The Country Walk case is a Florida 1985 "Multi-Victim, Multi-Offender"[1] child sex abuse case that occurred during the day-care sex-abuse hysteria. Frank Fuster remains imprisoned. [2] His wife Ileana Flores Fuster initially denied any wrongdoing, but following months of interrogations, she testified against Frank and confessed to the alleged crimes, later recanting her confession, then recanting her recantation, and finally recanting that.[3] This case became known because it seemed to have better evidence than other ritual abuse cases, but scientific findings since Fuster's conviction have challenged the evidence.[4][5][6] The case, prosecuted by Janet Reno, was profiled in the 2002 Frontline episode "Did Daddy Do It?"[7][8]

The Fusters

Frank Fuster, aka Francisco Fuster-Escalona,[9] had recently married Ileana Flores; they owned the Country Walk Babysitting Service in the Country Walk suburb of Miami, Florida. He had been convicted for the 1969 manslaughter of Jack (or Jacob) Isenbek, shot in the head in 1980,[4][10] and convicted for fondling a 9-year-old child in 1981.[2][7][11] He pled guilty to manslaughter and does not dispute this conviction,[12][13][14] but now does dispute his responsibility.[15] In his earlier fondling case, he refused a plea bargain of 6 months probation, was convicted and initially sentenced to 2 years probation, and has always maintained his innocence.[3][16] He regrets following the advice of his lawyer, Henri Rauch, in not taking the stand in this case.[3][17] Wood et al., who defended Fuster in the Country Walk case, "have no doubt he was rightfully convicted in [his two previous] cases."[18][3] According to his defense team, his probation officer approved Fuster's working at a day care.[9] In 1985 he was charged and convicted of 14 counts of child sexual abuse at this day care.[19] He was sentenced to prison with a minimum length of 165 years.[20][21] The Fusters' victims testified that the Fusters led them in Satanic rituals and terrorized them by forcing them to watch Mr. Fuster mutilate birds to intimidate any children who might reveal the abuse.[19]

Testimony from children in the case was elicited by University of Miami child psychologists Laurie and Joseph Braga, who resorted to allegedly coercive questioning of the children when the desired answers were not forthcoming,[22][23][24] allegedly questioning the Fusters' son for seven hours[25] (Joseph Braga's training was in education while Laurie Braga's was in speech pathology,[26] and the Bragas "became known as 'the pied pipers of child abuse'").[27] While other alleged ritual abuse cases also had such elicited testimony, this case seemed to have the hard evidence of the Fusters' son's positive gonorrhea test and a confession from Mr. Fuster's wife Ileana. The gonorrhea test was new and found to be unreliable as "it cannot distinguish that organism from others that occur normally in both children's and adults' throats",[4] and has "a false positive rate in children of over one third."[28] The prosecutors destroyed the test sample, preventing a retest.[2][29]

The positive gonorrhea test seemed to have convinced the prosecution of the Fusters' guilt so they sought a confession from Ileana.[24] Attorney Michael Von Zamft had been representing both Fusters but dropped Francisco and tried to help Ileana recover memories of abuse.[29][5] "Francisco's defender thus became his prosecutor."[29] Von Zamft and the prosecution brought in contractors called the "Behavior Changers" to extract a confession from Ileana.[3][29] Ileana, in 2001, described the "Behavior Changers":

Since they had all the stories from the children and I didn't remember, they will make me close my eyes and just they will tell me the story. They would tell me the story. Then in my mind, I have to go step by step the way how they were telling me the story. I had to imagine that that was happening. ... If I made a mistake, then they would correct me: ... They would tell me the name of the children. I couldn't remember all of them, so they would correct me again. And we would do this over and over until I got the memory piece that supposedly was missing.[30]

Following this treatment, in 1985 Michael Rappaport, of the Behavior Changers, and Janet Reno accompanied Ileana during her deposition against Frank, in which she gave many lurid details including snakes and feces and was periodically interrupted and guided by Rappaport.[31] Sociologist Richard Ofshe studied the case and in his deposition concluded that,

Ileana Fuster was hypnotized repeatedly prior to trial; that Ileana has personality characteristics ... that indicate a high level of suggestibility coupled with a great desire to please; that the testimony she eventually gave against her husband is likely to have included a great many elements that were suggested to her by therapists in the weeks leading up to trial; and that, as a result, her trial testimony cannot be considered reliable, factual or as historical truth.[32]

