and the tiger alone is beyond their powers of attack, because in swiftness it rivals the winds".
  96. ↑ Philostratus & Conybeare tr. (1912), vol. II, book VI.I., p. 5
    And the griffins of the Indians and the ants of the Ethiopians, though they are dissimilar in form, yet, from what we hear, play similar parts; for in each country they are, according to the tales of poets, the guardians of gold, and devoted to the gold reefs of the two countries.
  97. 1 2 Pomponius Mela (1998). Romer, Frank E. (ed.). Pomponius Mela's Description of the World. University of Michigan Press. Book 2.1, p. 68. ISBN 0472084526.
  98. ↑ Claudius Aelianus (1832), Scanlan, James J. (tr.) (ed.), Aeliani de natura animalium libri xvii, vol. 1, Impensis Friderici Frommanni, pp. 53–54
  99. ↑ Aelian De natura animaliumIV , 27:"Gryphem, Indicum animal, audio similiter quadrupedem, ut leonem,.."[98] Quoted in English translation by Mayor (2011), p. 33 and excerpted with somewhat different phrasing in Mayor & Heaney (1993), pp. 44–45.
  100. ↑ Mayor & Heaney (1993), n14: "Aelian is the last literary text dealing with the griffin considered here; after his account,.. no new information about the gryps was added, except for 'agate eggs'"
  101. ↑ Cf. Riefstahl (1956), p. 3
  102. 1 2 Hirst, G. M. (1902). The Cults of Olbia. Columbia University. pp. 259–260.
  103. ↑ Franks (2009), p. 469.
  104. ↑ Franks (2009), p. 469, n56, Fig. 5
  105. ↑ Franks (2009), p. 469, n56
  106. ↑ Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum 202, red-figure cup/kylix, ca. 400–300 BC.[104] London, British Museum E 543. red-figure oinochoe.[105]
  107. ↑ "Red-figure hydria with Apollo riding a griffin, ca. 380–360 B.C. (Object number: 2003-92)". Princeton University Art Museum. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
  108. ↑ Gualandri, Isabella (2020). "8. Sidonius' Intersexuality". In Kelly, Gavin (ed.). Edinburgh Companion to Sidonius Apollinaris. Edinburgh University Press. p. 296. ISBN 9781474461702.
  109. ↑ Claudian, VI Honorii 30–31: at si Phoebus adest et frenis grypha iugalem / Riphaeo tripodas repetens detorsit ab axe.[108]
  110. ↑ Riefstahl (1956), p. 3.
  111. ↑ Westgate, Ruth (2011). "14. Party animals: the imagery of status, power and masculinity in Greek mosaics". In Lambert, S. D. (ed.). Sociable Man: Essays on Ancient Greek Social Behaviour in Honour of Nick Fisher. Classical Press of Wales. p. 298. ISBN 9781910589212.
  112. ↑ Westgate (2011), p. 298[111] citing Delplace (1980), pp. 372–376.
  113. 1 2 Herodotus & Rawlinson tr. (1909), {{URL|1=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_History_of_Herodotus/N084AQAAMAAJ?bsq=Argive&gbpv=1&pg=PA284 |2=IV.152 (p. 284)
  114. 1 2 Herodotus (1921). Godley, A. D. (ed., tr.) (ed.). The History of Herodotus. Vol. 2. W. Heinemann. IV.152 (2: 355). ISBN 9780674991309.
  115. ↑ Towne, Elana B. (1994). "13. Griffin protome". In J. Paul Getty Museum; Cleveland Museum of Art (eds.). A Passion for Antiquities: Ancient Art from the Collection of Barbara and Lawrence Fleischman. J. Paul Getty Museum. pp. 50–51. ISBN 9780892362233.
  116. ↑ Mayor & Heaney (1993), n4 citing Nigg (1982), p. 51
  117. ↑ Albertus Magnus (1987), Scanlan, James J. (tr.) (ed.), Man and the Beasts (De Animalibus, Books 22-26), Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, p. 290, ISBN 9780866980326
  118. ↑ Nigg (1999), p. 144.
