Greek bonds
  20 year
  15 year
  10 year
  5 year
  1 year
  3 month
  1 month

The Greek government-debt crisis began in 2009 and, as of November 2017, was still ongoing. During this period, many changes had occurred in Greece. The income of many Greeks has declined, levels of unemployment have increased, elections and resignations of politicians have altered the country's political landscape radically, the Greek parliament has passed many austerity bills, and protests have become common sights throughout the country.

Background

Cabinets of Greek Debt Crisis
Second Cabinet of Alexis TsiprasCaretaker Cabinet of Vassiliki Thanou-ChristophilouCabinet of Alexis TsiprasCabinet of Antonis SamarasCabinet of Antonis SamarasCaretaker Cabinet of Panagiotis PikrammenosCabinet of Lucas PapademosCabinet of George PapandreouSecond Cabinet of Kostas Karamanlis

Greece joined the European Communities (subsequently subsumed by the European Union) on 1 January 1981, ushering in a period of sustained growth. Widespread investments in industrial enterprises and heavy infrastructure, as well as funds from the European Union and growing revenues from tourism, shipping and a fast-growing service sector raised the country's standard of living to unprecedented levels. The country adopted the Euro in 2001 and over the next 7 years the country's GDP per capita more than doubled, from $13,070 in 2001 to $28,660 in 2008.[1] The Greek government, encouraged by the European Commission, European Central Bank, private banking institutions, and the Greek business community also took out loans to pay Greek and foreign infrastructure companies for a wide variety of infrastructure projects such as those related to the 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens.[2] Government deficits were also consistently underreported.[3] As the Financial crisis of 2007–08 began to affect Greece's economy, the country's GDP stagnated between 2008 and 2010 and the government's capacity to repay its creditors was drastically reduced.

2009

Political events

Financial events

2010

Political events

  • 9 February 2010 – The First austerity package is passed by the Greek parliament. Measures include: a freeze in the salaries of all government employees, a 10% cut in bonuses, and cuts in overtime workers.[10]
  • 3 March 2010 – The Second austerity package is passed by the Greek parliament. Measures include: a freeze in pensions; an increase in VAT from 19% to 21%; rises in taxes on fuel, cigarettes, and alcohol; rises in taxes on luxury goods; and cuts in public sector pay.[11][12]
  • 23 April 2010 – Prime Minister George Papandreou formally requests an international bailout for Greece. The European Union (EU), European Central Bank (ECB) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) agree to participate in the bailout.[13]
  • 2 May 2010 – The IMF, Greek Prime Minister Papandreou, and other eurozone leaders agree to the First bailout package for €110 billion ($143 billion) over 3 years. The Third austerity package is announced by the Greek government.[14]
  • 5 May 2010 – Greece-wide riots and popular revolt break out as Greece turns violent. There is a 48-hour nationwide strike and demonstrations in two major cities. Three people are killed when a group of masked people throw petrol bombs in a Marfin Egnatia Bank branch on Stadiou street.[15]
  • 6 May 2010 – The Third austerity package is passed by the Greek parliament.[16][17]
  • 7 July 2010 – The Greek parliament passes pension reform, a key requirement of the EU and IMF.[18][19] Measures include: increasing retirement age from 60 to 65 for women. The reforms cut prospective payments from 25% of GDP by 2050.[20] Additional pension reforms come in November 2012.[19]
  • 15 December 2010 – The Greek parliament passes a new law regarding state-owned companies. The law sets a cap on monthly wages and introduces 10% cuts on salaries above €1,800.[21]
  • 23 December 2010 – The Greek parliament approves the 2011 austerity budget.[22]