Ofhse said that this "leaves 'no question' that [the Behavior Changers] were involved in coercing a confession."[5] Ileana Flores, however, did not admit to such lurid claims when she pled guilty, instead maintaining "that she was innocent but wanted 'to get all of this over'".[33] Ileana served 3 years imprisonment, where she divorced her husband and was born-again. She was then deported to Honduras, accompanied by members of her new church.[5] The Fusters lost custody of their son, Noel, who did not testify.[4] He went to live with his biological mother and her husband. He has since always denied that he was abused.[24][34] Because Noel denied being abused, he did not share in the settlements, of over five-million dollars, paid to the families of the alleged victims in this case by the Disney-owned Arvida Corporation, developers of Country Walk.[3][35]

Ileana offered lurid testimony against her husband after she had pled guilty but before she was sentenced.[36] She later recanted her court testimony, claiming that she had been kept naked in solitary confinement and subjected to other forms of physical and psychological duress until she had agreed to testify against her husband.[7][29] Defense investigator Stephen Dinerstein confirmed this, deposing "that the shower, when received, is a hosing down in the cell. That she is in a cell with nothing in it but a light in the ceiling and that she is often kept nude and in view of everybody and anybody."[3] Flores told Frontline that prosecutor Janet Reno visited her in jail, saying "I'm sorry, but you are not [innocent]. You're going to have to help us."[30] The number and timing of Reno's visits are in dispute, with Rappaport claiming at least 30 such visits,[5] and admitting to 34 interro­gations of his own.[23] Ileana's interro­gations have been described as torture[13][28] that defense witness Ralph Underwager described as similar to the "psychological torture" of American prisoners of war in the Korean War.[37][38]

When Von Zamft dropped Frank, it left him with defense attorney Jeffrey Samek. Fuster says that after his 1981 conviction, Samek wanted to handle his appeal,[39] but then Samek found no ground for appeal, which Fuster says prevented his filing an appeal on time.[10] In the 1985 trial, Samek accused Fuster of assaulting him and Fuster accused Samek of lying. Both requested that Samek be replaced, but the judge did not permit this.[40] Fuster later admitted that he "took [Samek] by his clothes and put him against a wall."[12] When Fuster was convicted, Samek said "there is some feeling someone charged with these crimes is guilty until proven innocent. I'm not saying that's the case here."[20] At his deposition, Dinerstein complained that Fuster's defense lawyers were not interested and refused to meet him when he discovered exculpatory information.[23][41] Fuster's appeal "claim of ineffective assistance of counsel" was rejected as he did not make this claim on time.[42]

In 1995 in Honduras, Ileana gave a deposition to Arthur Cohen, an appeal lawyer representing Fuster, that she could not remember any child abuse "because nothing really happened."[3][43] A judge ruled that this was sufficient to call for a hearing regarding a new trial for Fuster, and arranged for Ileana to testify remotely from Honduras.[24] Soon thereafter, Rev. Tommy Watson, the minister of her new church that was paying for her education and who had helped to negotiate her early release and deportation, flew to Honduras to meet with Ileana.[24] There Ileana signed a letter recanting her denial, witnessed by Watson.[44] This prevented the hearing that attorneys Cohen and Robert Rosenthal were trying to arrange for Frank.[45] In her 2001 Frontline interview, Ileana changed her story once again, claiming that Watson threatened her into signing that letter.[30] Frontline producer and director Michael Kirk said "The question to me is not whether Ileana is a liar. Ileana is a liar. The only question is when. When she pled guilty, or now?"[14]

As of 2020, Frank Fuster continues to serve a 165-year prison sentence.[46][47] Fuster and his defense claimed that he rejected a plea bargain of a 15-year sentence that would have released him even sooner.[9][48] His many appeals and requests for clemency have been unsuccessful,[42][49] and he has lacked legal representation since 2003. In 2012, the Innocence Project declined to take his case, telling Fuster, "We have reviewed your case and have determined that our office cannot accept it," with no further explanation. He will not be eligible for parole until 2134.[3]

In The Witch-Hunt Narrative, Ross E. Cheit argues that most of those accused in alleged day-care sex-abuse hysteria cases, including the Country Walk case, the McMartin preschool trial,[50][51] and the Oak Hill satanic ritual abuse trial, were actually guilty[52][53][54] (the district attorney declared the Oak Hill defendants "actually innocent",[55] so they were compensated for their imprisonment).[56] James M. Wood, Debbie Nathan, Richard Beck, and Keith Hampton criticize Cheit's work as "[having] omitted or mischaracterized important facts or ignored relevant scientific information", and of often being "factually inaccurate and [tending] to make strong assertions without integrating relevant scholarly and scientific information."[18] KC Johnson writes "Even as [Cheit's] book gives every benefit of the doubt to the investigators and prosecutors ... much of Cheit's evidence nonetheless portrays the prosecutions as massive miscarriages of justice."[57]