  119. 1 2 Nigg (1999), p. 121.
  120. ↑ McCulloch (1962), p. 122.
  121. ↑ Isidore of Seville (1912), Brehaut, Ernest (tr.) (ed.), An Encyclopedist of the Dark Ages: Isidore of Seville, Columbia Studies in the Social Sciences, 48, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 225. "Griffin"@eaudrey.com
  122. ↑ Servius's commentary on Virgil's eighth Eclogue (1. 27), accord. to McCulloch (1962), p. 122
  123. ↑ South (1987), p. 89 citing Costello (1979), pp. 73–76
  124. 1 2 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth (1886). The Writings of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, with Bibliographical and Critical Notes. Vol. 10. Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press. pp. 338, 351–352.
  125. 1 2 Millington (1858), p. 277.
  126. 1 2 3 4 Bedingfeld, Henry; Gwynn-Jones, Peter (1993). Heraldry. Wigston: Magna Books. pp. 80–81. ISBN 1-85422-433-6. Goblets in the shape of gryphon's claws or eggs were highly prized in the courts of medieval Europe, and were usually made from antelope horns and ostrich eggs.
  127. ↑ Mayor (2022), pp. 43–48.
  128. ↑ Mayor (2022), pp. 43–44.
  129. 1 2 3 Mayor (2022), p. 44.
  130. 1 2 3 Mayor (2022), p. 47.
  131. ↑ Millington (1858), pp. 278–279.
  132. ↑ London, Hugh Stanford (1956). Royal Beasts. p. 17 n5 apud Edwards (2005), p. 225 n10
  133. ↑ Gerald Leigh, in his work on heraldry (1563), surmised from his claw that the original griffin must have been as "bigge as two lyons".[129] Lady Mary Wortley Montague (1716) observed a gilded "prodigious claw" referred to as a griffin's claw while touring the Danube.[129]
  134. ↑ Mayor (2022), pp. 42–43, 47–48.
  135. 1 2 Millington (1858), p. 278.
  136. 1 2 Mayor (2022), pp. 44–45.
  137. ↑ Mayor (2022), p. 46.
  138. ↑ White, T. H. (1992) [1954]. The Book of Beasts: Being a Translation From a Latin Bestiary of the Twelfth Century. Stroud: Alan Sutton. pp. 22–24. ISBN 978-0-7509-0206-9.
  139. ↑ McClanan, A (2019). "Illustrious Monsters: Representations of Griffins on Byzantine Textiles". Animals in Text and Textile: Storytelling in the Medieval World, Riggisberger Berichte. 23: 133–45.
  140. ↑ Hand, Wayland D. (2021). Magical Medicine: The Folkloric Component of Medicine in the Folk Belief, Custom, and Ritual of the Peoples of Europe and America. University of California Press. p. 298. ISBN 9780520306783.
  141. ↑ Lewis, Thomas P. (2021). "Singing Bone". The Pro/Am Book of Music and Mythology. Pro/Am Music Resources. pp. 721–723. ISBN 9780912483511.
  142. ↑ Brewster, Paul G. (1953). The Two Sisters. FF Communications, 147. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica. p. 55.
  143. ↑ Endnotes, volume 2, p. 869, to : Zipes, Jack; Russo, Joseph, eds. (2009), "79. The King of Naples—Lu Re di Napuli", The Collected Sicilian Folk and Fairy Tales of Giuseppe Pitrè, vol. 1&2, Routledge, pp. 348–349, ISBN 9781135861377
  144. 1 2 Oliver, Stefan (1997). Introduction to Heraldry. Quantum Books. pp. 44, 69. ISBN 1861601433.; Reprint: David & Charles 2002.
  145. ↑ von Volborth, Carl-Alexander (1981). Heraldry: Customs, Rules and Styles. Poole: New Orchard Editions. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-1-85079-037-2.
  146. 1 2 3 Fox-Davies, Arthur (1909). A Complete Guide to Heraldry. London: T.C. and E.C. Jack. pp. 222–224.