Financial events

  • 21 January 2010 – The Greek/German 10-year debt yield spread surpasses 300 basis points (the interest rate in Greece was 3% above that in Germany).[23][24]
  • 9 April 2010 – Greece's credit rating is downgraded by Fitch from BBB+ to BBB−.[25]
  • 22 April 2010 – Greece's credit rating is downgraded by Moody's from A2 to A3.[26]
  • 27 April 2010 – Greece's credit rating is downgraded by Standard & Poor's below investment grade to junk bond status.[27] Standard & Poor's is the last of the Big Three credit ratings agencies to downgrade Greece's credit rating in April 2010.
  • 28 April 2010 – The Greek/German 10-year debt yield spread surpasses 1000 basis points (the interest rate in Greece was 10% above that in Germany).[24][28]
  • 14 June 2010 – Greece's credit rating is downgraded by Moody's from A3 to Ba1.[29] The downgrade follows a previous downgrade on 27 April 2010.[27]

2011

Political events

  • 25 May 2011 – The Greek Indignant Citizens Movement (also known as the Square Movement) starts daily protests. It is inspired by a similar movement in Spain.[30]
  • 17 June 2011 – The prime minister makes a broad cabinet reshuffle and Evangelos Venizelos assumes the position of finance minister.[31][32]
  • 29 June 2011 – The Fourth austerity package is passed by the Greek parliament despite protests outside the parliament building. The two-day demonstrations against the bill turn violent as protesters clash with police in front of the Greek parliament and other areas of central Athens. The measures in the austerity package include new taxes and new cuts of workers' wages.[33][34][35]
  • 11 September 2011 – The Greek parliament imposes a new property tax to be collected through the electricity bill.[36]
  • 20 October 2011 – The Fifth austerity package is passed by the Greek parliament, amid protests and violent rioting outside the parliament building.[37][38]
  • 27 October 2011 – The investors agree to a "haircut" of 50% in converting their existing bonds into new loans.[39]
  • 28 October 2011 – An anti-austerity protest in Thessaloniki forces the cancellation of a commemoration parade for a national holiday. Similar incidents occur in several other Greek cities.[40][41]
  • 31 October 2011 – Greek Prime Minister Papandreou calls for a confidence vote and a referendum to approve the EU summit deal from the previous week regarding the Greek debt haircut.[42]
  • 4 November 2011 – Papandreou wins the confidence vote 153–145.[43]
  • 6 November 2011 – Prime Minister Papandreou resigns.[44]
  • 10 November 2011 – Lucas Papademos becomes the new Greek Prime Minister, as the leader of a coalition government consisting of the PASOK, New Democracy, and LAOS parties.[45]

Financial events

  • 14 January 2011 – Greece's credit rating is downgraded by Fitch from BBB− to BB+.[46]
  • 7 March 2011 – Greece's credit rating is downgraded by Moody's from Ba1 to B1.[47]
  • 29 March 2011 – Greece's credit rating is downgraded by Standard and Poor's to BB−.[48]
  • 9 May 2011 – Greece's credit rating is downgraded by Standard and Poor's from BB− to B.[49]
  • 20 May 2011 – Greece's credit rating is downgraded by Fitch from BB+ to B+.[50]
  • 1 June 2011 – Greece's credit rating is downgraded by Moody's from B1 to Caa1.[51]
  • 13 June 2011 – Greece's credit rating is downgraded by Standard and Poor's to its lowest rating.[52]
  • 13 July 2011 – Greece's credit rating is downgraded by Fitch from B+ to CCC.[53][54]
  • 25 July 2011 – Greece's credit rating is downgraded by Moody's to Ca−.[55]
  • 27 July 2011 – Greece's credit rating is downgraded by Standard and Poor's from CCC to CC.[56]
  • 8 August 2011 – The Athens Stock Exchange general index falls below 1000 points, its lowest level since January 1997.[57]
  • December 2011 – Greece's private TV channel Alter stops broadcasting due to financial difficulties.