The Miami Method

The case was prosecuted by Dade County state's attorney Janet Reno.[46] Her "Miami Method", to prosecute day care sex abuse cases, was also used to prosecute Bobby Fijnje and Grant Snowden.[58][59] These cases were profiled in the 1998 Frontline episode "The Child Terror".[60][61]

Bobby Fijnje, 14 when accused and 16 when tried, was accused of sexually molesting 21 children in his care during church services. The charges were driven by the testimony of children interviewed by mental-health professionals using techniques later discredited.[62][63] A psychologist told one child, who was denying abuse, that if she made an accusation, "you won't have to keep answering my questions". She made an accusation,[64] while interrogated diabetic Fijnje was deprived of food and confessed to touching a child, only to retract it as soon as he was released.[65] Attorney Mel Black was one of Fijnje's defenders — the church where the abuse was alleged had an insurance policy that paid about one million dollars for Fijnje's defense.[3][63]  Stephen Ceci testified in Fijnje's defense,[66] but also conveyed a plea-bargain offer from the prosecution to Fijnje's family.[63]

The prosecution dropped one of the child accusers before the trial, "so that a jury would not hear her story about digging up graves and a woman turned into a witch."[64] During the trial, the prosecution was unable to present any witnesses to the alleged abuse. Fijnje refused a plea-bargain and was acquitted of all charges.[67][68][69] University of Utah psychology professor and defense witness David Raskin said that Fijnje's "refusal to plea marked the crucial difference between the Fijnje and Country Walk cases:

They thought they'd offer Bobby a deal he couldn't refuse. But they were not able to do to him what they did to Ileana Fuster."[63]

In 1997, Fijnje and the Fusters' son Noel attended a "Day of Contrition" conference in Salem, Massachusetts, along with experts and others who had been freed in similar cases.[70][71]

Initially the charges against Harold Grant Snowden, a policeman, were dropped. Then Reno brought in the Bragas to question the children.[26] Snowden was first acquitted, then retried with younger children[72] and sentenced to 5 life sentences.[7][73] His state appeals were rejected so he was imprisoned for 12 years before a 1997 federal appeal[74] was successful.[8][75] In overturning his conviction, the 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals concluded "that allowing expert testimony to boost the credibility of the main witness against Snowden — considering the lack of other evidence of guilt — violated his right to due process by making his criminal trial fundamentally unfair."[76][77] The appeals court ruled that the positive gonorrhea test, performed by the same doctor at the same lab as in the Fuster case, was unreliable in this case.[14] Assistant Attorney General Michael Neimand argued against releasing Snowden on bail, and letting him speak to the press while they considered retrying him, but the court denied these requests.[78] The prosecution vowed to continue prosecuting,[72] but the U.S. Supreme Court denied their appeal,[79] so they "dismissed the charges on November 22, 1998."[80] Upon release, when Snowden was looking for work, his wife's ex-husband helped get Snowden's name removed from sex-offender lists.[81]

Some attempted to raise questions about these cases when Reno was nominated for U.S. Attorney General:[29][63] Debbie Nathan's journal article[4] was faxed to the White House, and Fijnje's father (a Dutch diplomat) "sent a letter to the Senate Judiciary Committee".[37][69] Raskin argued that the Fijnje case in particular should be raised at Reno's confirmation hearings, but Black was more forgiving and opposed this.[63] Black's view prevailed as Reno was not then questioned about any of these cases.[24][73][37] When asked about the Country Walk case while running for Governor of Florida in 2002, Reno replied, "I haven't looked at the file in 15 years; I would need you to bring me all the files, and I don't foresee having the time to go through the files."[7][82][83]

Unspeakable Acts

This case inspired a 1986 book and a 1990 ABC made-for-TV movie, both called Unspeakable Acts.[33][84] The book and early reviews accepted the prosecution's account,[19][38][85] but Debbie Nathan criticized author Jan Hollingsworth for leaving out important facts and not disclosing her relationship to the prosecutors: Hollingsworth had left her position as a TV-reporter to become a paid consultant to the Bragas.[5]