  147. ↑ Male griffin depicted in Debrett's Peerage, 1968, p. 222, sinister supporter of Earl of Carrick (Ireland)
  148. ↑ J[ames] R[obinson] Planché (1852). "Badges". The Pursuivant of Arms, or Heraldry Founded upon Facts. London: W. N. Wright [Bookseller to the Queen, 60, Pall Mall]. p. 183..
  149. ↑ Arthur Fox-Davies, A Complete Guide to Heraldry, T.C. and E.C. Jack, London, 1909, pp. 231–232.
  150. ↑ Rose, Carol (2001). Giants, Monsters, and Dragons: an Encyclopedia of Folklore, Legend, and Myth. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 279. ISBN 0393322114. OCLC 48798119.
  151. ↑ Vinycomb, John (1906). Fictitious and Symbolic Creatures in Art: With Special Reference to Their Use In British Heraldry. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 162.
  152. ↑ "The griffon of Pisa". Quantara. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  153. ↑ Hoffman, 318
  154. ↑ The City Arms, City of London Corporation, hosted by webarchive
  155. ↑ The Essential Rumi, translated from Persian by Coleman Barks, p 257
  156. ↑ The Travels of Sir John Mandeville, Chapter XXIX, Macmillan and Co. edition, 1900.
  157. ↑ Edwards (2005), p. 100.
  158. ↑ Mayor, Adrienne (November–December 1994). "Guardians of The Gold". Archaeology Magazine. 47 (6): 53–59. JSTOR 41766590.; Mayor (2011), pp. xvii, xxv, 49.
  159. ↑ BBC Four television program Dinosaurs, Myths and Monsters, 10 and 13 December 2011
  160. ↑ Mayor (1994), p. 58; Mayor (2011), pp. 49, 71
  161. ↑ Mark Witton, Why Protoceratops Almost Certainly Wasn't The Inspiration For Griffin Legend
  162. ↑ Philadelphia Museum of Art – Giving : Giving to the Museum : Specialty License Plates. Philamuseum.org. Retrieved on 2 January 2012.
  163. ↑ Glassteelandstone.com Archived 11 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Philadelphia Museum of Art: Benjamin Franklin Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, Glass Steel and Stone
  164. ↑ "Ο Γρύπας, το μυθικό τέρας γίνεται το σύμβολο της πόλης του Ηρακλείου...". Cretalive News. 22 March 2021.
  165. ↑ Trinity.ox.ac.uk. Trinity.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved on 2 January 2012.
  166. ↑ VU university Amsterdam. About the griffin. Retrieved on 5 November 2013.
  167. ↑ "The New (Olde) Reed Almanac (continued): Griffin". Reed College.
  168. ↑ Sarah Lawrence Gryphons. Gogryphons.com. Retrieved on 23 October 2013.
  169. ↑ Traditions. Big Ten. Purdue.edu. Retrieved on 2 January 2012.
  170. ↑ Pantless Man-Bird To Lead William and Mary Into Battle. Deadspin.com (7 April 2010). Retrieved on 2 January 2012.
  171. ↑ W&M welcomes newest member of the Tribe. Wm.edu (8 April 2010). Retrieved on 2 January 2012.
  172. ↑ Family Guy - "What's your name?", retrieved 2 January 2023
  173. ↑ ...but my parents were unwilling to secure the necessary eagle eggs and lion semen., retrieved 2 January 2023
  174. ↑ GA-ASI Introduces Griffin Eye Manned ISR System Archived 11 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. GA-ASI.com (20 July 2010). Retrieved on 2 January 2012.
Bibliography

Further reading

  • Wild, F., Gryps-Greif-Gryphon (Griffon). Eine sprach-, kultur- und stoffgeschichtliche Studie (Wien, 1963) (Oesterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philologisch-historische Klasse, Sitzungberichte, 241).
  • Bisi, Anna Maria, Il grifone: Storia di un motivo iconografico nell'antico Oriente mediterraneo (Rome: Università) 1965.
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