2012

Political events

  • 12 February 2012 – The Sixth austerity package is passed by the Greek parliament amid violent protests. Many buildings in the centre of Athens are burned during the riots.[58][59]
  • 21 February 2012 – The Second bailout package is finalized. It brings the total amount of eurozone and IMF bailouts to €246 billion by 2016, which is 135% of Greece's GDP in 2013.[60]
  • 4 April 2012 – A retired pharmacist commits suicide a short distance from Greece's parliament as an act of protest against austerity. He becomes a symbol for groups opposing the austerity measures, and violent clashes between police and demonstrators erupt in Athens.[61]
  • 6 May 2012 – Elections are held. The New Democracy party wins, but with a smaller share of the popular vote and fewer seats than it had in the previous election. The governing PASOK party collapses, while more votes go to the left wing parties (Syriza, KKE, and DIMAR) and right wing parties (ANEL, XA). No party wins the majority of the parliament seats.[62]
  • 16 May 2012 – No coalition government is able to be formed, so Panagiotis Pikramenos assumes the position of caretaker Prime Minister. An early election is called for 17 June.[63]
  • 17 June 2012 – Early elections are held. The New Democracy party leads, winning 29.7% of the popular vote, but doesn't win a majority of seats in parliament. Four days later, a coalition government is formed between New Democracy, PASOK and DIMAR. Antonis Samaras, the president of New Democracy, becomes the new Prime Minister.[64][65]
  • 7 November 2012 – The Seventh austerity package is adopted by the Greek parliament. The austerity measures are required for Greece to receive the next installment, the second economic bailout, worth €31.5 billion. Protests occur outside the parliament.[66][67] Austerity measures include: public pension cuts on average between 5% and 15% through the removal of two seasonal bonuses;[19] an increase of the retirement age from 65 to 67;[19][20] additional wage cuts for civil servants up to 20%; and public salary wage cuts up to 30%.
  • 11 November 2012 – The Greek parliament passes the 2013 austerity budget.

Financial events

  • 9 March 2012 – Greek 10-year bond yields[68] reach a peak of 44.21% on the eve of debt restructuring.[69] 83.5% of Greek bondholders are in the private sector.
  • 25 May 2012 – The Athens Stock Exchange general index falls below 500 points.[70]

2013

Political events

  • 28 April 2013 – The Greek parliament approves a reform bill: it abolishes 15,000 state jobs by the end of 2014, including 4,000 in 2013; makes it easier to fire civil servants; increases the working hours of teachers; and cuts a property tax by 15%.
  • 11 June 2013 – The Greek parliament shuts down the country's Public Broadcasting Service ERT.[71]
  • 21 June 2013 – The Democratic Left party withdraws from the Greek coalition government, which retains a razor-thin majority in parliament.[72][73]
  • 24 June 2013 – Prime Minister Samaras reshuffles his cabinet.[74]
  • 17 July 2013 – A new reform bill is passed by the Greek parliament. Measures include a contentious plan for thousands of layoffs and wage cuts for civil service workers.[75]
  • 21 December 2013 – A bill on the Single Property Tax and the auction of houses is approved by a majority of 152 deputies in the 300-seat chamber.[76]

Financial events

  • 30 November 2013 – Greece's credit rating is upgraded by Moody's to Caa3 from C.[77]

2014

Political events

Financial events

  • 14 Jan 2014 – Greece posts a primary budget surplus of 1.5% of GDP for the 2013 financial year[60] (€691 million).[87]
  • 10 April 2014 – Greece returns to financial markets with the issue of €3 billion Eurobonds[88] at a yield below 6%.[60]
  • 23 May 2014 – Greece's credit rating is upgraded by Fitch from B− to B.[89]