The movie starred Jill Clayburgh and Brad Davis as Laurie and Joseph Braga, and Gregory Sierra and Bess Meyer as Frank and Ileana Fuster. But neither Reno nor any of Ileana's other interrogators were portrayed. The movie changed the Fusters' child from a son to a daughter. At the end of the movie, star Clayburgh spoke (out of character) about detecting signs of sexual abuse in children.[86]

The movie and its contemporary reviews accepted the prosecution's (and book's) theory.[87][88][89] The New York Times praised the movie for avoiding exploitation and sensationalism,[90] but People Magazine panned the movie as "harsh, sanctimonious [and] painful to watch."[91] Some parents of the alleged victims objected to the movie for reopening old wounds.[92]

Frank Fuster has been "seriously attacked five times" in prison, and most seriously when a fellow prisoner stabbed Fuster in the neck[35] after a rebroadcast of this movie.[3][23]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Allegations of ritual abuse of children at the Country Walk service in Miami". Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance. 2012-05-19.
  2. 1 2 3 "Janet Reno's Last Victim". National Review. September 5, 2018.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Isaac, Rael Jean (August 23, 2018). "The Last Victim". National Review. Archived from the original on 2019-03-30.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Nathan, Debbie (1993). "IPT Journal - "Revisiting Country Walk"". www.ipt-forensics.com. 5 (1). ISSN 1043-8823.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Debbie Nathan (1993-03-03). "The public was shocked. Country Walk parents demanded action. An election was near. Janet Reno was going to send someone to jail. No matter what". Miami New Times. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
  6. ↑ Pendergrast, Mark (13 October 2017). The Repressed Memory Epidemic: How It Happened and What We Need to Learn from It. Springer. ISBN 9783319633756.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 "Did Daddy Do It?". Frontline. PBS. April 25, 2002. Archived from the original on 2010-03-26. Transcript.
  8. 1 2 Rabinowitz, Dorothy (2002-04-25). "The Prosecutors: A little sunshine on Janet Reno's pre-Clinton legacy". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2003-08-16. Retrieved 2019-11-06.
  9. 1 2 3 "Frank Fuster, aka Francisco Fuster-Escalona" (PDF). The Frank Fuster Defense Team. 1996. Archived from the original on 2003-10-15. Retrieved 28 October 2020.
  10. 1 2 "After the trial, we move to Country Walk | Free Frank Fuster". December 17, 2020.
  11. ↑ "Discussion | Did Daddy Do It | FRONTLINE | PBS". www.pbs.org. 2002.
  12. 1 2 "Interviews - Frank Fuster | Did Daddy Do It | FRONTLINE | PBS". www.pbs.org.
  13. 1 2 Williamson, Kevin (4 October 2018). "The Road to Waco". National Review.
  14. 1 2 3 "Washingtonpost.com: Live Online". The Washington Post. April 26, 2002. Archived from the original on 2016-04-19.
  15. ↑ Fuster, Frank (November 21, 2020). "More about my Cases | Free Frank Fuster". Friends of Justice.
  16. ↑ Fuster, Frank (November 6, 2020). "Introduction | A Prison Post". Friends of Justice.
  17. ↑ "Still More About the 1981 Case | Free Frank Fuster". December 4, 2020.
  18. 1 2 Wood, James M.; Nathan, Debbie; Beck, Richard; Hampton, Keith (2017). "A Critical Evaluation of the Factual Accuracy and Scholarly Foundations of The Witch-Hunt Narrative". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 32 (6): 897–925. doi:10.1177/0886260516657351. ISSN 1552-6518. PMID 30145966. S2CID 52091302.
  19. 1 2 3 Collins, Glen (1986-12-14). "Nightmare in Country Walk". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-07-01. Mr. Fuster was convicted of molesting the children entrusted to his wife's care in their home in the middle-class Dade County suburb of Country Walk, a planned development that was intended to be an idyllic refuge from the anxieties of urban Miami.
  20. 1 2 "Fuster Guilty of Sexual Abuse: Dade Man's Time in Prison Totals 165 Years". Orlando Sentinel. 1985-10-03.
  21. ↑ "30 años después. I y II parte" [30 years later. Parts I and II]. Telemundo 51. February 24, 2015.