2015

Political events

  • 11 July 2015 – The Greek parliament approves the government proposal about bailout plan. 251 MPs vote for the proposal but 17 MPs of government coalition do not support.[98][99]
  • 13 July 2015 – Greece and Europeans creditors strike deal for 86 billion euros bailout over three years, though it must be approved by the parliaments of all of the Eurozone member states.[100]
  • 16 July 2015 – The Greek Parliament approves the first round of measures ("prior actions") required by the creditors, including changes to pensions and taxes, by 229 to 64 despite 21% of Syriza MPs voting against,[101] and some violent protests.[102]
  • 17 July 2015 – The cabinet is reshuffled. The left wing deputies who revolted against the new bailout agreement are sacked from government.[103] German parliament approves the start of negotiations for the third bailout programme for Greece.[104]
  • 23 July 2015 – The Greek parliament approves the second set of bailout measures.[105]
  • 27 July 2015 – An interview involving former finance minister Varoufakis is released, with revelations about a previously secret "plan B."[106]
  • 14 August 2015 – The Greek parliament approves the package of measures for the third bailout package. 222 MPs voted for the agreement, 64 against and another 14 abstained or were absent. 32 Syriza MPs voted against and another 11 abstained.[107][108]
  • 20 August 2015 – The prime minister Alexis Tsipras resigns and proclaims elections for 20 September.[109]
  • 27 August 2015 – Vassiliki Thanou was sworn as caretaker prime minister until 20 September election.[110]
  • 20 September 2015 – The Greek legislative election is held. Syriza wins with 7.5 point over New Democracy.[111]
  • 23 September 2015 – The new government is sworn in. Tsakalotos is reappointed as Minister of Finance.[112]
  • 19 November 2015 – The government passes a new austerity package. Two deputies of the government's coalition vote against the measures and they were expelled. The new majority consists of 153 deputies.[113]

Financial events

  • 4 February 2015 – The ECB decides not to accept the junk-rated collateral offered by Greek banks in return for regular financing, leaving them dependent on emergency liquidity assistance, ELA.[114]
  • 4 June 2015 – Greece asks the IMF to postpone the installment due on 5 June until the end of the month.[115]
  • 28 June 2015 – Tsipras announces that Greek banks will remain closed for a while; he also announces the imposition of capital controls (€60/day withdrawal limit; most foreign transfers banned).[116][117]
  • 30 June 2015 – Greece misses a payment on an IMF loan and falls into arrears.[118] (Missed payments to the IMF are not considered formal defaults by the major credit rating agencies.)[119] The payment was made with a 20-day delay.[120][121]
  • 1–3 July 2015 – 1,000 bank branches open to allow pensioners to withdraw €120 for the week. The move was made to accommodate the many pensioners who lack a bank card.[122]
  • 6 July 2015 – Greece extends its bank holiday and capital controls through 8 July.[123]
  • 20 July 2015 – Greek banks open again, but capital controls remain. The Greek government repays two loans to the IMF and ECB.[124]
  • 3 August 2015 – The Greek Stock Exchange reopened after being closed since 25 June and fell more than 16% with bank stocks losing an average of 30% in a single day's trading.[125]
  • 24 August 2015 – The Chinese stock market crash affects Greece. The Greek Stock Exchange fell 10.54%[126]

2016

Political events

  • 4 February 2016 – The major general strike takes place amid lasting demonstrations of farmers.[127]
  • 8 May 2016 – A new austerity package (the thirteenth one) to the tune of 5.4 billion euros is passed by the Greek parliament.[128][129]
  • 22 May 2016 – The additional taxes measures is passed by 153 for and 145 against. Syriza MPs Katrivanou resigns, following her vote against two of the articles.[130]

Financial events

  • 22 January 2016 – Greece's credit rating is upgraded by Standard and Poor's to B−
  • 8 February 2016 – The Athens Stock Exchange general index falls below 500 units for the second time after June 2012.[131]
  • 24 June 2016 – Brexit affects the Greek Stock Market. The general index falls 13.42%[132]

2017

Political events

  • 19 May 2017 – The Medium-term Fiscal Strategy Framework 2018–2021, introducing amendments of the provisions of the thirteenth austerity package, is passed by the Greek parliament.[133][134]

2018

Financial events

On June 21, 2018, Greece's creditors agreed on a 10-year extension of maturities on 96.6 billion euros of loans (i.e., almost a third of Greece's total debt), as well as a 10-year grace period in interest and amortization payments on the same loans.[135] Greece successfully exited (as declared) the bailouts on August 20, 2018.[136]

Government budget balance and debt

European debt to GDP ratios
  Greece
  Italy
  Spain
  France
  Ireland
  Germany
Year Deficit as a % of GDP
Source: Eurostat[137]		 Debt as a % of GDP
Source: Eurostat[138]
2008 −9.8 112.9
2009 −15.7 129.7
2010 −10.9 148.3
2011 −10.2 171.3
2012 −8.7 156.9
2013 −12.3 175.0
2014 −3.6 178.9
2015 −5.7 176.8
2016 +0.6 180.8
2017 +0.8 178.6

Annual GDP growth rate

Greek GDP
  Real GDP (chained 2010 Euros)
  Nominal GDP
year rate
Source: Eurostat[139]
2008 −0.3
2009 −4.3
2010 −5.5
2011 −9.1
2012 −7.3
2013 −3.2
2014 0.7
2015 −0.3
2016 −0.2

Quarterly GDP growth rate (year-on-year) (seasonally and calendar adjusted figures)

quarter rate
Source: EL.STAT.[140]
Source: Eurostat[141]
2008 Q1 1.8
2008 Q2 −1.2
2008 Q3 −0.3
2008 Q4 −1.4
2009 Q1 −7.1
2009 Q2 −3.9
2009 Q3 −4.1
2009 Q4 −2.3
2010 Q1 0.5
2010 Q2 −4.8
2010 Q3 −7.6
2010 Q4 −9.5
quarter rate
Source: EL.STAT.
Source: Eurostat
2011 Q1 −10.7
2011 Q2 −8.6
2011 Q3 −6.6
2011 Q4 −10.7
2012 Q1 −8.8
2012 Q2 −8.6
2012 Q3 −7.3
2012 Q4 −4.3
2013 Q1 −6.0
2013 Q2 −3.6
2013 Q3 −1.0
2013 Q4 −2.5
quarter rate
Source: EL.STAT.
Source: Eurostat
2014 Q1 0.0
2014 Q2 0.4
2014 Q3 1.6
2014 Q4 0.6
2015 Q1 0.3
2015 Q2 1.3
2015 Q3 −0.1

Unemployment

Employment and unemployment in Greece, 2004–2014
quarter rate
Source: EL.STAT.[142]		 rate
Source: Eurostat[143]
2010 Q1 11.9 11.4
2010 Q2 12.0 12.2
2010 Q3 12.6 13.0
2010 Q4 14.4 14.3
2011 Q1 16.1 15.3
2011 Q2 16.5 16.7
2011 Q3 17.9 18.2
2011 Q4 20.9 20.9
2012 Q1 22.8 21.9
2012 Q2 23.8 23.9
2012 Q3 24.9 25.5
2012 Q4 26.2 26.3
2013 Q1 27.6 27.0
2013 Q2 27.3 27.6
2013 Q3 27.2 27.8
2013 Q4 27.8 27.6
2014 Q1 27.8 27.2
2014 Q2 26.6 26.9
2014 Q3 25.5 26.2
2014 Q4 26.1 26.0
2015 Q1 26.6 25.9