  22. ↑ De Young, Mary (2004). The day care ritual abuse moral panic. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7864-1830-5.
  23. 1 2 3 4 Almond, Steven (December 15, 1993). "Who's Abusing Who?". Miami New Times.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rosenthal, Robert (1996). "Janet Reno's Child Abuse". Penthouse. Archived from the original on 1996-12-21.
  25. ↑ Beck, Richard (2015). We Believe the Children: A Moral Panic in the 1980s. PublicAffairs. p. 142. ISBN 9781610392884.
  26. 1 2 Rabinowitz, Dorothy (1996-10-28). "The Pursuit of Justice in Dade County". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2003-08-03.
  27. ↑ "PBS Revisits Country Walk Abuse Case". Sun Sentinel. 2002-04-25.
  28. 1 2 "Free Frank Fuster". National Center for Reason and Justice. 2020.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cockburn, Alexander (1993-03-08). "Janet Reno's Coerced Confession" (PDF). The Nation. pp. 296–297. Archived from the original on 2008-05-13. Alt URL
  30. 1 2 3 "Interviews - Ileana Flores | Did Daddy do It | FRONTLINE | PBS". PBS.
  31. ↑ "Was Fuster a Monster? - Ileana Flores' 1985 Deposition | Did Daddy do It | FRONTLINE | PBS". PBS.
  32. ↑ Ofshe, Richard. "Frank Fuster case: Ofshe testimony, affidavit, credentials, honors". Archived from the original on 2013-01-04. Retrieved 2021-12-05.
  33. 1 2 Romano, Aja (October 30, 2016). "The history of Satanic Panic in the US — and why it's not over yet". Vox.
  34. ↑ "Interviews - Noel Goodman | Did Daddy do It | FRONTLINE | PBS". PBS.
  35. 1 2 Cockburn, Alexander (September 20, 1993). "Beat the Devil: Reno's Victim" (PDF). The Nation. pp. 272–273. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-12-07.
  36. ↑ "Wife's Testimony Prompts Angry Outburst from Fuster". Sun Sentinel. 1985-10-01.
  37. 1 2 3 Underwager, Ralph; Wakefield, Hollida (1994). "Untying the Gordian Knot: A Return to Reason". 6 (4). IPT Journal. Archived from the original on 2004-07-19. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  38. 1 2 "Unspeakable Acts by Jan Hollingsworth (Congdon & Weed: $17.95; 581 pp.)". Los Angeles Times. 23 November 1986.
  39. ↑ "The 1981 Case Goes to Trial | Free Frank Fuster". December 10, 2020.
  40. ↑ "Fuster's own lawyer accuses him of assault - YouTube". www.youtube.com. Sep 9, 2018. Archived from the original on 2021-12-15.
  41. ↑ "Letters". National Review. 27 September 2018. Archived from the original on 2019-01-18.
  42. 1 2 "Fuster v. State, 664 So. 2d 18 | Casetext Search + Citator". December 20, 1995. Archived from the original on March 24, 2020. Alt URL
  43. ↑ "IPT Journal - "Statement of Ileana Flores Regarding Florida vs. Fuster"". www.ipt-forensics.com.
  44. ↑ "Was Fuster a Monster? - Ileana's Letter of Recantation | Did Daddy do It | FRONTLINE | PBS". PBS. Archived from the original on 2004-07-31.
  45. ↑ "Interviews - Robert Rosenthal | Did Daddy do It | FRONTLINE | PBS". PBS.
  46. 1 2 "Was Fuster a Monster?: A Summary of the Frank Fuster "Country Walk" Case". Frontline. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
  47. ↑ "Florida Department of Law Enforcement – Sexual Offender / Predator Flyer". Archived from the original on 10 March 2014. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
  48. ↑ Fuster, Frank (November 18, 2020). "The Truth about my Convictions | Free Frank Fuster". Prison Post: Friends of Justice.
  49. ↑ "Francisco Fuster-Escalona v. FL Dept. Of Corr., No. 04-15355 (11th Cir. 2006)".
  50. ↑ Cheit, Ross E. (2014). "The McMartin Preschool Case (1983–1990)". Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199931224.001.0001. ISBN 9780199931224 – via oxford.universitypressscholarship.com.
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  52. ↑ Cheit, Ross E.; Mervis, David (2007). "Myths About the Country Walk Case". Journal of Child Sexual Abuse. 16 (3): 95–116. doi:10.1300/J070v16n03_06. ISSN 1547-0679. PMID 18032242. S2CID 27645676.
  53. ↑ Cheit, Ross E. (2017). "A Response to Articles and Commentaries on the Witch-Hunt Narrative". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 32 (6): 1002–1023. doi:10.1177/0886260516688889. ISSN 1552-6518. PMID 30145970. S2CID 52090559.