Elections

Political position/
Ideology		 Political Party 2009
Legislative
Elections		 2012 May
Legislative
Elections		 2012 June
Legislative
Elections		 2014
European
Elections		 2015
January
Legislative
Elections		 2015
September
Legislative
Elections
%
(votes)		 %
(votes)		 %
(votes)		 %
(votes)		 %
(votes)		 %
(votes)
Far-Left Communist Party of Greece7.54
(517,154)		8.48 Increase
(536,105)		4.50 Decrease
(277,227)		6.11 Increase
(349,255)		5.47 Decrease
(338,138)		5.55 Increase
(301.615)
ANTARSYA0.36
(24,737)		1.19 Increase
(75,416)		0.33Decrease
(20,416)		0.72Increase
(41,307)		0.64 Decrease
(39,460)		0.85 Increase
(46.096)
Left-WingCoalition of the Radical Left (Syriza)4.60
(315,627)		16.79Increase
(1,061,928)		26.89Increase
(1,655,022)		26.57Decrease
(1,518,608)		36.34Increase
(2,246,064)		35.46Decrease
(1.925.904)
Popular Unity—————2.86
(155.242)
Centre-LeftPASOK/Olive Tree/Socialist Alignment43.92
(3,012,373)		13.18Decrease
(833,452)		12.28Decrease
(756,024)		8.02Decrease
(458,403)		4.68Decrease
(289,482)		6.28 Increase
(341.390)
Democratic Left—6.11
(386,394)		6.25Increase
(384,986)		1.20Decrease
(68.873)		0.49Decrease
(30,074)		—
Social Agreement—0.96
(60,552)		————
The River———6.60
(377,438)		6.05Decrease
(373,868)		4.09Decrease
(222.166)
Movement of Democratic Socialists————2.46
(152,230)		—
EcologistEcologist Greens2.53
(173,449)		2.93 Increase
(185,485)		0.88Decrease
(54,408)		0.90Increase
(51.673)		——
CentreUnion of Centrists0.27
(18,278)		0.61Increase
(38,376)		0.28Decrease
(17,191)		0.65Increase
(36,879)		1.79Increase
(110,827)		3.43Increase
(186.457 )
Teleia————1.77
(109,483)		—
LiberalDrassi—1.80
(114,066)		————
Recreate Greece—2.15
(135,960)		———0.53 Decrease
(28.936)
Democratic Alliance—2.55
(161,550)		————
Drassi/Recreate Greece——1.59
(98,140)		0.91 Decrease
(51.749)		——
Greek European Citizens———1.40
(82,350)		——
Centre-RightNew Democracy33.48
(2,295,967)		18.85Decrease
(1,192,103)		29.66 Increase
(1,825,497)		22.72 Decrease
(1,298,713)		27.81 Increase
(1,718,815)		28.10 Increase
(1.526.205 )
Right-WingIndependent Greeks—10.62
(671,324)		7.51Decrease
(462,406)		3.46 Decrease
(197,701)		4.75 Increase
(293,371)		3.69 Decrease
(200.423 )
Union for the Fatherland and the People———1.04
(59.341)		——
Far RightPopular Orthodox Rally5.63
(386,152)		2.89Decrease
(182,925)		1.58Decrease
(97,099)		2.69Increase
(154.027)		1.03Decrease
(63,692)		—
Golden Dawn0.29
(19,636)		6.97 Increase
(440,966)		6.92 Decrease
(426,025)		9.39 Increase
(536,910)		6.28 Decrease
(388,447)		6.99 Increase
(379.581)