  54. ↑ "Debunking Frontline's Did Daddy Do It?". April 24, 2002. Archived from the original on 2003-08-18.
  55. ↑ King, Michael (2017-06-20). "Kellers Exonerated!". Austin Chronicle.
  56. ↑ Chuck Lindell. "Dan, Fran Keller to get $3.4 million in 'satanic day care' case - News - Austin American-Statesman - Austin, TX". Statesman.com. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
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  60. ↑ "Frontline: The Child Terror (Bobby Fijnje and Grant Snowden Ritual Abuse cases)". YouTube. 2020-04-27. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
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  62. ↑ "IPT Journal - Book Review - "Witch Hunt: A True Story of Social Hysteria and Abused Justice"". Ipt-forensics.com. April 15, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
  63. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Almond, Steven (March 3, 1993). "Reno Reconsidered (Part B)". Miami New Times. Archived from the original on 2004-11-03.
  64. 1 2 Rabinowitz, Dorothy (October 28, 1996). "The Bobby Finje Case". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on December 16, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2020.
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  67. ↑ "Bobby Fijnje - Interview | The Child Terror". Frontline. PBS. May 5, 1991. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
  68. ↑ "Bobby Fijnje - Fijnje Jury's Letter To Janet Reno | The Child Terror". Frontline. PBS. May 9, 1991. Retrieved January 29, 2015.
  69. 1 2 B. Fijnje Sr. (1993). "Open Letter to the American People". Concerned Citizens for Legal Accountability. Archived from the original on October 4, 2003.
  70. ↑ Reid, Carol (Winter 2002). "Shalom, Salem". IPT Journal. 12 (5).
  71. ↑ Freyd, Pamela (February 7, 1997). "FMSF Newsletter February 1, 1997 - Vol. 6, No. 2".
  72. 1 2 "Grant Snowden's Final Trial". Wall Street Journal. October 27, 1998. Archived from the original on 2020-12-16 – via www.wsj.com.
  73. 1 2 "Confirmation Chronicles". The Wall Street Journal. 2001-01-19. Archived from the original on 2003-07-24.
  74. ↑ Rabinowitz, Dorothy (October 14, 1997). "The Snowden Case, At the Bar of Justice". The Wall Street Journal – via www.wsj.com.
  75. ↑ "Reno Overturned". The Wall Street Journal. February 20, 1998. Archived from the original on 2003-04-28 – via www.wsj.com.
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  77. ↑ "Snowden v. Singletary (2/18/1998, No. 94-4303)". February 18, 1998. Archived from the original on 2003-08-02. Retrieved 2020-03-12.
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  80. ↑ "Harold Grant Snowden - National Registry of Exonerations". www.law.umich.edu. 2012.
  81. ↑ "Afterward: Freedom is never the same for those who've been to prison on phony charges". Pulitzer.org. December 29, 2000. Archived from the original on 2004-12-18.
  82. ↑ "Editorial: Reno owes the public answers". St. Petersburg Times. April 28, 2002. Archived from the original on 2012-07-31.
  83. ↑ "Frontline' airs allegations against Reno". Tampa Bay Times. 2002-04-25.
  84. ↑ Keaney, Quinn (February 22, 2019). "Unspeakable Acts". POPSUGAR Entertainment.
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  86. ↑ "ABC Monday Night Movie: Unspeakable Acts (TV)". The Paley Center for Media. 1995–2020.
  87. ↑ "'Unspeakable Acts' details a horrifying true case of child... - UPI Archives". Upi.com. 1990-01-13. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
  88. ↑ "Portraying the 'Unspeakable' : Docudrama details a real case of abuse in day-care center". Los Angeles Times. 1989-05-21.
  89. ↑ "'Unspeakable Acts': Dramatic Tension Lies in Truth". Los Angeles Times. 1990-01-15. Archived from the original on 2020-09-09.
  90. ↑ "Review/Television; 'Unspeakable Acts': Sex Abuse in Day Care". The New York Times. 1990-01-15. Retrieved 2020-01-14.
  91. ↑ "Picks and Pans Review: Unspeakable Acts". People. January 15, 1990.
  92. ↑ "Victims' parents angry about day-care movie // Producer defends re-telling of child-abuse case". Tampa Bay Times. 1990-01-16.

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