See also

References

  1. ↑ World Bank Data, http://data.worldbank.org/country/greece
  2. ↑ "Greece". Member States of the EU. European Union. Retrieved 7 April 2007.
  3. ↑ "A Primer on the Greek Crisis: the things you need to know from the start until now" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  4. ↑ "Greek socialists claim victory in election". The Guardian. 4 October 2009. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  5. ↑ "Greece vows action to cut budget deficit". Financial Times. 20 October 2009. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  6. ↑ "Fitch Downgrades Greece to A- From A". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  7. ↑ "Financial markets tumble after Fitch downgrades Greece's credit rating". The Guardian. 8 December 2009. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  8. ↑ Brandimarte, Walter (16 December 2009). "S&P cuts Greece ratings, warns of further downgrade". Reuters. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  9. ↑ "Moody's downgrades Greece". London: .telegraph.co.uk. 22 December 2009. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  10. ↑ "Greece unveils austerity programme to cut deficit". BBC. 3 February 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  11. ↑ "Greece unveils radical austerity package". The Guardian. 3 March 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  12. ↑ "Greece backs new round of tax rises and spending cuts". BBC. 3 March 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  13. ↑ Kitsantonis, Niki; Saltmarsh, Matthew (23 April 2010). "Greece, Out of Ideas, Requests Global Aid". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  14. ↑ "EU, IMF agree $147 billion bailout for Greece". Reuters. 2 May 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  15. ↑ "Three dead as Greece protest turns violent". BBC. 5 May 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  16. ↑ "Greek parliament votes in favour of austerity measures". BBC. 6 May 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  17. ↑ "Greece agrees to cuts package". The Independent. London. 6 May 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  18. ↑ Thomas Jr, Landon; Kitsantonis, Niki (8 July 2010). "Greece Approves Pension Overhaul Despite Protests". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  19. 1 2 3 4 "Greek pensions: Why they are a flashpoint". The Economist. 18 June 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  20. 1 2 "Greece and its creditors: Starting to list". The Economist. 4 April 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  21. ↑ "Greek public transport, media strike against cuts". Reuters. 13 December 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  22. ↑ "Greek Parliament Approves 2011 Budget, $18 Billion Deficit-Reduction Plan". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  23. ↑ "Greek/German 10yr debt yield spread widens above 300 bps". Reuters. 26 January 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  24. 1 2 "Euro-zone bond spreads: High Yields". The Economist. London. 4 August 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
  25. ↑ Winfrey, Michael (9 April 2010). "Fitch downgrades Greek debt to BBB-minus". The Independent. London. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  26. ↑ "Greek debt crisis deepens; rating downgraded". NBC News. 22 April 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  27. 1 2 "Standard & Poor's downgrade Greek credit rating to junk status". The Guardian. 27 April 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  28. ↑ "Greek/German bond yield spread more than 1,000 bps". Reuters. 28 April 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  29. ↑ "Moody's downgrades Greece to Ba1 from A3, stable outlook". moodys.com. 14 June 2010. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  30. ↑ "Στα χνάρια των Ισπανών αγανακτισμένων (On the footsteps of the Spanish 'indignados')" (in Greek). skai.gr. 26 May 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  31. ↑ "Greece Finance Minister Evangelos Venizelos". The Guardian. 17 June 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  32. ↑ Kitsantonis, Niki; Donadio, Rachel (17 June 2011). "Greece Replaces Finance Minister". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  33. ↑ "Greek parliament passes bill enabling new package of austerity measures". The Guardian. 30 June 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  34. ↑ "Papandreou Wins Budget Vote as Risk of Default Recedes". Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  35. ↑ "Greece protest against austerity package turns violent". BBC. 28 June 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  36. ↑ "Greece imposes property tax in bid to avoid default". The Guardian. 11 September 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  37. ↑ "Greece adopts austerity bill amid protests". Reuters. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  38. ↑ "Greece approves austerity bill on first reading". Financial Times. 19 October 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  39. ↑ "Eurozone crisis: banks agree 50% reduction on Greece's debt". The Guardian. 27 October 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  40. ↑ "Greek protesters call president "traitor", halt parade". Reuters. 28 October 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  41. ↑ "Greek protest halts holiday parade". euronews.com. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  42. ↑ "Greek PM calls referendum on EU debt deal". The Daily Telegraph. London. 31 October 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  43. ↑ "Greek PM Papandreou wins confidence vote". The Guardian. 4 November 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  44. ↑ "Eurozone crisis: Greek PM George Papandreou to resign". The Guardian. 6 November 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  45. ↑ "Lucas Papademos named as new Greek prime minister". BBC. 10 November 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  46. ↑ "Third ratings agency downgrades Greek sovereign debt to junk". .theguardian.com. 14 January 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  47. ↑ "Moody's downgrades Greece to B1 from Ba1, negative outlook". moodys.com. 7 March 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  48. ↑ "Standard & Poor's downgrades Greece, Portugal". Reuters. 29 March 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  49. ↑ "S&P downgrades Greece over debt restructuring worries". The Daily Telegraph. London. 9 May 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  50. ↑ "Fitch downgrades Greece over heel dragging on reforms". The Daily Telegraph. London. 20 May 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  51. ↑ "Moody's downgrades Greece to Caa1 from B1, negative outlook". moodys.com. June 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  52. ↑ "Greece falls to S&P's lowest rated, default warned". Reuters. 13 June 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
  53. ↑ "Fitch downgrades Greece on lack of funding program". Reuters. 13 July 2011. Retrieved 11 August 2013.
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